Psych 101
Resistance stage GAS
if stressor isn't removed we enter this stage. Levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity is higher than normal but not as high as alarm reaction. Body attempts to restore lost energy and repair bodily damage
Disorganized Schizophrenia
incoherence, loosening of association, disorganized behavior and delusions, fragmentart delusions or hallucination, flat and innapropro emotions, neglect appearance, and extreme social impairment
Catatonic Schizophrenia
individuals show impairment in motor activity, slowing of activity, waxy flexibility (stays in positions). May be mute
Coronary Heart disease
leading cause of death in the unites states. Bio risks: family history, physiological conditions, inactive, consumption. Psych factors: type A, hostility and holding in, job strain
Preventing and coping with cancer
limit exposure to behavioral risk factors, modify diet, exercise regularly, regular medical checkups, regulate stress
Prolem-focused coping
manage stress directly, either by changing the stressor itself or the ways in which we respond to the stressor
Bipolar Disorderes
mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression. Manic phase the person may show excessive excitement, silliness, restlessness, oversexed, pressured speech. destroy property or give away expensive possessions.
Headaches
most common stress-realted physical ailments.
Steroids
one of the reasons stress exhausts us. They stop the functioning of the immune system, interferes with formation of antibodies.
Biological factors
pathogens, inoculation, injuries, age, gender, and family history. Genes only create a predisposition toward the health problem
Controlling irrational thoughts
people often feel pressure from own irrational thoughts
Hypochondriasis
people that insist that they are siffering with a serious physical illness. No medical evidence of illness can be found.
Externals
people who do not wish to exercise control over their situations
Generalized anxiety disorder
persistent anxiety not attributed to object, situation or activity. Symptoms: ANS overarousal, feelings of dread or foreboding, excessive vigilance.
Social phobias
persistent fears of scrutiny by others or of doing something that will be humiliating or embarrassing
Depersonalization Disorder
persistent feelings that one is detached from one's own body as if one is observin one's thought processes from the outside
Dissociative Fugue
person abruptly leaving their home and traveling to another place, having lost all memory of their past. The new personality is often more outgoing than the less inhibited one.
Dissociative amnesia
person suddenly is unable to recall important personal nformation, not attributed to injuries
Persecution Delusions
person think others are out to get them
Grandeur Delusions
person think they are famous
Reference Delusions
person thinks others are talking about or referring to them
Somatoform DIsorders
physical problems in people, such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease yet no evidence of a physical abnormality can be found
Production of white blood cells (leukocytes)
recognize and eradicate foreign agents and unhealthy cells
Obsessions
recurrent, anxiety provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and disrupt daily life
Type B behavior
relaxed, more focused on quality of life, less ambitious and impatient
Social support
seems to act as a buffer against the effects of stress. Sources include emotional concern, instrumental aid, information, appraisal, and socializing
Residual Schizophrenia
show social withdrawat adter delusions and hallucinations have faded
Phobic disorders
specific phobias are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Reducing CHD
stop smoking, controlling weight, reducing hypertension, lowering cholesterol, modifying type A
Psychological risk for cancer
stress lowers cortisol and impairs immune system. Once cancer has developed stress can influence its course, and prolonged psychological conditions such as depression
Lowering arousal
stress tends to trigger intense activity in the sympathetic branch of the ANS, is a sign that something may be wrong.
Psychoneuroimmunology
study of the relationship among psychological factors, nervous sytem, endocrine system, immune system, and disease
migraine headaches
sudden onset, sever, lasts for hours or days, visual problems, perception of unusual odors, loss of balance or appetite.
Paranoid Schizophrenia
systematized delusions and frequently related auditory hallucination. Usually delusions are of grandeur and persecution including jealousy
Stress
the demand made on an organism to adapt, or adjust. Some is helpful
Inflammation
this is increased blood supply which floods the region with white blood cells
Compulsions
thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety connected with obsessions
Alarm reaction GAS
triggered by perception of a stressor. This mobilizes (fight or flight. Involves bodily changes
Muscle tension headaches
we contract muscles in shoulders, necj, forehead, and scalp when stressed. Characterized by dull steady pain, Gradual onset
Exercising
when aerobic, it enhances the functioning of the immune system, contributes to our psychological well being and helps us cope with stress
Anxiety Disorders (Psych features)
worrying, fear of the worst things happening r losing control, nervousness, or inability to relax
Self-Efficacy
Ability to make things happen. Expectations affect our ability to withstand stress
Sociocultural risk for cancer
African americans are most likely to die from this. Countries whose diet consists of high daily fat content have high cancer rates
Psych factors in treatment for Cancer
Anxiety and depression concerning treatment and outcome, changes in body image, vulnerability, and family problems
Physical features of anxiety disorders
Arousal of the sympathetic branch of the ANS, trembling, sweating, pounding heart, elevated bp, and faitness
Classifying Psych Disorders
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). Axis 1&2= diagnoses, 3= gen medical conditions, 4- psychosocial and environmental problems, 5= assessment of global functioning
Schizophrenia
Disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and motor activity and mood. Day dreams, jumbled speech, delusions, hallucination, slow motor, flat emotionally
Multiple approach-avoidance Conflict
Each of several alternative courses of action has positives and negatives. Can be stressful because there is no clear correct choice.
