Psyc

which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

__________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

_______ are categories of groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

Trey suffers from PTSD. When he was deployed overseas, he was unexpectedly injured by an exploding mine. Now that he is back home, loud noises, such as fireworks, flood him with memories of the event overseas. According to classical conditioning, the loud noises are _______.

CS

which of the following exemplifies the empirical method?

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported

a series of dots arranges in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principles of __________.

gestalt Psychology

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

_______ amplitides are associated with _______ sounds.

higher; louder

which term describes the tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

homeostasis

which perspective within psychology emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans?

humanism

the belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurence of a full moon is an example of a(n) __________.

illusory correlation

A group of researchers investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the __________ variable and word retention is the __________ variable.

independent; dependent

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

Guillermo spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Guillermo is engaged in ________.

introspection

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?

it can describe what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the students

which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect ten gold stars for your reward chart

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

musical

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

in classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a __________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

the empirical method o study is based on __________.

observation and phenomena

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

a negative correlation means ___________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

A(n) ___________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

Tesla crafts imitation dream catchers in her spare time. Her father constantly encourages her to sell them on eBay. When she finally agrees to sell them, she notices that while she still enjoys making the dream catchers, she no longer does it for fun—she does it to make money. This is an example of the ________ effect.

overjustification

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

The ability of a research study or psychological instrument to consistently produce a given result is called ________.

reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called ________.

replication

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) ________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

replication crisis

which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

________ are the most commonly used species for animal research

rodents

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Psychology refers to the ____________.

scientific study of the mind and behavior

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

scientific theory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Nikki was walking around a department store shopping one day, and did not realize that the shirt she was wearing looked just like the shirts worn by employees. When a stranger asked, "do you work here," she thought it was funny. The other customers' assumption that Nikki was a store employee demonstrates the Gestalt principle of _______.

similarity

Which of the following describes the Yerkes-Dodson law?

simple tasks are performed best when arousal levels are relatively high, yet complex tasks are performed best when arousal levels are low.

A(n) __________, also known as an operant conditioning chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments

skinner box

which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false

sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD

Which of the following senses is not first routed through the thalamus

smell

sensory and motor neurons of the _______ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally though of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

A(n) __________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study

statistical analysis

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

You are a big fan of your grandmother's chocolate chip cookies. Just the smell of them causes you to feel hungry. One night she is making chocolate chip oatmeal almond cookies, a variation of her usual recipe. You smell the baking cookies and even though it is different than her usual cookie scent, you still suddenly feel hungry for a treat. This demonstrates the classical conditioning principle of ________.

stimulus generalization

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

studying the function of behavior in the world

The _______ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, incleased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

the space between two neurons is called the _______.

synapse

The _______ of a neuron contains _______ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

A(n) __________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship

confounding

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

continuous

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

creative

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.

crest; trough

Melatonin release from the pineal gland is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

An upper-level psychology class is conducting an experiment on racial prejudice that involves having participants rate the likeability of faces in a set of photos. However, they tell participants that the study is about the effects of aging on likeability. When participants are finished, they are thanked for their time and leave the experiment. In this example, the class forgot to ________ in order to resolve the ________ in the study.

debrief participants; deception

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for _______.

depression

In a __________ study, both the researchers and the participants and unaware of the group assignments

double-blind

Although her reading skills are just fine, Beatriz has difficulty with her writing. Her teachers have noticed that no matter how hard she tries and how much they work with her the handwriting on her papers is almost illegible. Further, although she has great thoughts and understands concepts at a high level, she is unable to put them into a cohesive written paper. Beatriz may suffer from ________.

dysgraphia

Alex's teacher discovers that he has trouble reading. Although he is smart and displays great intelligence, Alex is very slow when reading and claims that the words do not make sense. Alex may suffer from _______.

dyslexia

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

A(n) _______ is a subjective, affective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) _______ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion; mood

which of the following is an example of an objective measure used by functionalists?

examination of anatomy and physiology

which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions

experimental

which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology?

favoring women over men

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is _______ intelligence.

fluid

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

What is the Flynn effect?

the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and __________.

the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

which of the following is an example of a reflex

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

the rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt Psychology

Introspection refers to the process by which someone examines __________ as objectively as possible.

their own conscious experience

Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________.

there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

they have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?

they were all concerned with describing and understanding the inner experience.

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

Professor Devine and her colleagues are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group.

type of play; no play

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading powerpoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing the screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of _______.

weber's law

which of the following is something an advocate for arousal theory might observe?

when we are bored we look for excitement; when we are overexcited we wish for more peace

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction

-0.53

What stage of sleep are you most likely experiencing if an EEG of your brain activity showed sleep spindles and K-complexes

2

Which of the following exemplifies the unconditional positive reguard component of client centered therapy?

Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgement.

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have a difficulty in school

Alfred Binet

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when _______.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

_______ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

Artificial

which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to a brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

__________ (IRB) reviews research that involves the use of human participants

Institutional Review Board

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, _______ intelligence and _______ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

Interpersonal;intrapersonal

which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"?

It would be unethical by today's research standards

__________ is an anthropologist who contributed to our understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation

Jane Goodall

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

Which pair of individuals is most likely to have the highest similarity in their IQ scores?

Marcus and Maria are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families

Which famous female psychologist completed all of the requirements for a doctorate in psychology but was denied that degree because of her sex?

Mary Whiton Calkins

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

_______ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; _______ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

Perception; sensation

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig

Wilhelm Wundt

When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you are easily able to distinguish her from the white board (or chalk board) behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of ________.

a figure-ground relationship

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associative

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

a tentative explanation

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition and extinction

A(n) _______ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron's cell body down the axon to the axon terminals

action potential

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent actions against another character

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by a predominance of ________ wave activity in the brain.

alpha

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads?

androgens

Mercy has maintained her body weight far below what is healthy through starvation and constant exercise. Despite her drastically thin appearance, MErcy genuinely believes that she is overweight, often referring to herself as "fat." Mercy probably suffers from ________.

anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is an example of instinct

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?

babysitting your younger brother in order to recieve an hourly fee.

what is the mean idea of operant conditioning

behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments

Anasophia binges on chocolates, then makes herself vomit so that she won't retain any of the calories she just ingested. When she is not doing this she regular abuses laxatives in the hope that she will not absorb calories and gain weight. Anasophia has a normal body size, but has a great fear of gaining weight. It would be a good idea for Anasophia to be evaluated to see if she is suffering from ________.

bulimia nervosa

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Krista and Tatiana Hogan and participation in a(n)__________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head

case study

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _______ and _______.

central; peripheral nervous systems

One example of ________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function.

lateralization

in Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word _______.

learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for emotional memories.

limbic system

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

logical-mathmatical

within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with _______.

longer wavelengths

Hyperpolarization means that the _______.

membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Anwar is hiking in the woods and he gets lost. He spends several days trying to find his way back to his basecamp, but he has the knowledge to gather wood, start a fire, and keep himself warm at night. He is also able to identify local berries and mushrooms growing that he can eat without being poisoned. Anwar is demonstrating ________ intelligence from the triarchic theory.

practical

_______ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

If you watch a flock of birds flying overhead, each very close to the next one, you may perceive them as all being part of the same group. If they were all spaced very much apart, however, you may see them as individual birds not flying together. This distinction takes advantage of which Gestalt principle?

proximity

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

In order to maximize the chances that experimental groups represent the population of interest, researchers should conduct ________ and ________.

random sampling; random group assignment

"Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences." This is the foundation of the _______ model.

range of reaction