PSYC345 Test 2

Recognition & Perception...

are not the same thing

Central Vision

area or point in the environment you are looking at

Top-Down Processing

gives meaning to perception - experience recognition - may influence pain

Low Threshold

our own names!

Perception is built on...

our perception of our senses

Short-term memory is...

our window on the present

Unconscious Inference

people perceive whatever is most likely to have induced sensory experience - speech segmentation, likelihood principle

Bottom-Up Processing

perceive sensations

Oblique Effect

perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations

Output of the feature integration model...

perception of stimulus we are attending to

Direct Pathway Model of Pain

nociceptors are stimulated - pain is sent directly from skin to brain

Inattentional Blindness

occurs when we don't notice something right in front f us, in our field of vision

Speech Segmentation

organizing sounds of speech into individual words

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

Gestalt psychologists...

originated in Germany - describe how we organize things in our environment - flock of birds=1 entity - understand how elements are added up to create sensations

Physical Regularities

physical properties in our environment - assume light comes from above

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate...

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity

Dividing Attention

an effort to pay attention to more than one thing at a time

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression

Change Blindness

aspects of a scene are not noticed from one scene to the next - difficulty in detecting changes in scenes

High-Load Task

response time for the task will probably be high

Three important aspects of memory

retention, retrieval, use

Shadowing

say the attended message out loud while it is being played in ear - during dichotic listening task

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND

saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

Dear Aunt June experiment...

caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

central executive & LTM

Illusory Conjunction

combinations of features from different stimuli

Semantic Regularities

components of scenes people across in the environment

Short-Term Memory

consciously aware of - what we are "thinking about" - sometimes goes to long-term memory

FFA neurons had...

decreased response to face increased response to Greebles

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

delay

Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?

dictionary unit

Object Discrimination Task

differentiate between objects - damage to temporal lobe effects this

Dichotic Listening Task

ears receive the different information, but one ear is ignored - shows how attention affects processing of competing stimuli

Law of Pragnanz

every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting pattern is as simple as possible

Sensory Memory

holds all incoming information for up to 1 second

Landmark Discrimination Task

identify which landmark an object is near - damage to parietal lobe effects this

Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear...

influenced participants' processing of ambiguous sentences when they were unaware of that word

When we search a scene...

initial fixations are most likely to occur on high-saliency areas

Most of what is in short term memory...

is lost

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories...

is most likely based on the SOUND of the stimulus

Whatever you're thinking right now...

is what is in short-term memory

Control Processes

keep something in short-term memory to maintain conscious access to it - rehearsal & selective attention

Olympic Rings...

law of simplicity

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from one task to another

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

meaning

"Just In Time"

means an eye movement occurs just before we need the information they provide

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top-down processing

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone...

top-down processing

Good Figure

"Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible"

Working Memory

"reconceptualization" of short-term memory

Persistence of Vision

"sensory memory" holds image for a fraction of a second longer than it is actually present

Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved?

Conversing on the phone while attempting a crossword puzzle

Viewpoint Invariance

ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives

Episodic Staging Area

added to the original model of working memory to account for extra storage

Anne Treisman's feature integration model...

addresses the "binding" problem

Filter Model of Attention

sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory

Experience-Dependent Plasticity

some neurons respond best to horizontal & vertical edges in our environment

Helmholtz

some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Attentuation Model

sound is sent to attenuator, then dictionary unit - both attended & unattended info make it to 2nd stage

Filter Model

sound is sent to sensory memory, then filter, then detector - early selection model of memory

When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of in English.

speech segmentation

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

speech segmentation

Long-Term Memory

stored for minutes, hours, days, years, life

Inverse Projection Problem

task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina

Word-length effect reveals...

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of processing.

top-down

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing

Perception Pathway

what pathway

Dear Aunt June

left ear = Dear 7 June right ear = 9 Aunt 5 information from both ears were combined

Fixation Point

location in environment where eyes where our eyes have come to rest and on which we are focused - where a saccade ends up

Good Continuation

look at a coiled rope and perceive the rope as one object

Central Executive

managing component of working memory

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _______ processing.

bottom-up

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes...

can help reveal the shifting of one's OVERT attention

Same-Object Advantage

faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to

proactive interference

Perceptual Organization

process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects

Attentional Capture

rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus

Nociceptor

receptors in skin that response to tissue damage - perceived as unpleasant

Processing Capacity

refers to the total amount of information a person can handle at one time

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

According to the filter model of attention, which of the following messages would likely by identified by the filter?

unfamiliar foreign accent

"100-car naturalistic driving study"

video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows

Likelihood Principle

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Perception begins...

when at least 1 sense is stimulated

We only "see"...

when our eyes are perfectly still

Placebo Effect occurs...

when person believes pill will be effective

Selective Attention

when we focus on one thing and ignore others

Process information better...

where our information is focused