Psych 110 Midterm 2

Why does caffeine cause wakefulness in most people?

Caffeine accomplishes this by blocking sleep-promoting receptors in your brain called adenosine receptors

Estrogens are present only in females.

F Both female and male bodies have this hormone, but females create more of it.

Difference between MRI and fMRI

MRI studies brain anatomy fMRI studies brain function

39. If blood glucose levels come down but not insulin levels the person will likely Over-eat and become obese Not feel hungry and lose weight ,

Not feel hungry and lose weight

What are the two types of thirsts? How are they detected and how are they solved?

Osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst.

immunocytochemical methods

a histological method that uses radioactive antibodies or antibodies bound with a dye molecule to indicate the presence of particular proteins of peptides

What causes Narcolepsy disorder?

a lack of the brain chemical hypocretin (also known as orexin)

microdialysis

a procedure for analyzing chemicals present in the interstitial fluid through a small piece of tubing made of a semipermeable membrane that is implanted in the brain

44. NPY will a. Increase feeding b. Decrease feeding c. have no effect on feeding

a. Increase feeding

26. One mechanism through which homeostasis is accomplished is a. Negative Feedback b. Monism c. Rate code d. Population code

a. Negative feedback

Parts of the hypothalamus can generate a cyclic pattern of hormone release in: a. females only. b. males only. c. females and males. d. females during childhood and males during adolescence.

a. females only

A chemical is called a(n) ____ when it flows through the blood to other organs throughout the body. a. hormone b. neurotransmitter c. neuromodulator d. endocrine

a. hormone

Compared to the earlier part the later part of a night's sleep: a. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep. b. includes a lower percentage of REM sleep. c. is characterized by declining body temperature. d. has more slow wave sleep.

a. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep

The difference between males and females in the sexually dimorphic nucleus is that it is: a. larger in males than in females. b. larger in females than in males. c. present in males, absent in females. d. present in females, absent in males.

a. larger in males than females

9. Greater neural activity in the VLPO compared to the Raphe nucleus will tilt the sleep-wake cycle towards a. sleep b. wake c. no effect

a. sleep

31. The nucleus of the tractus solitarius is involved with a. Taste processing b. Sleep initiation c. Memory and learning d. Thirst control

a. taste processing

7. Melatonin is high during a. the night b. mid-day c. early morning d. constant throughout the day/night cycle

a. the night

32. Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal a female in sex organ development. a. True b. False

a. true

33. In the rodent brain testosterone is aromatized into estradiol. a. True b. False ,

a. true

35. Orexin inhibits appetite. a. True b. False

a. true

10. Set points can change over time. a. True b. False

a. true narrow range maintained by homeostatic processes can change based on a variety of conditions

13. Which hormone released by the posterior pituitary, both raises blood pressure and enables the kidneys to reabsorb water? a. vasopressin b. prolactin c. thymosin d. ACTH

a. vasopressin

When do the organizing effects of sex hormones occur in humans? a. well before birth b. shortly before and after birth c. during childhood d. during adolescence

a. well before birth

Which of the following characteristics is most likely under the control of sex-limited genes? a. beard growth in males more then females b. color vision deficiency c. hemophilia d. eye color

a.beard growth in males more then females

If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth, it will: a. still develop into a male. b. still develop into a male, but will act very much like a female. c. develop into something intermediate between female and male. d. develop into a female.

a.still develop into a male.

A sensitive period is: a. any time in an organism's life when it is sensitive to hormones released by the sexually dimorphic nucleus. b. an early period when a hormone has a long lasting effect. c. an early period when a hormone has an intense, but brief, effect. d. a period of time, usually once a month, when hormones are released.

an early period when a hormone has a long lasting effect.

Which of the following is true of androgens and estrogens? a. Only males have androgens. b. Both sexes have both types of hormones. c. They are produced by the pituitary. d. They have opposite effects in males and females.

b. