Psyc209 CH2

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which two questions should you ask yourself as you read?

"What is the argument?" and "What is the evidence to support the argument?"

Two guiding questions help me read any academic source

"what is the argument?" "what is the evidence to support the argument?"

Name 3 "thinking what we want"

1. Cherry-picking the evidence 2. Asking Biased question 3. Being overconfident

Three sources of evidence for people's beliefs are:

1. Experience 2. Intuition 3. Authority

Name 3 "thinking the easy way"

1. The Good Story 2. The Present/Present Bias 3. The Pop-up principle

Comparison Group

A comparison group enables you to compare what would happen both with and without the thing you are interested in.

Why we cannot trust authority 100%

Authority's belief may be based on personal experience or intuition

Probablistic

Behavioral research is probabilistic, which means that inferences are not expected to explain all cases all of the time. The research may suggest a "strong probability".

Superior source of evidence compare to people's beliefs is called:

Empirical research

Present/Present Bias

It is hard to look for absences, in contract, it is easy to notice what is present.

Confirmatory hypothesis testing

Not scientific. The students selected questions that would lead them to a particular, expected answer.

What are the distinction between scientific journals and popular magazines?

Scientific journals are published for scientists; popular magazines are published for the general public. Scientific journal articles are peer reviewed; popular magazine articles are not.

Confounds

Several possible explanations for any outcome. A confound occurs when you think one thing caused an outcome but in fact other things changed, too, so it is not clear what the cause really was.

Overconfidence

The sneakiest of all biases of all human thinking

Controlled studies are superior to personal experience because:

They include at least one comparison group They avoid confounds

The two biases of intuition discussed in the text are:

Thinking the easy way and thinking what we want to think

The problem with the pop-up principle (availability heuristic) is

We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

The pop-up principle means that we base our beliefs on

What comes to mind easily

The first section of an empirical journal article is

abstract

An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as

confound

What is another name for the availability heuristic?

pop-up principle

If encountered a psychological trade book, what signals research based?

references

Define Review Journal Article

Provides a summary of all he research that has been done in one research area. Sometimes review journal article uses a quantitative technique called meta-analysis, which combines the results of many studies and gives a number that summarizes the magnitude of a relationship called an effect size.

Define Empirical Journal Articles

Reports for the first time, the results of an empirical research study. Includes the details about the study method, statistical tests used and the numerical results of the study.

Confederate

an actor who participates in a psychological experiment pretending to be a subject but in actuality working for the researcher

What is another name for the pop-up principle?

availability heuristic