PSYC180 Wks5-7

swedish state commission on sex education recommends

-adolescents gain knowledge to help them experience sexual life as a source of happiness and fellowship with others

mixed-age friendships

-adolescents who interact with older youths engage in delinquent and early sexual behavior more frequently -dont know whether older youth guide younger adols towards this or if they were already prone to deviant behavior before they developed the friendship

effects of individualism on adolescents and crowds

-adols dont always accept the crowd label attributed to them -see themselves as unique and too individual to fit to any one crowd -if you ask an emerging adult what crowd they belonged to late in high school, may admit to one, then say "I was friends with people from all sorts of crowds"

Why do many emerging adults continue or return to live at home?

-after several yrs college -after graduating from college -to save money after taking a full-time job

values and religious beliefs (sociocultural context) influence adolescent dating patterns/mate selection and often dictate:

-age at which dating begins -how much freedom in dating is allowed -extent to which dates are chaperoned -respective roles of males and females in dating

functions of peer group interaction

-age grading -provide a source of info about the world outside the family -influences vary according to experiences measured, outcomes specified, and developmental trajectories traverse -amt of time spent w fam decreases while that w peers increases (40% by age 7-11)

bullying/overt aggression

-aggression (ie. physical or verbal) -repetition (ie. patterns over time) -power imbalance (ie. bully has higher peer status)

characteristics common among rapists

-aggression enhances their sense of power or masculinity -they are angry at females generally -they want to hurt their victims

20-25% families, parents and adolescents engage in prolonged, intense, repeated, unhealthy conflict

-associated with many adolescent problems like moving away from home, juvenile delinquency, dropping out, pregnancy, early marriage, religious cults, drug abuse -may have originated before adolescence -prevalent in the US

cognitive factors implicated in sexual risk

-attention problems -weak self-regulation

consequences of pregnancy for children of adolescent mothers

-babies are more likely to be born premature -greater likelihood of behavioral problems -school misbehavior, delinquency, early sexual activity -lower IQs

parent-adolescent conflict is lower in some countries than in the US (ie. Japan, India)

-because parents in many countries give more responsibility to adolescents than parents in the US

later high school crowd characteristics

-become even more differentiated -more niches for ppl to "fit into" -less hierarchical and less influential

early high school crowd characteristics

-become more differentiated; increases in number -more influential

comprehensive sex education

-begins at an early age and includes info about sexual development (anatomy and physio), sexual behaviors, and access to contraceptions -fewer than 10% US schools do this -adolescents were less likely to have pregnancies

outcomes of divorce on adolescents and emerging adults

-behavior problems (less supervised, more likely to use subs and have sex) -psychological distress (depression) -lower academic achievement (lower grades, hate school, less likely to attend college, some parents stay together to get thru this) -dysfunctional relationships in emerging adulthood (difficulty forming close romantic relationships, wary of marriage, determined to avoid divorce themselves) -secure attachment to at least one parent is a major buffer -parenting restabilize after a few yrs until remarriage

least important qualities in a mate

-being popular -having a lot of money

keys to effectively parenting adopted children

-being supportive and caring -being involved and monitoring adolescent's behavior and whereabouts -being a good communicator -helping the adolescent develop self-control

health and body concerns

-bodies start falling apart -go to doc more often -most likely to be diagnosed w cancer at this stage of life -something about having an adolescent makes you worry about your health and attractiveness

traditional masculinity

-boys are socialized to not show their feelings and to act tough -boys may actually benefit from being socialized to express anxieties and concerns rather than keep them bottled up -associated with problem behaviors

gender differences in autonomy

-boys given more independence than girls -latino families more likely to protect and monitor daughters more closely than sons -expectations for early independence more prevalent in non-latino whites, single parents, and adolescents themselves

Qatar and many other Arabic influence on dating and romantic relationships

-casual dating is forbidden and PDA can be punished with prison time

genital warts

-caused by human papilloma virus (HPV), which is difficult to test for and does not always produce symptoms but is very contagious -appear as small, hard, painless bumps on the penis, in the vaginal area, or around the anus -most commonly acquire STI for 15-24 yr old group -treatment involved a topical drug, freezing, or surgery -may return even after treatment; may link to cervical or genital cancers -recommended that 11-12 and 13-26-yr-old females get HPV vaccine

studies on children and adolescents of gay/lesbian couples found that

-children (adols in particular) become v well adjusted; no difference between those created through tech and those conceived through natural means -virtually no diff between children raised in gay/lesbian and hetero households

time constraints

--by time child is 16/17, parents want to do smth else w their life -how can they start over at 40/50 yr old? -do you have enough time to reach your goals?

