Psych 101

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, what are the four primary processes involved in observational learning? A: Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement B: Attention, retention, generalization, and discrimination C: Acquisition, extinction, generalization, and discrimination D: Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response

A: Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Operant conditioning Classical conditioning Latent learning Observational learning

Classical conditioning

Why are computers considered to be an oversimplified model of the mind's processing of information? Computer information input is pre-coded and ambiguities are removed before processing. Computer information is far too complex for such a comparison to be accurate. Computer information is too mathematically based for such a comparison to be accurate. Computers are currently unable to perform tasks better than humans.

Computer information input is pre-coded and ambiguities are removed before processing.

_____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics. Algorithms Concepts Semantics Heuristics

Concepts

_____ produces the single best solution to a problem. Deductive reasoning Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Inductive reasoning

Convergent thinking

_____ involves the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems. An algorithm Creativity A heuristic Fixedness

Creativity

____ produces many solutions to the same problem. Deductive reasoning Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Inductive reasoning

Divergent thinking

Which of the following structures of memory is autobiographical? Sensory memory Implicit memory Nondeclarative memory Episodic memory

Episodic memory

_____ memory involves the conscious recollection of facts and events whereas, _____ memory involves non-conscious knowledge derived from past experience. Explicit/implicit Implicit/explicit Short-term/long-term Long-term/short-term

Explicit/implicit

_____ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent. Generalization Discrimination Extinction Latent learning

Extinction

Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process? Evaluate solutions Find and frame problems Develop good problem-solving strategies Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time

Find and frame problems

Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process? Evaluate solutions Find and frame problems Develop good problem-solving strategies Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time

Find and frame problems

After careful observation, Dylan has stated a hypothesis that spending money on other people leads to greater happiness than spending money on oneself. In accordance with the scientific method, which of the following steps is Dylan most likely to take next? He will evaluate the results of his experiment. He will examine the prediction through empirical research. He will conclude whether spending money on others can be a strong predictor of happiness. He will publish the experimental results in a reputable journal.

He will examine the prediction through empirical research.

Steven was in a serious automobile accident that caused a severe injury to his hippocampus. What type of problem is Steven likely to experience as a result of this brain injury? He will probably be unable to speak. He will probably be unable to comprehend language. He will probably be unable retain any new conscious memories. He will probably be unable to move on his own.

He will probably be unable retain any new conscious memories.

Which of the following is a significance of the brain-lesioning process? It assesses the amount of glucose in the various brain regions. It gives a three-dimensional view of various brain regions. It gives a sense of the functions of the damaged brain regions. It assesses the amount of radioactivity in several brain regions.

It gives a sense of the functions of the damaged brain regions.

In the context of neurotransmitters, which of the following best describes the effect of norepinephrine stimulation? It plays a role in the human tendency to feel pleasure during orgasm. It plays a role in forming emotional bonds with romantic partners. It inhibits the heart muscle, intestines, and urogenital tract. It helps to control the level of alertness.

It helps to control the level of alertness.

Which of the following is true of the neurotransmitter serotonin? It is related to the personality trait of extraversion. It inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system. It is involved in the regulation of mood and attention. It is hardly involved in the regulation of sleep.

It is involved in the regulation of mood and attention.

_____ is a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. Erudition Maturation Edifying Learning

Learning

Which of the following characteristics is essential to the process of critical thinking? Mindfulness and open-mindedness Fixedness and divergent thinking Heuristics and creativity Inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning

Mindfulness and open-mindedness

Which of the following is more effective in explaining voluntary behaviors? Discovery learning Latent learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

Operant conditioning

_____ is a genetic method in which organisms are chosen for reproduction based on how much of a particular trait they display. Selective breeding Experimental evolution Polymorphism Natural selection

Selective breeding

____ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior. Generalization Extinction Contiguity Shaping

Shaping

Maria is extremely active in politics. She has strong conservative beliefs about what is correct and what is not. Each day when she reads the newspaper, she pays close attention to the editorial section in particular. According to the confirmation bias, what will she do when she reads them? She will read both the editorials that she agrees with and those that she doesn't to get a balanced view of issues. She will read the editorials that she agrees with, but not the ones that she disagrees with. She will read the editorials that she disagrees with to get an idea of what the other perspectives on issues may be. She will not read any of the editorials.

