Psych 1000 Final Exam

anxiety

A phobia is a type of _____________ disorder.

conditioning

A therapist suggests that Mr. Ozawa's fear of darkness can probably be traced back to his early childhood when he was occasionally beaten and locked up in a small, dark closet by an older brother. The therapist's suggestion most clearly highlights the impact of

primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, reappraisal

According to Lazarus, the transactional model of stress depends on a three-step cognitive process. These three steps are:

biasing power of diagnostic labels.

After Anika learned that her history professor had suffered an anxiety disorder, she concluded that the professor's tendency to talk loudly was simply a way of disguising feelings of personal insecurity. This best illustrates the

bipolar disorder

After several weeks of feeling apathetic and dissatisfied with his life, Mark has suddenly become extremely cheerful and so talkative he can't be interrupted. He seems to need less sleep and becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Mark's behavior is indicative of

medical history

After the interviewer observes that N. K. is pale, jittery, and swallows often, which of the following informational categories is likely to be most relevant for making an accurate diagnosis of this case?

internal responses to external demands placed on us.

As described in the tutorial, strain or stress reaction refers to:

external demands placed on us.

As described in the tutorial, stressors refer to:

associating unwanted behaviors with unpleasant experiences.

Aversive conditioning involves

irrational; avoidance

Based on the tutorial, a phobia is a(n) _______________ fear and ______________ of an objective or situation.

classical conditioning

Based on the tutorial, phobias may be initially acquired through the process of _________________.

operant conditioning

Based on the tutorial, phobias may be maintained through the process of _______________.

mood disorder

Bipolar disorder falls under:

alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.

Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by

Filter through which stressors are processed

Cognitive appraisal is known as the:

shrink

Constant high levels of stress hormones may cause the hippocampus to:

cognitive appraisal.

Estée's legs are paralyzed, but she is able to minimize the stress that the inability to walk might have caused by viewing this handicap as a challenge rather than a threat. This illustrates the importance of

general adaptation

Hans Selye proposed that every organism responds to a stress in a sequence of stages. He called this the-------- syndrome.

through the release of hormones and cytokines

How does abdominal fat lead to increased risk for chronic diseases?

It makes the lining of arteries more susceptible to plaque build up

How does cortisol contribute to the development of heart disease?

It increases heart rate and blood pressure which lead to hypertension

How does epinephrine influence the development of heart disease?

a token economy

In which operant conditioning procedure are positive reinforcers given for desired behaviors?

evolutionary

It is easy to condition but hard to extinguish fears of the types of stimuli that threatened our ancestors. This fact is best explained from a ________ perspective.

specific phobia.

Jeremy experiences so much anxiety about taking the elevator that he climbs 10 flights of stairs to get to his office each workday. Jeremy appears to suffer from

A stressor

Jules has an important meeting at work that he can't miss but he cannot get his car started. Not being able to get his car started as an example of:

mania

LO10: Mr. Hoffman has always been cautious with his money, but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race. With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market. Mr. Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

they receive more social support

LO10: One possible explanation for the longer life expectancy of religiously active people is that

psychiatrist

LO11: A physician who specializes in the treatment of psychological disorders is called a

a pessimistic explanatory style.

LO11: Emily attributes her failure to qualify for her college soccer team to factors that are stable, global, and internal. She best illustrates

schizophrenia

LO12: Antipsychotic drugs have proved helpful in the treatment of

schizophrenia

LO12: Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching her to see how long it takes her to grow another one. Mrs. Higgins is most likely suffering from

slow the normal reabsorption of excess serotonin from synapses.

LO12: Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are called SSRIs because they

Andre, a competitive, easily-angered journalist

LO12: Who is the best example of a Type A personality?

biomedical therapy.

LO13: Deep-brain stimulation is a form of

delusions

LO13: Mr. James believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his life savings. Mr. James is most clearly suffering from

schizophrenia

LO14: Oxygen deprivation at the time of birth is a known risk factor for

antisocial personality disorder.

LO15: Kyle is extremely manipulative and can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to any suffering they might experience as a result of his actions. His behavior best illustrates

personality

LO15: Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring, and socially maladaptive behavior patterns are called ________ disorders.

eclectic

LO1: A therapist who uses a variety of psychological theories and therapeutic methods is said to be

preventing her from functioning effectively.

LO1: Alexis is socially withdrawn and has few close friends. This behavior is most likely to be diagnosed as a symptom of psychological disorder if it is

psychoanalysis

LO2: Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy known as

health psychology.

LO2: The subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to the prevention and treatment of illness is known as

DSM

LO3: A current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders is known as the

enabling clients to feel unconditionally accepted.

