Psych 105 Final

Which of the following is true of the German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin?

He was the first to distinguish thought disorders from the mood disorders of melancholia.

Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. What is Sarah's sample?

The chosen male and female college graduates

Without the neurotransmitter ________, the central nervous system would have no "brakes" and could run out of control.

gamma-aminobutyric acid

excitement phase

genital areas become engorged with blood, a woman's vagina expands and secretes lubricant, and her breasts and nipples may enlarge

structured interview

interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

Harry is a taxicab driver. He knocks down a pedestrian unknowingly because he was reading a text message while driving. He gets a six-month jail term for this crime. Which of the following theories most likely explains Harry's behavior?

The perceptual load theory

Which of the following statements holds true when a person is fully awake?

The person experiences fluctuations in consciousness.

Leptin

a protein that is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which one of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goals, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to conduct the test a few more times. What is the independent variable in Dr. Adriana's study?

The type of uniform worn—made from old or new material

When can scientists help ensure accurate and honest presentation of results?

When they allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a male cannot achieve another orgasm

organizational psychology

a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

personnel psychology

a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of ones own sex (homosexual orientation) or others sex (heterosexual orientation), or both sexes (bisexual orientation)

Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems.

circadian rhythm

Julie is a psychologist and she is conducting research on the effect of talking on a hands-free cell phone while driving. Based on this information we can say that Julie is a(n)

cognitive psychologist.

Juan, a psychologist, is studying participants' perceptions of the attractiveness of several deodorants in a laboratory. However, as he conducts his study, people are cooking their lunches in the cafeteria nearby, and the smells of onions and fish are making their way into the laboratory. Juan should stop his experiment for the day because the odors of the food is most likely a

confounding variable.

Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the group that receives the pills that do not contain the active ingredients is called the

control group.

Jenny and John are siblings. Jenny asks John if he heard her cell phone ring, but John states that he did not hear it. Jenny, convinced that she heard her cell phone ring, rushes to her room to check, but she finds that the phone actually did not ring. Signal detection theorists would label John's report that Jenny's cell phone did not ring as a ________.

correct rejection

Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when, all of a sudden, something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.

echoic

resolution phase

everything goes back to normal, male goes into refractory period

Juan is diagnosed with schizophrenia. He is treated with a new medication that concentrates on restoring ________ function, thereby allowing him to decipher important from less important information in his environment.

glutamate

human factors psychology

how machines and environments can be optimally designed to fit human abilities

orgasmic dysfunction

infrequently or never experiencing orgasm

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a(n) ________ neurotransmitter.

inhibitory

While driving on a highway, George sees a sign on a building that says "MO_EL." George knows that the building is a motel even though the sign is missing a letter because of the Gestalt ________.

law of closure

Beth is looking down a path of railroad tracks, and the two rails seem to meet far in the distance. This cue to depth is known as ________.

linear perspective

After three-month-old Sayuri watches her father stick out his tongue, she sticks out her own tongue, too. It is likely that ________ are involved in Sayuri's learning and imitation of this behavior.

mirror neurons

faternal birth order effect

more brothers means a higher chance of being gay

Mirza states that people are all essentially the same at birth and that they are the product of their experiences. Mirza's statement reveals that he believes in the _________ of psychology.

nurture-only view

The corpus callosum:

provides a channel for extensive communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.

Yasmin no longer senses the sound of air conditioner as she sits in the classroom. She has stopped attending to its stimulation because she sits in the same classroom every day. Psychologists call this experience ________.

sensory adaptation

estrogens

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity

binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

hypothalamus

small but complex neural traffic intersection deep in the brain.

physiological contract

subjective sense of mutual obligations between workers and employees

360-degree feedback

supervisor rating, peer, subordinate, customer, and self rating

Melinda sees a bear in the woods and becomes extremely scared. She decides to run away as fast as she can. When she gets home, she calms down because the bear did not follow her. In this situation, the ________ prepared Melinda's body to deal with this emergency, and the ________ relaxed her body after the crisis.

sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy that need

testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

set point

the point at which your "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore the lost weight

social facilitation

the presence of others tends to amplify our natural behavior tendencies

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(from bottom up) self-transcendence needs self-actualization needs esteem needs belongingness and love needs safety needs physiological needs

Which of the following statements is true about identical twins?

Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.

ventromedial hypothalamus

depresses hunger

Sierra is 65 years old. She can vividly recall a certain event that took place when she was five years old. It was the day her father had come home for the first time in two years. She remembers running toward him as he walked in through the door wearing army overalls. Though this memory is from long ago, this image of her father is very strong in her mind. In the context of memory formation, Sierra's memory of her father can best be categorized as a(n)

flashbulb memory.

Neuroscientists conducted research with taxicab drivers in London and found that taxicab drivers, who are required to have a tremendous amount of spatial and geographic knowledge, had a larger ________ than other drivers.

hippocampus

orexin

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

James has received training in medicine and has an MD degree. In addition to offering therapy, he can prescribe drugs. Based on this information, it can be concluded that James is a

psychiatrist.