She will read the editorials that she agrees with, but not the ones that she disagrees with.

What is the primary disadvantage of using algorithms? They only work for large problems. They are very similar to trial-and-error. Correct solutions are not guaranteed. Solutions may take a long time.

Solutions may take a long time.

According to _____ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to _____ there are nine types of intelligences. Sternberg's triarchic theory/Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences/Sternberg's triarchic theory Sternberg's triarchic theory/artificial intelligence (AI) theory artificial intelligence (AI) theory/Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Sternberg's triarchic theory/Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Which of the following is a potential problem of using correlational studies in psychological research? They fail to establish a clear causal relationship between variables. They do not allow researchers to use just one variable to predict the movement of the other variable. They cannot be used in situations where the issue of ethics is important. They can be used to study the relationship between only two variables.

They do not allow researchers to use just one variable to predict the movement of the other variable.

Which of the following is the best example of an unconditioned response? Throwing a temper tantrum Sneezing in response to sniffing pepper Raising your hand before asking a question in a classroom setting Learning to ride a bike by watching your older brother do so

Throwing a temper tantrum

Pavlov's dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n) _____. US CS UR CR

US

Which of the following is true with regard to the principles of behaviorism? Understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental factors that produce them. The principles of learning are different for both animals and humans. Internal states such as thinking, wishing, and hoping are of greater importance, in comparison to observable behaviors.

Understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental factors that produce them.

Elaine is writing a paper about reactions to the tragedy that occurred at the Twin Towers on September 11, 2001. She interviews ten of her classmates and asks them to remember that day. She is surprised to learn that nearly all of the students she interviewed offer very detailed, vivid accounts of where they were and what they were doing when they first learned of the terrorist attacks. Elaine has discovered that most of her classmates have _____ of September 11, 2001. a repressed memory a flashbulb memory implicit but not explicit memories extrasensory perception

a flashbulb memory

A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem. subgoal algorithm heuristic fixation

algorithm

Discrimination of objects that are necessary for survival (such as appropriate food) as well as emotional awareness and expression involves the hippocampus. occipital lobe. medulla. amygdala.

amygdala

The function of the _____ is to take messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. central nervous system autonomic nervous system somatic nervous system voluntary nervous system

autonomic nervous system

According to Thorndike's law of effect _____. species-specific biological predispositions favor some learning styles over others behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened negative behaviors can be easily extinguished through classical conditioning an organism will recover a previously conditioned response when placed in a novel context.

behaviors followed by desirable outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by undesirable outcomes are weakened

Recognizing problems involves _____. being aware of and open to experiences functional fixedness artificial intelligence using heuristics

being aware of and open to experiences

Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of ____ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life. 150 120 90-100 below 70

below 70

In the context of descriptive research methods in psychology, _____ are performed mainly by clinical psychologists when, for either practical or ethical reasons, the unique aspects of an individual's life cannot be duplicated and tested in other individuals. case studies surveys correlational studies experiments

case studies

Margaret is the new director of research at a well-known pharmaceutical company. She has been asked to design a set of research studies that will test the effectiveness of the new drugs that are being developed. Because Margaret is concerned about ensuring that experimenter bias and research participant bias do not influence the results, she should design a set of case studies. correlational studies. naturalistic observations. double-blind experiments.

case studies.

Dr. Okawa is interested in studying the effect that neurological trauma can have on short-term memory. First, he collects detailed information from a small number of individuals who have experienced brain damage. Then, using information provided by medical records, interviews, and observations, Dr. Okawa attempts to create an in-depth portrait of each individual. What type of research method was used in this study? case study naturalistic observation experimental method surveys

case study

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used the tactic of _____. mental structuring visual structuring chunking cueing

chunking

Which of the following approaches to psychology focuses on how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems? sociocultural behavioral cognitive psychodynamic

cognitive

Ashley, a secretary at Plato Inc., is typing on her computer, talking on the phone, and handing some papers to her colleague simultaneously. Which of the following characteristics of the nervous system is best illustrated in this scenario? complexity resting potential polarization plasticity

complexity

In correlations research, third variables are also called confederates. confounds. allies. boosters.