avoidant attachment (or anxious-avoidant)

-10% children -avoids or ignores mother, showing little visible emotion when mother departs or returns -these babies are upset, but don't tend to show it; they hold it in -babies will grow up keeping feelings to self, scared that their feelings will be rejected or laughed at -will not explore very much regardless if mom or stranger is there (treated the same) -outcomes: hostile, defiant, alienate peers/teachers, angry self-reliance in adulthood -due to disengaged parenting (ie. mom dislikes hugs, nobody responds to baby when they cry)

anxious-ambivalent attachment

-10% children -extremely distressed when mom leave, but is ambivalent/resentful/resistant when mother returns and initiates attention -angry, pushes mother away when picked up -generally have to work hard to get love/affection -anxious of exploration and strangers, even with mom around; vigilantly watches mom -outcomes: obsessively clingy, picked on -due to inconsistent, hit-or-miss, chaotic parenting or caregiving

5 years after giving birth, teenage mothers still lagged behind peers in educational, occupational, and economic progress; after 18 yrs:

-25% still on welfare -25% made it into middle class -majority completed high school -33%got college edcuation

most divorces occur in the ___ to ___ yr of marriage

-5th, 10th -rates also spike when kids leave home

What ethnic groups is considered less likely than any other major American ethnic group to engage in sexual activity in adolescence?

-Asian Americans, who have a strong sense of duty and respect to parents; doesn't want to disappoint or shame parents

economic burdens

-Children don't contribute to the family's income and cost their parents money instead -house, childcare, food, clothes, insurance, college, etc -by age 17, spent $230k on each child

advantages of being single

-Having time to make decisions about one's life course -Time to develop personal resources to meet goals -Freedom to make autonomous decisions and pursue one's own schedule and interests -Opportunities to explore new places and try out new things -Privacy

traditional parenting style

-High in responsiveness (warmth) -high in a kind of demandingness (maturity) that does not encourage discussion and debate -demandingness doesnt make the parent's job easier as it does in authoritarian parenting of the west; it's meant to train the child for life -Parents expect compliance by virtue of cultural beliefs and the inherent authority of the parental role -ie. respeto n latino cultures, filial piety in asian cultures

Parent-Adolescent Conflict

-Increases in early adolescence but does not reach the tumultuous proportions -pretty moderate -everyday negotiations and minor disputes are normal

choice overload

-Involves having so many possibilities that a thoughtful choice becomes difficult -May occur with matchmaking sites -causes some people to refuse to make any selection

swedish sex education

-Swedish adolescents are sexually active at an earlier age than American adolescents -exposed to more explicit sex on TV -curriculum gives every child, starting age 7, through grounding on repro biology;by age 10-12, info about contraceptive forms

Which country has highest rate of single-parent families

-US, 23%

both boys and girls want

-a best friend -a similar friend (age, gender, educational orientation, media and leisure, risk behavior, ethnicity)

intimacy

-a reciprocal aspect of romance -knowing someone well, sharing secrets and nakedness as well as sex

sociometry

-a research method in which students rate the social status of other students; typically done in order to understand how adolescents perceive one another -social skills most often associated with popularity and unpopularity

Ainsworth Strange Situation

-a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother -measures child's exploration and reunion w/ caregiver -observe child's responses to brief separation -secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant

genital herpes

-a sexually transmitted infection caused by a large family of viruses with many different strains (ie. herpes simplex), some of which produce other, nonsexually tramsitted diseases such as cold sore -3-5 days after contact, itching and tingling can occur followed by painful sores and blisters -cirus can pass thru nonlatex condoms -about 20% adolescents have this -no known cure

AIDS

-a sexually transmitted infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys the body's immune system -increased hetero transmission of HIV in US -can only be transmitted by certain body fluids (vaginal fluid, semen, breast milk), needle sharing, blood transfusion -has caused most death and made greatest impact on sexual behavior

Why is there an increase in crowds?

