Psych 101

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Resistance stage GAS

if stressor isn't removed we enter this stage. Levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity is higher than normal but not as high as alarm reaction. Body attempts to restore lost energy and repair bodily damage

Disorganized Schizophrenia

incoherence, loosening of association, disorganized behavior and delusions, fragmentart delusions or hallucination, flat and innapropro emotions, neglect appearance, and extreme social impairment

Catatonic Schizophrenia

individuals show impairment in motor activity, slowing of activity, waxy flexibility (stays in positions). May be mute

Coronary Heart disease

leading cause of death in the unites states. Bio risks: family history, physiological conditions, inactive, consumption. Psych factors: type A, hostility and holding in, job strain

Preventing and coping with cancer

limit exposure to behavioral risk factors, modify diet, exercise regularly, regular medical checkups, regulate stress

Prolem-focused coping

manage stress directly, either by changing the stressor itself or the ways in which we respond to the stressor

Bipolar Disorderes

mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep depression. Manic phase the person may show excessive excitement, silliness, restlessness, oversexed, pressured speech. destroy property or give away expensive possessions.

Headaches

most common stress-realted physical ailments.

Steroids

one of the reasons stress exhausts us. They stop the functioning of the immune system, interferes with formation of antibodies.

Biological factors

pathogens, inoculation, injuries, age, gender, and family history. Genes only create a predisposition toward the health problem

Controlling irrational thoughts

people often feel pressure from own irrational thoughts

Hypochondriasis

people that insist that they are siffering with a serious physical illness. No medical evidence of illness can be found.

Externals

people who do not wish to exercise control over their situations

Generalized anxiety disorder

persistent anxiety not attributed to object, situation or activity. Symptoms: ANS overarousal, feelings of dread or foreboding, excessive vigilance.

Social phobias

persistent fears of scrutiny by others or of doing something that will be humiliating or embarrassing

Depersonalization Disorder

persistent feelings that one is detached from one's own body as if one is observin one's thought processes from the outside

Dissociative Fugue

person abruptly leaving their home and traveling to another place, having lost all memory of their past. The new personality is often more outgoing than the less inhibited one.

Dissociative amnesia

person suddenly is unable to recall important personal nformation, not attributed to injuries

Persecution Delusions

person think others are out to get them

Grandeur Delusions

person think they are famous

Reference Delusions

person thinks others are talking about or referring to them

Somatoform DIsorders

physical problems in people, such as paralysis, pain, or a persistent belief that they have a serious disease yet no evidence of a physical abnormality can be found

Production of white blood cells (leukocytes)

recognize and eradicate foreign agents and unhealthy cells

Obsessions

recurrent, anxiety provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and disrupt daily life

Type B behavior

relaxed, more focused on quality of life, less ambitious and impatient

Social support

seems to act as a buffer against the effects of stress. Sources include emotional concern, instrumental aid, information, appraisal, and socializing

Residual Schizophrenia

show social withdrawat adter delusions and hallucinations have faded

Phobic disorders

specific phobias are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations

Reducing CHD

stop smoking, controlling weight, reducing hypertension, lowering cholesterol, modifying type A

Psychological risk for cancer

stress lowers cortisol and impairs immune system. Once cancer has developed stress can influence its course, and prolonged psychological conditions such as depression

Lowering arousal

stress tends to trigger intense activity in the sympathetic branch of the ANS, is a sign that something may be wrong.

Psychoneuroimmunology

study of the relationship among psychological factors, nervous sytem, endocrine system, immune system, and disease

migraine headaches

sudden onset, sever, lasts for hours or days, visual problems, perception of unusual odors, loss of balance or appetite.

Paranoid Schizophrenia

systematized delusions and frequently related auditory hallucination. Usually delusions are of grandeur and persecution including jealousy

Stress

the demand made on an organism to adapt, or adjust. Some is helpful

Inflammation

this is increased blood supply which floods the region with white blood cells

Compulsions

thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety connected with obsessions

Alarm reaction GAS

triggered by perception of a stressor. This mobilizes (fight or flight. Involves bodily changes

Muscle tension headaches

we contract muscles in shoulders, necj, forehead, and scalp when stressed. Characterized by dull steady pain, Gradual onset

Exercising

when aerobic, it enhances the functioning of the immune system, contributes to our psychological well being and helps us cope with stress

Anxiety Disorders (Psych features)

worrying, fear of the worst things happening r losing control, nervousness, or inability to relax

Self-Efficacy

Ability to make things happen. Expectations affect our ability to withstand stress

Sociocultural risk for cancer

African americans are most likely to die from this. Countries whose diet consists of high daily fat content have high cancer rates

Psych factors in treatment for Cancer

Anxiety and depression concerning treatment and outcome, changes in body image, vulnerability, and family problems

Physical features of anxiety disorders

Arousal of the sympathetic branch of the ANS, trembling, sweating, pounding heart, elevated bp, and faitness

Classifying Psych Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). Axis 1&2= diagnoses, 3= gen medical conditions, 4- psychosocial and environmental problems, 5= assessment of global functioning

Schizophrenia

Disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, and motor activity and mood. Day dreams, jumbled speech, delusions, hallucination, slow motor, flat emotionally

Multiple approach-avoidance Conflict

Each of several alternative courses of action has positives and negatives. Can be stressful because there is no clear correct choice.