confounds

Aaron wants to study the association between sleep deprivation and the number of hours spent on a computer every day. He is not keen to establish causation, but would like to determine whether and how the increase or decrease in one variable is related to the increase or decrease in the other variable. Which of the following research methods is likely to be most effective for Aaron's study? survey correlational research experimental research case study

correlational research

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, _____ intelligence involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine intrapersonal analytical creative naturalist .

creative

Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the NCAA basketball championship games start?" Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from countries outside of the United States may have problems with this question because it is probably _____. not valid culturally biased unreliable generalized

culturally biased

A key requirement for the process of testing hypotheses in the scientific method is experimenter bias. conjecture. data analysis. psychoanalysis.

data analysis.

According to _____, when we learn something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon decay theory interference theory psychodynamic theory

decay theory

Information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles is sent through _____, thus enabling the body to move. afferent nerves efferent nerves auditory nerves olfactory nerves

efferent nerves

Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes. encoding storage retrieval chunking

encoding

The _____ approach to psychology relies on concepts such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection when explaining human behavior. humanistic psychodynamic evolutionary behavioral

evolutionary

Dr. Amani is interested in investigating why women are more able to correctly interpret emotional expressions than men. In this case, he is most interested in the scientific goal of _____ behavior. explaining predicting describing deciding

explaining

A researcher is conducting an experiment to test the effects of violent video-game-play on aggression. Which of the following could be the dependent variable in this example? frequency of violent video-game-play video-game-preferences scores on an aggressive behavior survey the number of hours spent playing video games

frequency of violent video-game-play

Zeus was injured in a mining accident and suffered severe brain damage. In time, his brain healed and he was back to working in the mines. The only change was in his personality. From being a highly aggressive and temperamental individual, he became mild-mannered and calm, almost to the extent of being placid. In this scenario, the region of the cerebral cortex that was most likely damaged in the accident was the _____ lobe. frontal occipital temporal parietal

frontal

Sensory memory _____. holds information acquired through our senses for a brief amount of time is a form of short-term memory transfers information directly to long-term memory is very vague and unclear

holds information acquired through our senses for a brief amount of time

In the context of experimental research, the logic of random assignment is if participants in an experiment are assigned to each group by stratification, the actual differences between the groups will sustain over the long run. if participants in an experiment are assigned to each group only by chance, the actual similarities between the groups will sustain over the long run. if participants in an experiment are assigned to each group by stratification, the potential differences between the groups on other characteristics will cancel out over the long run. if participants in an experiment are assigned to each group only by chance, the potential differences between the groups on other characteristics will cancel out over the long run.

if participants in an experiment are assigned to each group only by chance, the potential differences between the groups on other characteristics will cancel out over the long run.

In experimental research, the _____ is a manipulated experimental factor and _____ is the outcome. dependent variable/ independent variable independent variable/ dependent variable confounding variable/ independent variable dependent variable/ confounding variable

independent variable/ dependent variable

Independent variables are measured by researchers. manipulated by researchers. confounds that are typically irrelevant to the hypothesis being tested. the factors that change in response to the changes in dependent variables.

manipulated by researchers.

Genes consist of short segments of ribosomes composed of RNA. match and link small pieces of RNA. manufacture the proteins that are necessary for maintaining life. act independently and do not collaborate with another gene.

manufacture the proteins that are necessary for maintaining life.

Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing and heart rate? hypothalamus pons medulla cerebellum

medulla

Cognitive psychology is the study of _____. motivation and emotion mental processes abnormal functioning social relationships

mental processes

Cognitive psychology is the study of _____. motivation and emotion mental processes abnormal functioning social relationships

mental processes

According to Hermann Ebbinghaus, _____. most forgetting occurs long after we originally learned something most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something motivated forgetting is a good treatment for overcoming traumatic events motivated forgetting is a poor treatment for overcoming traumatic events

most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____. classical conditioning operant conditioning latent learning discovery learning

operant conditioning

Which of the following are correctly matched? frontal lobes—hearing, language processing, and memory occipital lobes—personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles temporal lobes—visual stimuli parietal lobes—spatial location, attention, and motor control

parietal lobes—spatial location, attention, and motor control

The _____ connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. central nervous system peripheral nervous system limbic system endocrine system

peripheral nervous system

The membrane of the resting neuron is said to be deconcentrated. depolarized. concentrated. polarized.