-adolescents are attempting to understand their own identities and how they see themselves becomes more complex over time

filial piety

-children are expected to be seen, not heard -expect them to obey, respect, revere parents, maybe even fear -parents rarely use praise or give open expressions of warmth to adolescents -adolescents show none of the negative effects typically associated with authoritarian parenting in Western cultures -tend to have higher educational achievement and lower rates of behavioral and psychological problems -misunderstood by white researchers as authoritarian -traditional parenting style in asian cultures

parental changes

-contributes to some difficulties in parent-adolescent relationship -marital satisfaction -economic burdens -career reevaluation -time constraints -health and body concerns

rapport

-convo that is relationship-oriented -speak and act in a way that the person you are interacting with begins to see a commonality in you -females engage in this more

permissive cultures

-cultures that encourage and expect sexual activity from their adolescents -globalization and christian missionaries have reduced this -sexual behaviors even encourages in childhood -ie. Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark

semi-restrictive cultures

-cultures that have prohibitions on premarital adolescent sex, but the prohibitions are not strongly enforced and are easily evaded -adults tend to ignore as long as young people are discreet -adolescents often forced to marry is premarital pregnancy occurs -ie. US, Canada, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Nigeria, Kenya

restrictive cultures

-cultures that place strong prohibitions on adolescent sexual activity before marriage -strict separation of boys and girls -may include threat of physical punishment or public shaming for premarital sex -female virginity is honor to her and her fam -double standards usually exist (no punishment for male premarital chastity with severity; more restrictive for girls) -ie. Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Shanghai, Hong Kong

effect of exposure to conflict between parents

-damaging for adolescent; low self esteem, poor adjustment, low well being and happiness -better off when parents divorce -look at lvl of conflict; if u fight constantly in front of kid, its better to separate

marriage rates in the US have ___

-declined -72% (1960) to 48.6% (2016)

attachment

-degree to which a child's needs are met subsequently influences the child's expectations about their relationships in adolescence

effects of dual-earner families

-depend on the gender of the adolescent and number of hours mother works -boys and girls are at higher risk for various problems -what matters is nature of the work -children engage in less gender stereotyping and have more egalitarian views of gender

effects of remarriage

-depression -anxiety -conduct disorders -lower academic achievement -engaging in delinquent activities -more negative reaction from adolescent females (feels like betrayal) -less likely than children to adjust well to this

sternberg's triangular theory of love

-diff types of love involve combining three fundamental qualities in diff ways: passion, intimacy, commitment -7 forms include liking, infatuation, empty love, romantic love, companionate love, fatuous, and consummate love

most common characteristic of divorced adults

-difficulty in trusting someone else in a romantic relationship

Cohabitation problems

-disapproval by parents -difficulty owning property jointly -less certain legal rights -elevated risk of partner violence

parents as managers

-disclosure to parents about whereabouts, activities, and friends is linked to positive adolescent adjustment, grades, self-responsibility -parental monitoring is good -key aspect is effective monitoring; latchkey adolescents

three stages that characterize the developmental of heterosexual romantic relationships in adolescence

-entry into romantic attractions and affiliations (about 11-13 yrs of age); triggered by puberty, developing a crush is common -exploring romantic relationships (14-16 yrs); casual dating and dating in groups -consolidating dyadic romantic bonds (17-19 yrs); characterized by strong emotional bonds closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships

Hazen and Shaver; anxious attachment style in young adult's romantic relationships is associated with:

-extremely emotional -overly jealous -v possessive of partners

passion

-falling in love -an intense physical, cognitive, and emotional onslaught characterized by excitement, ecstasy, and euphoria

family strengths protect against early initiation of sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy

-family closeness -support -responsiveness to health needs

homophobia

-fear and hatred or homosexuals -rejected adolescents are 8 tmes more likely to attempt suicide and 6x more likely to report depression (important for family to be accepting)

older or younger siblings has been linked to development of certain personality characteristics for adolescents

-firstborns are intelligent, achieving, and conscientious while later-borns are rebellious, liberal, and agreeable -only child tends to be more giving, loving, well rounded

tips for a better sex ed program

-focus narrowly on reducing one or more sexual behaviors -base the program on theoretical approaches for other risky behaviors -give a clear msg about sexual activity and contraceptive use -provide basic, accurate info about risks and methods -include activities that teach how to deal with social pressures -model and provide practice in negotiation -use a variety of teaching methods -incorporate behavioral goals specific to age, culture, and sexual experience -run the program over sufficient period of time -train teachers, youth workers, and peer leaders who believe in the program

date rape

-form of sexual harassment that takes place when a person, usually a woman (but has happened to men as well), is forced by a romantic partners, date, or acquaintance to have sexual relations -occurs with 15% adolescent girls and 25% emerging adult women (18-24) -alcohol and roofies may play a role

common problems of single adults

-forming intimate relationships with other adults -confronting loneliness -finding a niche in a society that is marriage-oriented

popular adolescents

-frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by peers -usually attractive, does good in school, has good social skills, is helpful, friendly, considerate, cheerful, and sociable -give out reinforcements, listen carefully -maintain open lines of communication with peers -control negative emotions -show enthusiasm and concern for others -self-confident without being conceited

controversial adolescents

-frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked -highly talkative and socially active -display high lvls of desirabe and undesirable behavior -good sense of humor (class clown) -disruptive and hot-tempered -usually intelligent

socialization pressures of gender in childhood

-gender reveal parties -children learn gender-appropriate things otherwise they will become teased -self-fulfilling prophecy

social skills training programs

-generally more successful with children 10 yrs or younger -once adolescent gains a negative reputation, the peer group's attitude is often slow to change even after the behavior has been correct

Why do sex differences exist in the type of aggressive behavior chosen by boys and girls?