LO3: Client-centered therapists emphasize the importance of

stress appraisal

LO3: One person, alone in a house, dismisses its creaking sounds and experiences no stress; someone else suspects an intruder and becomes alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of

the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events.

LO3: Psychologists define stress as

biasing power of diagnostic labels.

LO4: After participants in one study were informed that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases such as "a passive, dependent type" and "frightened of his own aggressive impulses." This study best illustrated the

the general adaptation syndrome.

LO4: Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion characterize the phases of

the tend-and-befriend response.

LO4: Providing and seeking support from others during times of stress best illustrates

epinephrine

LO4: The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of ________ into the bloodstream.

exposure therapy.

LO5: A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates

a biopsychosocial approach.

LO5: An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by

aversive conditioning.

LO5: To help Janet overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, a therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates

operant conditioning

LO6: In a home for troubled youth, adolescents receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates an application of

psychoneuroimmunology.

LO6: Professor Huang is researching the effect of stress appraisal on lymphocyte activity. Her work best illustrates the speciality area of

cognitive

LO7: Although Ethan is actually doing very well in college, he feels depressed and academically incompetent. His therapist has instructed him to explain in writing how his good grades resulted from his own hard work and personal abilities. This therapeutic procedure is most characteristic of ________ therapy.

problem-focused coping

LO7: Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as

modify clients' self-defeating thoughts and their maladaptive behaviors.

LO7: Cognitive-behavioral therapy is designed to

emotion-focused coping

LO7: Kathy alleviated the stress of breaking up with her boyfriend in two ways. She avoided contact with her ex-boyfriend and she planned recreational activities with her best girlfriend. Kathy's behavior best illustrates

generalized anxiety disorder

LO7: Lenore is unexplainably and continually tense and is plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from

OCD

LO7: Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress intrusive thoughts that she might have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of

muscle tension

LO8: A psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their

conditioning

LO8: Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when approaching any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear results from a traumatic boat accident she experienced as a child. The therapist's suggestion highlights the impact of

a mood disorder.

LO9: Elaine feels that her life is empty, has lost all interest in her career and hobbies, and wonders if she would be better off dead. She is most likely suffering from

meta-analysis.

LO9: Klaus is a psychology graduate student who wants to determine whether electroconvulsive therapy is an effective treatment for depression. To combine the results of numerous published studies on this issue, Klaus should make use of

2 weeks

Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least

elation

Mania is most likely to be characterized by feelings of

bipolar disorder

Mania is most likely to be experienced by those suffering

social phobia.

Manuel is extremely shy and is so easily embarrassed when he is with other people that he purposely avoids social interactions. Manuel appears to suffer from

operant conditioning.

Mr. Quinones, a fifth-grade teacher, gives a blue plastic star to each student who achieves a high score on a math or spelling test. At the end of the semester, students can exchange their stars for prizes. Mr. Quinones' strategy illustrates an application of

Immune

People are a lot more likely to become ill after stressful experiences. This is due to weakening of the _____ system.

a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Phobias are most likely to be characterized by

anxiety disorder

Phobic disorder falls under:

the process by which people appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges.

Psychologists primarily define stress as

exposure therapies.

Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid is most characteristic of

counterconditioning.

Repeatedly pairing a conditioned stimulus that triggers distress with an unconditioned stimulus that triggers pleasure best illustrates

hallucination; delusion

Seeing one-eyed monsters would be a(n) ________. Believing that you are Christopher Columbus would be a ________.

cognitive

Teaching people to stop blaming themselves for failures and negative circumstances beyond their control is of most direct concern to ________ therapists.

SAM; HPA

The body's faster response to stress occurs in the_______ system; its slow response to stress occurs in the ______ system.

hearing

The hallucinations experienced by those who suffer from schizophrenia are most likely to involve ________ things that are not there.

behavior modification

The practice of ________ is based on the application of operant conditioning principles.

biomedical therapy.

The use of antipsychotic drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia best illustrates

systematic desensitization.

To help Thor overcome his fear of giving public speeches, his therapist instructs him to relax and then to imagine speaking to a group of four people. The therapist is using

caps on the ends of chromosomes

What are telomeres?

Stress in fetal life was related to poorer health as an adult

What was one of the main findings of Roseboom's study of the Dutch hunger winter?

stress reactions

When she missed her morning bus ride to work, Shelly's blood pressure rose and she experienced a throbbing headache. Her physical responses to missing the bus were

Hallucinations

Which is NOT an example of a negative symptom?

Anhedonia

Which of the following is NOT a positive symptom?

virtual reality exposure therapy

Which of the following is a form of counterconditioning?

systematic desensitization

Which of the following techniques is derived from classical conditioning principles?

systematic desensitization

With ________, the therapist replaces a fearful response with a relaxation response.