PSYC345 Test 2
Recognition & Perception...
are not the same thing
Central Vision
area or point in the environment you are looking at
Top-Down Processing
gives meaning to perception - experience recognition - may influence pain
Low Threshold
our own names!
Perception is built on...
our perception of our senses
Short-term memory is...
our window on the present
Unconscious Inference
people perceive whatever is most likely to have induced sensory experience - speech segmentation, likelihood principle
Bottom-Up Processing
perceive sensations
Oblique Effect
perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations
Output of the feature integration model...
perception of stimulus we are attending to
Direct Pathway Model of Pain
nociceptors are stimulated - pain is sent directly from skin to brain
Inattentional Blindness
occurs when we don't notice something right in front f us, in our field of vision
Speech Segmentation
organizing sounds of speech into individual words
Speech segmentation is defined as
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words
Gestalt psychologists...
originated in Germany - describe how we organize things in our environment - flock of birds=1 entity - understand how elements are added up to create sensations
Physical Regularities
physical properties in our environment - assume light comes from above
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
prefrontal cortex
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate...
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity
Dividing Attention
an effort to pay attention to more than one thing at a time
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying
articulatory suppression
Change Blindness
aspects of a scene are not noticed from one scene to the next - difficulty in detecting changes in scenes
High-Load Task
response time for the task will probably be high
Three important aspects of memory
retention, retrieval, use
Shadowing
say the attended message out loud while it is being played in ear - during dichotic listening task
Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND
saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?
Dear Aunt June experiment...
caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
central executive & LTM
Illusory Conjunction
combinations of features from different stimuli
Semantic Regularities
components of scenes people across in the environment
Short-Term Memory
consciously aware of - what we are "thinking about" - sometimes goes to long-term memory
FFA neurons had...
decreased response to face increased response to Greebles
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during
delay
Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?
dictionary unit
Object Discrimination Task
differentiate between objects - damage to temporal lobe effects this
Dichotic Listening Task
ears receive the different information, but one ear is ignored - shows how attention affects processing of competing stimuli
Law of Pragnanz
every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting pattern is as simple as possible
Sensory Memory
holds all incoming information for up to 1 second
Landmark Discrimination Task
identify which landmark an object is near - damage to parietal lobe effects this
Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear...
influenced participants' processing of ambiguous sentences when they were unaware of that word
When we search a scene...
initial fixations are most likely to occur on high-saliency areas
Most of what is in short term memory...
is lost
Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories...
is most likely based on the SOUND of the stimulus
Whatever you're thinking right now...
is what is in short-term memory
Control Processes
keep something in short-term memory to maintain conscious access to it - rehearsal & selective attention
Olympic Rings...
law of simplicity
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they
may differ from one task to another
The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for
meaning
"Just In Time"
means an eye movement occurs just before we need the information they provide
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
top-down processing
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone...
top-down processing
Good Figure
"Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible"
Working Memory
"reconceptualization" of short-term memory
Persistence of Vision
"sensory memory" holds image for a fraction of a second longer than it is actually present
Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved?
Conversing on the phone while attempting a crossword puzzle
Viewpoint Invariance
ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives
Episodic Staging Area
added to the original model of working memory to account for extra storage
Anne Treisman's feature integration model...
addresses the "binding" problem
Filter Model of Attention
sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
some neurons respond best to horizontal & vertical edges in our environment
Helmholtz
some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
Attentuation Model
sound is sent to attenuator, then dictionary unit - both attended & unattended info make it to 2nd stage
Filter Model
sound is sent to sensory memory, then filter, then detector - early selection model of memory
When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of in English.
speech segmentation
Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?
speech segmentation
Long-Term Memory
stored for minutes, hours, days, years, life
Inverse Projection Problem
task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina
Word-length effect reveals...
the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of processing.
top-down
"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
top-down processing
Perception Pathway
what pathway
Dear Aunt June
left ear = Dear 7 June right ear = 9 Aunt 5 information from both ears were combined
Fixation Point
location in environment where eyes where our eyes have come to rest and on which we are focused - where a saccade ends up
Good Continuation
look at a coiled rope and perceive the rope as one object
Central Executive
managing component of working memory
The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _______ processing.
bottom-up
The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes...
can help reveal the shifting of one's OVERT attention
Same-Object Advantage
faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object
Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to
proactive interference
Perceptual Organization
process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects
Attentional Capture
rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus
Nociceptor
receptors in skin that response to tissue damage - perceived as unpleasant
Processing Capacity
refers to the total amount of information a person can handle at one time
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
According to the filter model of attention, which of the following messages would likely by identified by the filter?
unfamiliar foreign accent
"100-car naturalistic driving study"
video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows
Likelihood Principle
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.
Perception begins...
when at least 1 sense is stimulated
We only "see"...
when our eyes are perfectly still
Placebo Effect occurs...
when person believes pill will be effective
Selective Attention
when we focus on one thing and ignore others
Process information better...
where our information is focused
