psyc336 Ch12

Which of the following statements characterizes children raised by same-sex parents?

They develop in similar ways to children raised by heterosexual parents.

In the study by Blackwell et al. (2007), low-achieving math students showed an improvement in __________ after eight weeks of lessons on having a growth mindset.

math grades

Children's self-rated academic competence, social competence, athletic competence, physical appearance, and behavioral conduct contribute in varying ways for different children to overall __________.

self esteem

There is longitudinal evidence that children with more friends in middle childhood had higher levels of __________ in early adulthood, controlling for earlier social competence and self-esteem.

self esteem

Children's self-evaluations become more realistic due to the process of __________, in which they compare their skill levels to those of other children.

social comparison

One thing shared in common by teenage mothers and older mothers who decide to raise a child without a partner is that they benefit from __________.

social support from extended family or friends

Children who are rejected by their peers generally form two subgroups: a subgroup that is aggressive and a subgroup that is __________.

socially withdrawn

When parents allow children more independence and foster feelings of competence and social relatedness, it is called __________.

autonomy-supportive parenting

A trend with age in self-esteem is __________.

a general decline in self-esteem as children attend elementary school followed by a rise later in middle childhood

In addition to stresses associated with changes in the family's circumstances, one of the most important sources of problems for both boys and girls undergoing a family divorce is thought to be __________.

a reduction of warmth, support, and structure provided by the custodial parent

Longitudinal studies of socially rejected children reveal a cycle of rejection and __________ that leads to externalizing and internalizing behavior problems.

aggression

According to a study by Turiel (2008), children's ability to tell whether a character in a little story has violated moral rules (such as hitting another person) or social-conventional rules (such as interrupting the teacher in class) develops __________ their ability to understand moral and social-conventional rules in real-life situations.

at about the same time as

During middle childhood, there is an increase in the expectation that friends will share their values and __________.

be loyal and stick up for them

According to surveys, births to single, unmarried mothers continue to be common in the United States, particularly among __________.

black females

The best outcomes in stepfamilies are observed on average for __________.

boys in a mother/stepfather relationship with an authoritative stepfather

School-age children ordinarily prefer to share winnings or earnings equally among a group of people who worked on a task, which refers to a type of moral thinking known as __________.

distributive justice

Analyses of media time diaries indicate that children who engage in more video game play, computer game play, and television watching tend to __________.

do less reading and studying

Children's relationships with siblings are often characterized by a high degree of __________.

emotional intensity

In middle childhood, children develop greater independence and flexibility in managing their emotions, a process known as __________.

emotional regulation

Parents may contribute to a fixed mindset by telling children they are good at schoolwork, and teachers may do so by __________.

emphasizing scores and grades

Researchers conducting the Fast Track intervention worked with high-risk children and achieved a long-term reduction of __________ in grades 6 through 10

externalizing problems

Kecia's mom takes her after school to dance classes and softball. By making these activities available, Kecia's mom is engaging in a process labeled __________ by developmental scientists.

gatekeeping

The finding that some children attribute their successes to ability and their failures to insufficient effort or an overly difficult task is thought to reflect an attitude toward achievement known as __________.

growth mindset

Allie understands that her friend is sad to move away but looking forward to living closer to her grandparents. Allie is most likely __________.

in late childhood age 9-12

Although the most immediate goal of a bully is to achieve dominance over another child, the long-term goal of most bullies seems to be to __________.

increase their own social status among peers

Children's behavior has been observed to improve after __________.

parents in a high-conflict relationship undergo divorce

Young children tend to base their judgments of other people on concrete, observable behavior or appearances, whereas older children begin to focus on __________.

personality/psychological traits

Children rated as high in social acceptance by their peers tend to have high levels of __________ and low levels of __________ in middle childhood.

prosocial behavior; aggressive behavior

Harming others socially by spreading rumors, gossiping, or excluding them from groups is termed __________.

relational aggression

No-nonsense parenting engaged in by immigrant and minority group parents, in which the parent establishes a warm and supportive relationship with the child but occasionally doles out harsh punishment, appears to __________.

result in similar child outcomes as authoritative parenting in these types of families

All of the following are the most common areas of child behavior or emotional problems following a family divorce except __________.

taking sides with the father rather than the mother

According to an observational study by Gottman in which previously unacquainted children were observed in a home setting three times, children who became friends __________.

tended to be better at exchanging relevant information

Bullies have all of the following characteristics except __________.

they are low in social competence

Most children develop stereotyped thinking and prejudice against racial out-groups between the ages of 3 and 5 years. This is due to two tendencies: __________.

thinking essentialistically about race and the natural human tendency to favor in-group over out-group members

Longitudinal studies comparing the later development of children from closely matched families who either divorce or remain intact indicate all of the following :

those who experienced divorce on average have more troubles in social relationships the majority in both groups are well adjusted those who experienced divorce are more likely to get divorced

Sibling conflicts can serve as a positive influence on development under all of the following circumstances:

when parents help children mediate the disputes when parents are spurred by the conflicts to articulate family rules when the siblings have a positive relationship and resolve their conflicts on their own