-girls are socialized not to express their anger; end up taking covert/indirect route bc its more sneaky -boys socialized not to show their feelings and act tough; negative side to traditional masculinity

gender differences in friendship

-girls focus more on intimacy, "collaborative discourse" (talk/act in reciprocal manner), similar in attitude/temperament -boys more likely to emphasize power and excitements; associate in larger clusters; engage in competition, conflict, ego displays, risk taking to seek domination; shared activities

commitment

-grows gradually through decisions to be together, mutual caregiving, shared possessions, and forgiveness

indulgent

-high responsiveness -low discipline -high communication from child to parent -low demandingness; don't rlly req anything from child -"cool" parent -treat their kids more as friends -v warm -not good at disciplining -probs allow underage drinking -child becomes parents best friend, serves parent in a way that is not beneficial for the child

authoritative

-high responsiveness -moderate discipline -high communication between parent and child (tennis convo) -high demandingness (expect u to do well, but will still support even if u don't do so well) -ideal parenting style in US -best parents -show affection -parents hold child, say ily -disciplines child -one of the most common -rare in non-western cultures

the more romantic experiences 10th grader had, the more they reported

-higher levels of social acceptance, friendship competence, and romantic competence -higher lvls of substance use, delinquency, sexual behavior

ethnic similarity in friendship

-in US, Europe, Israel, late adols generally ethnically separated; in college, interethnic friendships are uncommon -due to increasing awareness of interethnic tensions, which fosters mutual mistrust and suspicion -sometimes forming an ethnic identity means rejecting associations with other ethnic identities

breaking up

-in a two yr study of 200 college students, 45% couples broke up -lacked similarity in various domains: age, SAT scores, physical attractiveness, commitment -less balanced (unequal effort/commitment) -adolescents in a relationship report wider daily emotional swings -males struggled more because women were more likely to end relationship -67% result in harassment for females; strategies rarely work in short term -could also lead to positive changes like self-reported positive growth

single adults

-increased in recent decades -45.2% 18 yrs or older -even tho theyre highly competent and enjoy their lifestyle, they are often stereotyped -stereotypes range from "swinging single" to "desperate, lonely, suicidal"

marital satisfaction

-increases after adolescents/emerging adults leave home -feels that effort spent in raising children was worth it

other-sex friendships

-increases in early adolescence, with girls reporting more of these than boys -some are linked to negative behaviors (early sex, alcohol use, delinquency)

type of love most common to adolescents

-infatuation -romantic -liking -commitment tends to be missing or highly tentative (makes sense for industrialized countries where marriage occurs usually mid-late 20s)

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

-infections contracted primarily through sexual contact -caused by viruses or bacteria -increasing health problem

neglected adolescents

-infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers -ignored by peers -tend to not give opinions, are shy and withdrawn, spends more time in solitary play and schoolwork -do not describe themselves as lonely -glides through high school without really knowing anyone, but prefers it that way

rejected adolescents

-infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers -mostly disliked by peers, often aggressive, disruptive in school, often bullies -have problems regulating their emotions -lack social skills and misinterpret social situations -describes themselves as lonley -usually mistreated at home

companionate love

-intimacy and commitment -no sexual passion -mostly towards fam members -more commitment than in a simple friendship -however, doesnt stop you from being annoyed or irritated by that person -usually log-term relationships tend towards this -often seen in cantankerous older couples

Sullivan's theory in adolescent friendships

-intimacy is an important feature of friendship -friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs -everyone has basic social needs; whether these are met determines our emotional well-being -similarity is also a predominant characteristic in friendships -ability to regulate emotions and secure attachment to parents are both linked to successful peer relations

collectivist influence on dating and romantic relationships (China and Korea)

-intimacy is more diffused in love because of strong group emphasis on connections outside a romantic love relationship

individualistic influence on dating and romantic relationships (US, most of Europe)

