Psyc Test #3

___ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind.

Free association

According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by:

a hierarchy of needs

Mario's friend yells at him for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe his friend is a rude jerk, Mario decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Thus, her behavior is the result of:

a situational attribution

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This ______ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.

attitude

_____ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

attitudes

According to the ______, people explain behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

attribution theory

There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences; that behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied from a:

biophyschosocial approach

____ results from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

normative social influence

The dramatic increase in Americans' premarital sexual activity over the past half-century BEST illustrates that sexual behavior is influenced by:

norms

Waiting to eat one's meal until all of the guests at one's table are served is an example of:

norms

The proper order of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages is:

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

This is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

passionate love

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _____ love; as deep affectionate attachment is to _____ love.

passionate; companionate

Students in an individualistic culture like the United States tend to attribute their academic success to:

personal traits, such as talent and creativity

Albert Bandura's social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of:

reciprocal determinism

At her health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This BEST illustrates:

social facilitation

The _____ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.

social-cognitive

Alexandra is well liked by her friends. When one watch her, one can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Tanya Chartrand would suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of:

empathy

The humanistic perspective of personality:

emphasizes the growth potential of healthy individuals

Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very highly on a personality test that measures:

extraversion

Psychologists would use _____ to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics.

factor analysis

_____ is a statistical procedure that can be used to identify clusters of behaviors that are related to a trait.

factor analysis

People tend to feel discomfort when their thoughts are inconsistent, and so they act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as:

cognitive dissonance theory

According to Carl Jung, humans have a reservoir of images that are derived from our universal experiences. This is known as a person's:

collective unconscious

A person from a culture that emphasizes _____ gives priority to the goals of the group and defines the self accordingly.

collectivism

This is the deep affectionate attachment people feel for those with whom their lives are intertwined.

companionate love

When people adjust their behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, they are exhibiting:

conformity

Frieda is organized, careful, and disciplined. She would likely score very highly on a personality test that measures:

conscientiousness

The "Big Five" personality factors include:

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion.

When Matt went to Mexico, he brushed up on his knowledge of the culture. He knew that he should shake hands with the men, and kiss the cheek of the women with whom he would be meeting. This BEST illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing:

cultural norms

_____ is better way of being social. It allows enduring ideas and traditions shared by a group of people to be transmitted from one generation to the next.

culture

_____ represent(s) the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions that are shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

culture

Kanesha meets with a therapist because she wants to change her life. The doctor tells her to lie down on the couch, relax, and say whatever comes to mind. This psychoanalytic method is known as:

free association

Dr. Burns sees his own therapist in order for him to be at his emotional best for seeing his patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Rogers refers to this attitude as:

genuineness

When people display their own feelings and drop their facades, they are displaying:

genuineness

According to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:

genuineness, acceptance and empathy

A group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This BEST illustrates:

group polarization

Denia is the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on her choice of scales. She decides to change her opinion for the good of the group. This BEST illustrates

groupthink

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for:

harmony

Lately, five-year-old Liam has been acting strangely. He clings to his mother and expresses jealous feelings towards his father, almost as if his father is a rival for his mother's love. Sigmund Freud would suggest that Liam is experiencing:

the Oedipus complex

According to Sigmund Freud, this part of the personality is largely conscious and is the mediator that operates on the reality principle.

the ego

It is an election year, and a volunteer asks if Jay would put a small sign in his yard. He agrees. The next week, Jay's wife cannot believe he agreed to put the 3-foot sign on the front lawn. This scenario is explained by:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Kate is trying to convince her parents to send her to Europe. First, she asks them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send her on the longer trip. This technique is known as:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Once people have agreed to a small request, they have a tendency to comply with a lager request. This is known as:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

As Spencer is driving to campus one day, another car cuts him off and speeds ahead. Immediately he yells out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person is rushing to get to the hospital. Spencer's judgment BEST illustrates:

the fundamental attribution error

According to Sigmund Freud, this part of the personality contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives.

the id

Sigmund Freud suggested that three interacting systems can explain the dynamics of the human mind. These three systems refer to:

the id, the ego, and the superego

If someone asks how much people like various letters of the alphabet, they ten to prefer they letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

the mere exposure effect

This is the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the liking of them.

the mere exposure effect

According to Sigmund Freud, this part of the personality represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations.

the superego

The stability of personality during adulthood is BEST evaluated by:

the trait perspective

An attitude of total acceptance toward another person is known as:

unconditional positive regard

Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of:

unconscious processes

This psychologist proposed the social-cognitive perspective.

Albert Bandura

This Neo-Freudian proposed the popular idea of the inferiority complex and believed that much of human behavior is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of inferiority.

Alfred Adler

_____ emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development

Carl Rogers

Although Natalie receives slightly greater rewards from her marriage than her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This BEST illustrates the significance of:

Equity

______ results from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Informational social influence

Gene has always had trouble with her weight. She was not breast-fed when she was an infant and seems to overcompensate now. According to Sigmund Freud, which psychosexual stage is Gene fixated in?

Oral

When people perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called:

Social facilitation

A person in a group tends to exert MORE effort when he is individually accountable that when he is working with others toward a common goal. This is known as:

Social loafing

People feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as:

The chameleon effect

Marilyn thinks strict class attendance policy is an indication of her professor's overly controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions (the course meets only once a week). Her judgment BEST illustrates:

The fundamental attribution error

Darius's friends know him as someone who values people regardless of their failings. When people spend time with Darius, they know he will have an attitude of total acceptance toward them. Carl Rogers refers to this attitude as:

Unconditional Positive Regard

_______ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Humanistic theorists believe this attitude nurtures growth in others.

Unconditional Positive Regard

In some countries, toddlers in strollers are routinely parked outside of shops or restaurants while parents do business within. However, in the United States, this behavior is not acceptable and may even lead to criminal charges. This is an example of:

a difference in cultural norms.

_____ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy.

aggression

One of the "Big Five" personality factors is:

agreeableness

In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes everything EXCEPT:

altruism

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory includes ideas about:

an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms

During a riot, a large sporting event, or mob action, people lose self-awareness and self-restraint. This is known as:

deindividuation

Jacob picks up a hammer and begins pounding on the board just as his father is hammering nails into the wall. Jacob's actions are BEST explained by:

identification

The _____ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders.

psychoanalytic

According to Sigmund Freud, fixation refers to a difficulty in the process of:

psychosexual development

Liam decides to make a positive change in his life. Instead of going to work with a frown on his face, he will force himself to smile when he walks in the door. According to _____, by altering one's behavior predicts a good chance of changing one's attitude.

the attitudes-following-behavior principle

People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain

the behavior of strangers who have been observed only in one type of situation

Though neighbors heard someone screaming for help as she was being murdered, they failed to call the police in time to save her. This BEST illustrates:

the bystander effect

While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction BEST illustrates:

the bystander effect

In one study, participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his face or shook his foot were observed to produce the same behaviors. This mimicry illustrates:

the chameleon effect

Although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends as well as strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. Alex MOST clearly demonstrates a(n):

weak superego