Sarah is observing high school students use Facebook and Skype. Her purpose is to see how these students perceive information, how they acquire and use language, and how these media change the way they communicate in the society. She is most likely a student of

psychology.

glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hungry.

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Ghrelin

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Which of the following statements is true about epigenetics?

Epigenetics involves heritable changes to DNA that are independent of the genetic sequence yet influence its expression.

Which of the following tasks is most likely to be performed by a forensic psychologist?

Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime

In the context of memory distortion, when is an individual most prone to having his or her memories modified through suggestibility?

In the interval between an experience and the time he or she is asked to recall it

Which of the following statements is true of psychology?

It is a core science, along with medicine, physics, and math.

James has suffered a head injury while practicing skateboarding. He is immediately taken to the hospital where doctors rush him to the ER to look for any damage and abnormality in the structure of the brain and other soft tissues. Presently, they are just interested in looking at the structures and not interested in finding out anything about his brain activity. Which of the following techniques will most likely provide the required information?

Magnetic resonance imaging

In the context of neural communication, which of the following is defined as a process that returns excess neurotransmitter to the presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use?

Reuptake

Which of the following statements is true of Mary Whiton Calkins?

She was the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA).

Which of the following studies is most likely to be conducted by Cathy, who is majoring in biological psychology, for her honors thesis?

The relationship between the neurotransmitter serotonin and happiness

Which of the following is a function of institutional review boards (IRBs)?

They evaluate proposed research before it is conducted to ensure research involving humans does not cause undue harm.

Which of the following is an advantage of double-blind studies?

They prevent two potential problems with experimental designs, namely experimenter expectancy effects and demand characteristics.

Which of the following questions is most likely to be discussed by a social psychologist?

Why are we attracted to particular kinds of people?

flow

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

achievement motivation

a desire for significant accomplishment; the mastery of skills and ideas; for control' and for attaining a high standard

PYY

a hormone secreted by the digestive tract

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

sexual disorder

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

Madeline, a 90-year-old woman, is suffering from Alzheimer's disease. She takes medication to treat the symptoms of memory loss. Madeline's medication most likely enhances the effects of the neurotransmitter ________.

acetylcholine

anterior cingulate cortex

activates in response to physical pain

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Farah suffers major brain trauma in a train crash. As a result, she can no longer form new memories. She can recall the memories of her life before the crash quite accurately, but she cannot remember any new people she meets or any experiences she has afterward. Farah's condition is known as

anterograde amnesia.

lateral hypothalamus

brings on hunger, stimulate it and we want to eat

The following is an excerpt from an in-depth paper Dr. Smith, a therapist, wrote about her client: "Irene experienced the loss of her parents at an early age. She is now 36, divorced, and has two children. Irene has difficulty maintaining steady employment. Eight months ago, she was diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Irene is responding well to an experimental antidepressant and to cognitive behavioral therapy. She has a hopeful prognosis." This research method can be best termed as a(n)

case study.

Mohit conducts research on how thought and behavior change and remain stable across the life span. This indicates that Mohit is most likely a

developmental psychologist.

neophobia

dislike of things unfamiliar

The major limitation of the correlational approach is that it

does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other.

unit bias

eat more if serving size is larger

The brains of people and animals reared in richly stimulating environments differ from the brains of people reared in understimulating, neglectful, or abusive environments. This happens because

environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are.

plateau phase

excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase

Ostracism

exclusion from a society or group

A(n) ________ is defined as a research design that includes independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups or conditions.

experiment

Children and teenagers act more impulsively than adults partially because their ________ are not fully developed.

frontal lobes

During the process of reuptake, excess neurotransmitter ________.

is returned to the presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use

orgasm phase

muscle contractions all over the body, helps propel sperm and position uterus for pregnancy. People only aware of genital contractions

Primatologist Chan Lee studied different groups of gorillas over a period of 18 years. She studied them daily in the subtropical forests of Africa to understand their mating and reproductive habits. Based on her observations, Chan found that male gorillas are ready to mate when they are 15 years of age. In this scenario, descriptive method of research used by Chan can be best termed as a(n)

naturalistic observation.

The all-or-none principle states that:

once the threshold has been crossed, an action potential either fires or it does not.

Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ________ type of learning.

operant conditioning

Mark has just completed an important project. Henry, his manager, walks up to Mark and says, "Good work, Mark. Keep it up!" Henry knows that praising employees for good work encourages them to strive to consistently perform better. This is an example of

positive reinforcement.

Obestatin

sister hormone to ghrelin; sends out a fullness signal that suppresses hunger

premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction

the inability to have or maintain an erection

Correlation coefficients tell us whether two variables (e.g., X and Y) relate to each other and that they range between -1.00 and +1.00. Coefficients near 0.00 are an indication of

the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y.