-intimacy is more intensified because an individual's social network is more likely to be smaller and less group oriented

friendships in adolescence provide

-intimacy; self-disclosure, trusting someone -comparison; advice or guidance in solving personal problems -instrumental; helping with various tasks -companionship; someone to rely on for to be a companion for social activities (to eat with, to do a party with, etc) -ego; someone to support you when you succeed or fail

coming out

-involved a person's awareness of sexual identity, then disclosing the truth to friends, family, and others -only 10% tell a parent first, most tell a friend first -age has dropped from 21 (1960) to 16 today -tends to be a long process, esp for African Americans and Latinos

highest rated qualities in a mate

-kind -honest

career reevaluation

-kind of like a midlife crisis -many parents give up on dreams just to support children -time to reevaluate their career n life once adolescent gets older

crowds

-larger groups than cliques, composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but who may not interact with one another -based on reputation -many are defined by the activities adols engage in -first appear early adolescence and usually become less prominent in late adolescence -ie, elites (populars), atheltes, academics (nerds, geeks, brains), deviants (burnouts), others (normals, nobodies)

peer relations in adolescence

-learn how to be good friend and expect more from friends -change friends less often -become more upset when friendship ends -finds it harder to make new friends -seek friends who share interests and values -number of friends decline from many to handful

same-sex couples differ in a few ways

-lesbian couples place a high priority on equality in relationships -only a small % of couples is one partner masculine and the other feminine -only a small segment of the gay population has a large number of sexual partners -gay and lesbian couples prefer long-term committed relationships

middle school crowd characteristics

-less differentiated -2 main groups; in-crowd and out-crowd

Hazen and Shaver; secure attachment style in young adult's romantic relationships is associated with:

-less likely to have one night stands -relatively easy to get close to other ppl -most likely to be in a committed relationship

Why do sexual minority have relatively few same-sex romantic relationships?

-limited opportunities -social disapproval from fam and peers

cohabitation

-living together in a sexual relationship without being married -rates rise in the US (increased 29% from 2007 to 2016) -rates even higher in Sweden -arrangements tend to be short-lived (1/3 last less than a year)

neglectful

-low responsiveness -low discipline -low communication -low demandingness -v sad :( -parents working either all the time and don't mean to be neglectful -or parent is addicted to smth in some kind of way -just not present -also a house that adolescents hang out at often -produces children who are the worst off -grades are lowest, IQ lowest, social skills lowest compared to peers

authoritarian

-low responsiveness -strict discipline -low communication from child to parent; child should be seen, not heard -high demandingness -not v loving towards their children -didn't hug u, tells u to stop crying, rarely hear ily, pushed away physically n emotionally -discipline is extremely strict -kids usually have been physically disciplined -one of most common in us

cohabitation and marital stability/happiness

-lower rates of marital satisfaction and higher rates of divorce -may be due to: -cohabitation ma attract less conventional indivs who are not great believers in marriage in the first place -ppl who cohabitate are more likely to come from impoverished backgrounds; low SES predicts divorce

secure attachment

-majority of children -upset when mom leaves, happy when she returns -the child is quickly comforted and return to play -explores freely around mother, will engage w strangers -mom is secure base for exploration -outcomes: positive attitude, likable due to available, responsive parenting

both sexes have scripts in love relation

-males are proactive; initiate the date, decide where to go, control public domain (drive car), initiate sexual contact -females are reactive; private domain (grooming and dress), responding to male gestures in public domain, responding to sexual initiatives

adoption

-many adoption agencies don't have an income requirement, allowing a wider range of backgrounds to adopt -those adopted early in their lives are more likely to have positive outcomes than those adopted later -adopted are more likely to experience psychological and school-related problems than nonadopted children -adopted adolescents actually show a tremendous amt of good outcomes; less anxiety/depression, do better in school -have to recognize differences involved in adoptive fam life -important to maintain relations w/ bio fam

factors responsible for US unmarried adolescent pregnancy rates

-marriage in adolescence has now become quite rare -pregnancy is no longer seen as a reason for marriage

aggressive peer-rejected boys

-more impulsive and have problems sustaining attention -more emotionally reactive -have fewer social skills in making friends and maintaining positive relationships with peers

Hazen and Shaver; avoidant attachment style in young adult's romantic relationships is associated with:

-more likely to engage in one night stands -least likely to be in a committed relationship -when in a committed relationship, most likely to be the one that is distant ("I can stand on my own")

effects of working mothers of adolescent boys

-more negative -more arguments with mothers and siblings -poorer school performance for boys in middle- and upper- middle-class families -more resistant to chores

divorce effect on parenting practices

-mother becomes more permissive and less consistent; may treat kids like friends and confide too much about divorce and dating -spend less time w dad -both mom n dad r being v permissive and try to spoil child to make up for divorce -after few yrs parent reverts back to OG parenting style