Irrational beliefs

Ellis says that our beliefs about events as well as the event can be stressors. A= activating event c=consequence b= belief mediating A and C

Approach-avoidance conflict

The same goal produces both approach and avoidance motives

General adaptation syndrome (Selye)

The syndrome is a cluster of bodily changes that occur in three stages alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Dissociative identity disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder)

Two or more identities or personalities, each with distinct traits and memories occupying the same person. The other identities may or may not be aware of each other

Characterization of Psych Disorders

Unusual, suggest faulty perception or interpretation of reality, sever personal distress, self-defeating, dangerous, behavior is socially unacceptable

Women and Depression

Women are more likely to be diagnosed. Low levels of estrogen are related to depression

Conversion Disorder

a major change in, or loss of, physical functioning although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning. Converting a source of stress into a physical difficulty

Predictability and control

ability to predict a stressor to moderate impact

Panic Disorder

abrupt attack of acute anxiety not triggered by specific objects or situation. Sympotoms (could last hours) shortness od breath, heavy sweating, tremors, heart pounding, fearing suffocation, choking, nausea, numbness, fear of going crazy/ losing control

Major Depressive Disorder

affects 5-7% of population. Symptoms: difficulty concentrating, loss of interest, pessimism, crying, thoughts of suicide, poor appetite and serious weight loss, delusions, guilt.

Anxiety

an appropriate response to real threat

Acute Stress disorder

anxiety and helplessness that are caused by a traumatic event. Occurs within a month of the event and lasts from 2 days to four weeks.

Medical model

assumes that illnesses have identifiable physical or biological causes. cured through treatment or therapy

Emotion-focused coping

attempts to lessen the effects of a stressor by avoiding it, ignoring it, or managing the emotional needs connected to it.

Psychological factors

attitudes, emotions, and behaviors.

Psychological disorders

behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or disbaility

Diathesis-stress model

biological differences between individuals (diatheses) explains why some people develop certain psychological disorders under stress wheras others do not

Multifactorial approach

biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are involved in health and illness

Biological Views of Schizo

brain disorder, Dysfunction in prefrontal cortex, less gray matter, smaller brains, lower levels of activity in prefrontal regian, larger ventricles

Dissociative Disorders

characterized by a separation of mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, identity, memory, or consciousness

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

characterized by rapid heart rate, feelings of anxiety, and helplessness. Event is revisited in the form of intrusive memories, recurrent dreams, and flashbacks

Biological Factors associated with Schizophrenia

complications during mother's pregnancy, burth during winter, poor maternal nutrition, atypical development of the CNS. Overutilize dopamine

Cancer

development of abnormal or mutant cells that may took root anywhere in the body. 2nd leading cause of death

Culture Bound Disorders

disorders specific to certain cultures

Mood Disorders

disturbance in expressed emotions genreall involving sadness or elation

Personality Disorders

enduring patterns of behavior that are inflexible and maladaptive. These behaviors typically impair social or personal functioning and are a source of distress to the individual or to the other people

Biopsychosocial

explains psychological disorders in terms of a combination of possible biologica vulnerabilities, psych factors( stress, self-defeating, etc), and sociocultural factors( family realtionships, unemployment, cultural beliefs)

Sense of humor

feelings of happiness may be beneficial effects on the immune system. Laughter stimulates output of endorphins, positivity, social support and self-efficacy.

Antigens

foreign substances in body that the body comabts by generating specialized proteins and antibodies

True

Hassles and life changes can predict health problems such as heart disease, cancer and athletic injuries

Psychological hardness

High commitment, challenge, perceived control, internal locus control. More resistant to stress because they choose to face it. Interpret stress as interesting, challenging, not punishing

Bandura and colleagues (1985)

High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by relatively lower levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the bloodstream

Type A Behavior

Highly driven, competitive, impatient, aggressive, rushed and under pressure, difficult to give up control. Have to be perfect at everything.

Persons life changes and health problem

Holmes and Rahe (1967) made a scale

Exhaustion stage GAS

If stressor is not diminished. Body is deleted of the resources for combating stress. Muscles become fatigued, heartbeat and respiration slow down. Resulting diseased of adaptation= allergies, hives, coronoary heart disease, and death

Demonological Model

In the past people believed that psychological disrders were caused by possession by the devil

Schizoid PD

Indifference to relationships and flat emotional response, "Loner", lack of warm, tender feelings for others.

Borderline PD

Instability in their relationships, self-image,mood, and lack of control over impulses. Uncertain of values, goals, loyalties, careers, choices of friends or sexual orientation

Approach- approach conflict

Least stressful type of conflict. Both goals are desirable and are within reach

People who have more self-efficacy

Less prone to be disturbed by adverse events, more likely to lose weight and quit smoking and to function despite pain. Less likely to abuse alcohol and relapse

Avoidance- Avoidance conflict

More stressful. A person is motivated to avoid. avoiding one of them requires approaching the other

Uplifts

Opposite of hassles. (Pleasant family outings, good grades, tasty meals.)

Schizotypal PD

Peculiarities of thought, perception, or behavior such as excessive fantasty and suspiciousness, feelings of being unreal or odd usage of words, no complex delusions, hallucinations, or unusal motor activities.

Bio risks for cancer

People inherit a disposition. Behaviors= smoking, more than one drink per day, eating animal fats, and sunbathing

Internal control and predictability

People who wish to exercise control over their situatin

Antisocial PD

Persistently violating rights of other and being in conflict with the law. Individuals show superficial charm, lack guilt, fail to learn from punishment, men are more likely.

Daily hassles

Regular occurrences, experiences that can threaten or harm our well-being (Household, health, time-pressure, etc) Linked to nervousness, worrying, inability to get started, sadness, loneliness)

Concerns with DSM

Reliability (same diagnoses), Validity, and predictive validity (predict course and treatment), strictness (anything left out), reliability and validity variations

Life Changes

Require adjustment. Even positive changes can lead to headaches, hugh bp, and other health problems

Health Psychology

Studies relationship between psychological; factors, the prevention and treatment of physical problems

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Tendency to interpret other people's behavior as threatening or demeaning, mistrustful, no signs of disorganized thinking.

Conflict

The feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives. Is frustrating and stressful


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