polarized

Damien has been unable to sleep for the past few weeks. He wakes up in the middle of the night and cannot go back to sleep. On certain occasions, he cannot fall asleep at all and at other times, he is unable to wake up from sleep. In the context of organization of the brain, Damien's problem with sleep and arousal is most likely caused by the poor functioning of the pons. amygdala. medulla. cerebellum.

pons

Spanking is a form of _____; time out is a form of _____. negative punishment/positive punishment positive reinforcement/negative reinforcement positive punishment/negative punishment positive reinforcement/positive punishment

positive punishment/negative punishment

Hudson works in the product development department of a large toy company. His job is to take abstract theories of child development and implement them in functional ways so that they can be used to create a toy. According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Hudson would likely score high on a measure of _____ intelligence. spatial naturalist intrapersonal practical

practical

A _____ reinforcer is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable. secondary primary tertiary intermediary

primary

J. B. Watson and B. F. Skinner believed that consciousness should always be investigated through the process of individual introspection. psychology should focus on an organism's visible interactions with the environment—that is, behaviors. psychology should study both outwardly observed behaviors and inborn mental motivations. psychological methods could be developed to study the process of human cognition.

psychology should focus on an organism's visible interactions with the environment—that is, behaviors.

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is _____ but not _____. reliable; valid valid; reliable inductive; deductive divergent; convergent

reliable; valid

A prototype is a _____. A. strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem B. representation of the average or ideal member of a concept C. tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them D. the way in which information is processed and manipulated in the decision making process

representation of the average or ideal member of a concept

Professor Stenson is examining the effects of color on patients' anxiety levels. She randomly assigns patients to either a room painted white or a room painted black, and then records their blood pressure. In this case, the independent variable is the participant's blood pressure. participant's anxiety level. room color. building type.

room color.

A _____ is the subset of a population selected to participate in the study. sample case confederate placebo

sample

A _____ reinforcer is a reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience. secondary primary tertiary intermediary

secondary

In operant conditioning, _____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior. contingency extinction contiguity shaping

shaping

If a psychologist studies about the behavioral differences between people from two religions, he or she is most likely following the _____ approach to psychology. psychodynamic cognitive humanistic sociocultural

sociocultural

The left hemisphere of the brain plays an important role in managing or regulating speech and grammar. spatial perception. visual recognition. movement in the left side of the body.

speech and grammar.

In classical conditioning, organisms learn the association between two _____. organizations stimuli motives considerations

stimuli

If you were a psychologist who adopted the structuralism approach, you would be interested in the _____ of the mind, using _____ as your primary research method. functions/experimentation structures/externalization functions/retrospection structures/introspection

structures/introspection

If a person needs to run away from a dangerous situation, the _____ nervous system sends blood to the person's extremities to prepare him or her for taking off. central somatic sympathetic parasympathetic

sympathetic

Just before you went on a job interview your heart was pounding like crazy. You experienced a shortness of breath and felt sick to your stomach. These symptoms were most likely produced by your _____ nervous system. central somatic parasympathetic sympathetic

sympathetic

Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for producing physiological symptoms (such as increased heart rate and butterflies in the stomach) under conditions of stress? somatic parasympathetic sympathetic central

sympathetic

Cognitive psychology studies all of the following except _____. problem solving reasoning telepathy decision making

telepathy

Flexibility, inner motivation, willingness to face risk, and objective evaluation of work are characteristics of people who _____. use algorithms prefer to use convergent thinking rather than divergent thinking think creatively are mindful

think creatively

The type of effortful retrieval associated with a person's feeling that he or she knows something (say, a word or a name) but cannot quite pull it out of memory is known as _____. decay phenomenon tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon retroactive interference proactive interference

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. In this situation, salivation is the unconditioned response. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned response.

unconditioned response.