Mothers and Fathers as Caregivers

-mothers are more involved with children and adolescents -fathers increase the time they spend parenting when they have sons -both parents socialize daughters to be more obedient, responsible and respectful than sons (across cultures)

for two-parent African American families with adolescents

-mothers reported having a warmer relationship with their adolescents -both parents indicate they had a warmer relationship with younger (10-12) than older (13-17) adolescents

increase in economic stress after divorce

-mothers' income decreases about 25-50% -fathers' income decreases 10% -women have higher rates of job instability, tend to have less career-oriented jobs, move to less desirable neighborhoods with inferior schools, increased workloads -cheaper to live with someone than on own

qualities most important in a marriage partner

-mutual attraction -dependenable character -emotional stability and maturity -pleasing disposition

personality trait that impairs peer relations

-negative emotionality, which involves a low threshold for experiencing anger, fear, anxiety, irritation -get upset v easily -high in neuroticism -check out their social media, will constantly post negative things (esp on political side)

relational aggression

-nonphysical acts aimed at harming the social connection between the victim and other people -gossiping -spreading rumors -snubbing -excluding

respeto

-obedience and respect for authority and elders, esp the father -traditional parenting style in latino cultures

chlamydia

-one of most common STIs -bacterial organism that spreads by sexual contact and infects genital organs of both sexes -highly infectious -women run a 70% risk of contracting it in a single sexual encounter with an infected partner -male risk is 25-50% -many females have few or no symptoms -if infection is untreated and spreads to the upper repro tract, it can cause PID -may be number one preventable cause of female infertility

empty love

-only commitment -relationships where couples are leading separate lives under the same roof -could occur in arranged marriages in the beginning (which may develop passion and intimacy) -may turn into this when a couple stays together for fam reasons

liking

-only intimacy -essentially just friendships

infatuation

-only passion -lots of sexual desire, sort of a fantasy love focused o nthe physical only

parental influence on children's and adolescent's gender development

-parents allow boys more independence -have diff achievement expectations for their adolescent sons and daughters, especially in academic areas like math and science

parent-adolescent attachment

-parents are important support systems -if healthy in infancy and adolescence, correlated with good outcomes; self-reliance and confidence

secure attachment leads to a better adjusted individual as one enters emerging adulthood and is correlated with:

-parents who display a loving relationship -psychological stability in adolescents -successful romantic relationships and increased financial independence

differential parenting

-parents' behaviors often differs towards siblings within the same family -change the way they parent based on the children -prof could scream at her sons while they laugh n idc but if she did that w girl she would cri lol

influences on adolescent dating

-parents' marital relationship contribute to own construction of dating relationship -parents more likely to be involved or interested in daughter's dating patterns and relationships -peer relations and friendships also provide modes of relating that are carried over into romantic relationships

fatuous

-passion and commitment -"silly" or "foolish" -oftentimes associated with couples who fall in love instantly and marry with haste -without intimacy or friendship, reality is a shock -couple needs to work on knowing each other if they want to make it

romantic love

-passion and intimacy -"fusion" with lovers -not ground in commitment

consummate love

-passion, intimacy, commitment -"perfect" form of love that can be found in center or sternberg triangle -true love that can last the whole lives of the couple and allow them to survive the inevitable ups and downs of life -can truly say their lover is their best friend -true-life partners

similarity

-people are more likely attracted to those who are similar in age, race, religion, social class, personality, education, and physical attractiveness -related to self-serving bias, as it helps us to reaffirm the positive characteristics in ourselves by finding them attractive in another individual

Pleck concludes that what defines traditional masculinity in many Western cultures includes behaviors that do not have social approval but nonetheless validate the adolescent boy's masculinity:

-premarital sex -alcohol and drugs -illegal delinquent activities

abstinence promotion

-promote abstinence until marriage -believes that comprehensive programs promote promiscuity and the moral breakdown of American society -ineffective and do not delay age of intercourse and do not reduce HIV risk behaviors -most programs in US focus on bio and maybe STI/Ds but barely discuss sexual behavior

ridicule

-promotes dominance hierarchy (higher members dish out more than they can take to stay on top) -reduces non-conformity and increases group cohesion (antagonistic interaxns ensure members of a clique stay in line and conform) -directed at outsiders, clarifies group boundaries ("us and them" mentality; adols don't fully understand who they are, so they make full distinctions of who they are not, eases anxiety by directing attention to others who are inferior and different)

predictors of adolescent attraction

-proximity and exposure -similarity

average adolescents

-receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers -get through highschool without major highs or lows

qualities least important in a marriage partner

-religious and political backgrounds -good financial prospects -having a lot of money

What might a culture do to remain low in teenage pregnancies?