Irrational beliefs
Ellis says that our beliefs about events as well as the event can be stressors. A= activating event c=consequence b= belief mediating A and C
Approach-avoidance conflict
The same goal produces both approach and avoidance motives
General adaptation syndrome (Selye)
The syndrome is a cluster of bodily changes that occur in three stages alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Dissociative identity disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)
Two or more identities or personalities, each with distinct traits and memories occupying the same person. The other identities may or may not be aware of each other
Characterization of Psych Disorders
Unusual, suggest faulty perception or interpretation of reality, sever personal distress, self-defeating, dangerous, behavior is socially unacceptable
Women and Depression
Women are more likely to be diagnosed. Low levels of estrogen are related to depression
Conversion Disorder
a major change in, or loss of, physical functioning although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning. Converting a source of stress into a physical difficulty
Predictability and control
ability to predict a stressor to moderate impact
Panic Disorder
abrupt attack of acute anxiety not triggered by specific objects or situation. Sympotoms (could last hours) shortness od breath, heavy sweating, tremors, heart pounding, fearing suffocation, choking, nausea, numbness, fear of going crazy/ losing control
Major Depressive Disorder
affects 5-7% of population. Symptoms: difficulty concentrating, loss of interest, pessimism, crying, thoughts of suicide, poor appetite and serious weight loss, delusions, guilt.
Anxiety
an appropriate response to real threat
Acute Stress disorder
anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event. Occurs within a month of the event and lasts from 2 days to four weeks.
Medical model
assumes that illnesses have identifiable physical or biological causes. cured through treatment or therapy
Emotion-focused coping
attempts to lessen the effects of a stressor by avoiding it, ignoring it, or managing the emotional needs connected to it.
Psychological factors
attitudes, emotions, and behaviors.
Psychological disorders
behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or disbaility
Diathesis-stress model
biological differences between individuals (diatheses) explains why some people develop certain psychological disorders under stress wheras others do not
Multifactorial approach
biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are involved in health and illness
Biological Views of Schizo
brain disorder, Dysfunction in prefrontal cortex, less gray matter, smaller brains, lower levels of activity in prefrontal regian, larger ventricles
Dissociative Disorders
characterized by a separation of mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, identity, memory, or consciousness
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
characterized by rapid heart rate, feelings of anxiety, and helplessness. Event is revisited in the form of intrusive memories, recurrent dreams, and flashbacks
Biological Factors associated with Schizophrenia
complications during mother's pregnancy, burth during winter, poor maternal nutrition, atypical development of the CNS. Overutilize dopamine
Cancer
development of abnormal or mutant cells that may took root anywhere in the body. 2nd leading cause of death
Culture Bound Disorders
disorders specific to certain cultures
Mood Disorders
disturbance in expressed emotions genreall involving sadness or elation
Personality Disorders
enduring patterns of behavior that are inflexible and maladaptive. These behaviors typically impair social or personal functioning and are a source of distress to the individual or to the other people
Biopsychosocial
explains psychological disorders in terms of a combination of possible biologica vulnerabilities, psych factors( stress, self-defeating, etc), and sociocultural factors( family realtionships, unemployment, cultural beliefs)
Sense of humor
feelings of happiness may be beneficial effects on the immune system. Laughter stimulates output of endorphins, positivity, social support and self-efficacy.
Antigens
foreign substances in body that the body comabts by generating specialized proteins and antibodies
True
Hassles and life changes can predict health problems such as heart disease, cancer and athletic injuries
Psychological hardness
High commitment, challenge, perceived control, internal locus control. More resistant to stress because they choose to face it. Interpret stress as interesting, challenging, not punishing
Bandura and colleagues (1985)
High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by relatively lower levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the bloodstream
Type A Behavior
Highly driven, competitive, impatient, aggressive, rushed and under pressure, difficult to give up control. Have to be perfect at everything.
Persons life changes and health problem
Holmes and Rahe (1967) made a scale
Exhaustion stage GAS
If stressor is not diminished. Body is deleted of the resources for combating stress. Muscles become fatigued, heartbeat and respiration slow down. Resulting diseased of adaptation= allergies, hives, coronoary heart disease, and death
Demonological Model
In the past people believed that psychological disrders were caused by possession by the devil
Schizoid PD
Indifference to relationships and flat emotional response, "Loner", lack of warm, tender feelings for others.
Borderline PD
Instability in their relationships, self-image,mood, and lack of control over impulses. Uncertain of values, goals, loyalties, careers, choices of friends or sexual orientation
Approach- approach conflict
Least stressful type of conflict. Both goals are desirable and are within reach
People who have more self-efficacy
Less prone to be disturbed by adverse events, more likely to lose weight and quit smoking and to function despite pain. Less likely to abuse alcohol and relapse
Avoidance- Avoidance conflict
More stressful. A person is motivated to avoid. avoiding one of them requires approaching the other
Uplifts
Opposite of hassles. (Pleasant family outings, good grades, tasty meals.)
Schizotypal PD
Peculiarities of thought, perception, or behavior such as excessive fantasty and suspiciousness, feelings of being unreal or odd usage of words, no complex delusions, hallucinations, or unusal motor activities.
Bio risks for cancer
People inherit a disposition. Behaviors= smoking, more than one drink per day, eating animal fats, and sunbathing
Internal control and predictability
People who wish to exercise control over their situatin
Antisocial PD
Persistently violating rights of other and being in conflict with the law. Individuals show superficial charm, lack guilt, fail to learn from punishment, men are more likely.
Daily hassles
Regular occurrences, experiences that can threaten or harm our well-being (Household, health, time-pressure, etc) Linked to nervousness, worrying, inability to get started, sadness, loneliness)
Concerns with DSM
Reliability (same diagnoses), Validity, and predictive validity (predict course and treatment), strictness (anything left out), reliability and validity variations
Life Changes
Require adjustment. Even positive changes can lead to headaches, hugh bp, and other health problems
Health Psychology
Studies relationship between psychological; factors, the prevention and treatment of physical problems
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Tendency to interpret other people's behavior as threatening or demeaning, mistrustful, no signs of disorganized thinking.
Conflict
The feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives. Is frustrating and stressful