-restrictive: adols are discouraged from even dating, so it is rare boys and girls get to spend alone time together -permissive: have explicit safe sex campaigns and adols have easy access to contraception

Hazen and Shaver (1987)

-revealed that young adults who were securely attached in their romantic relationships were more likely to describe their early relationship with their parents as securely attached

for non-Latino White 2-parent families, both boys and girls (adolescents) spent the most time with the ___-sex parent

-same -naturally occurs over time

abstinence-plus programs

-sex education programs that encourage adolescents to delay intercourse while also providing contraceptive information for adolescents who nevertheless choose to have intercourse

factors in adolescent sexuality

-sexual risk taking is more common in girls living in single-parent households -adolescents who associate with more deviant peers in early adolescence are likely to have more sexual partners ate age 16 -better academic achievement is a protective factor

competent adolescent development is most likely to happen when adolescents have parents who

-show support, warmth, respect -always monitor adolescents; always know where they're at; effectively manage fam matters -demonstrate interest in their lives -communicate high standards of conduct and achievement -try to remain as authoritative as you can when dealing with problems; calm, handle quietly in ur own way; constructively deal w conflict

characteristics of sibling relationships

-sibling is more likely to help you thru stress than anyone else; siblings in adolescence are most important in socializing you than anyone else -high siblings conflict can be detrimental to adolescent development, especially when combined with ineffective parenting -siblings spend less time with each other in emerging adulthood than in adolescence

cliques

-small groups that range from 2 to 12 and average about 5-6 indivisuals -members usually of same sex and age -these form bc adols engage in similar activities (ie. club or sports)

Which similar characteristics most strongly predict a relationship?

-social class -ethnic background -religious beliefs -physical attractiveness

strategies for improving social skills

-stop, calm down, think before you act -go over the problem and state how you feel -set a positive goal -think of lots of solutions -plan ahead for consequences

parents use more than one style

-styles of parenting may vary throughout child's lifetime depending on life circumstances -ie. permissive when parent is exhausted, indulgent when going through a divorce

social role theory (Alice Eagly)

-suggests that almost all behavioral differences about males and females are the result of cultural sterotypes about gender and the resulting roles that are taught to young people -social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences -in most cultures, females have less power and control fewer resources; are more cooperative, less dominant -ie. babysitting; females are people-oriented, express more emotions, decode emotions, prosocial -lawn-mowing; males are things-oriented, experience/express more anger, less self-regulation, low self-control -skills are developed

co-parenting

-support that parents give each other in raising a child -certain conditions that put children and adolescents at developmental risk: -poor coordination (ie. buying double, forgetting appts) -active undermining and disparagement of the other parent (some rift between them, take stress out on other) -lack of cooperation and warmth -disconnection by one parenting partner (dropping out of adolescent's life)

report

-talk that gives info like storytelling, jokes, lecturing -boys engage in this more

effect of working mothers on adolescent girls

-tend to be positive -tend to become more confident -have higher career aspirations

ethnic minority families

-tend to have larger families -tend to be lower income -more commonly single parent families -parents tend to be less educated in the US

gender androgyny

-term used for the combination of masculine and feminine traits in one person -sexual ambiguity may be found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, sexual lifestyle -individuals have a greater repertoire of traits to draw on -children are more flexible and creative -women are better at saying "no" to unreasonable requests -both "masculine" and "feminine"

sex

-the biological distinction between females and males -what this means in terms of gender role can be quite different cross culturally

divorce rate

-the number of divorces per year for every one thousand members of the population -In US, increased dramatically in late 40s (war strained fam life; incapacitated men or women had newfound freedom they didnt want to relinquish) -spiked again in 60/70s with women's liberation movement and sexual revolution; women initiated divorce

youth culture

-the particular habits, styles, and values that are distinct from the culture as a whole -image (dress, hairstyle, tattoos, appearance) -demeanor (gesture, gait, posture) -argot (certain vocab, slang)

romantic harassment

-the persistent use of psychological or physical abuse in an attempt to continue dating someone after they have clearly indicated a desire to terminate a relationship or have ended it -repeatedly calling home or work, watching or following, insulting, even attacking or threatening to kill her -strategies: claimed they were trying to break through woman's resistance and reestablish the love; rarely conceded to harassing; only time stopped it

mere exposure effect

-the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure -merely seeing someone's face and name makes them more likeable -you are more likely to develop attraction to someone you've seen a lot -evol theory: what is familiar is safe

Why do 50% of all new STIs come from 15-to-24-yr-olds when they only make up 25% of the sexually experienced US population?

-these individuals are more likely than any other population to not be married to the same person

consequences of pregnancy for adolescent mothers

-twice as likely to drop out of school -less likely to go to college or become employed -less likely to get married -more likely to get divorced

latchkey adolescents

-typically don't see their parents from the time they leave for school in the morning until after work hours -can be vulnerable to problems, experiences vary greatly -leaves time for drugs and sex -experiences suggest that monitoring and authoritative parenting helps adolescent cope more effectively

boundary ambiguity

-uncertainty in stepfamilies about who is in or out of the family and who is performing or responsible for certain tasks in the family system -early adolescence is an especially difficult time for formation of a stepfamily

issues with baumrind's parenting styles

-very ethnocentric view found in US

most common parenting behavior

-warm and controlling -neither permissive nor restrictive

Can one change their attachment style?

-yes -can be more or less secure depending upon experiences, relationships and conscious effort

individuals who are most likely to get divorced:

-youthful marriage -low education -low income -no religious affiliation -having divorced parents -having a baby before marriage

When was gay marriage legalized?

2015

an unhappy marriage can shorten a person's life by an average of ___ years

4

___% grades 9-12 white adolescents have had intercourse

44

___% grades 9-12 Latino adolescents have had intercourse

49

___% grades 9-12 African American adolescents have had intercourse

61

___% of teems or parents prefer the abstinence-plus method of sex ed

70

___% of Americans have married at least once

80

viral STIs

AIDS, genital herpes, genital warts

pregnancy rate is one of the lowest in the world in ___

Sweden

___, ___, ___, and ___ countries marry eariler

African, Asian, Latin American, Eastern European

Why is rape so pervasive in American culture?

Feminist writers assert that males are socialized to be: -sexually aggressive -regard females as inferior beings -view their own pleasure as the most important objective

___ has a high proportion of unmarried young people

Japan -however, live at home longer with parents before marrying rather than cohabiting before marriage

___ adolescents are more likely than African American and non-Latina white adolescents to become pregnant

Latin American

gender differences in aggression

Men are more aggressive in ordinary circumstances, but women can be just as aggressive if sufficiently provoked; young girls tend to engage in indirect/covert aggression; young boys tend to engage in direct/overt aggression.

helicopter parenting

a parent who pays extremely close attention to a child's or children's experiences and problems, particularly at educational institutions

self-fulfilling prophecy

a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior

it is during ___ that most gay, lesbian, and bisexual people become fully aware o their sexual orientation

adolescence

baumrind's parenting styles

authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, neglectful

adolescents and parents live in a coordinated social world that requires ___ and ___

autonomy, attachment

married individuals had the ___ cardiovascular profile, while single men had the ___

best, worst

gender

characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine

the most common initial same-sex partner is a ___

close friend

in the past, a well-adjusted girl was supposed to be

dependent, nurturing and uninterested in power

___ maturing adolescents experience more conflict with their parents than do adolescents who mature ___

early, late

chastity important in ___ and ___ culture

eastern and middle eastern

positive family climate

effective parenting and positive relationship between parents

two longitudinal studies revealed that conflict (especially when it's intense and prolonged) between divorced parents was linked to ___, ___, and ___ in adolescents

emotional problems, insecure social relationships, antisocial behavior

demandingness

expectations for maturity

responsiveness

expressions of warmth

gender schema theory

gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in a culture

bacterial STIs

gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis

emerging adults' relationships with parents ___ when they leave home

improve

in the past, a well-adjusted boy was supposed to be

independent, aggressive, and powerful

individuals in Scandinavian countries marry ___ than Americans

later

individuals who are happily married live ___, ___ lives than either divorced individuals or those who are unhappily married

longer, healthier

most common complaint by emerging adults and parents when they live together

loss of privacy

indicator of a potential harassing ex

men who are controlling

attachment style only makes a ___-sized contribution to relationship functioning

moderate

happily married parents are ____ and ___ toward their adolescents

more sensitive, affectionate

conflicts between ___ and ___ are the most stressful during the apex of pubertal growth

mothers, sons

consensual validation

people like to find in others an agreement, or consensus, with their own characteristics

reciprocal socialization

process by which adolescents socialize parents just as parents socialize adolescents

emotional autonomy

the capacity to relinquish childlike dependence on parents

more than one of every ___ US mothers with a child under the age of 5 is in the labor force

two

coparenting disagreements

undermine adolescents' adjustment by interfering with secure attachment to their mothers and the adolescents' autonomy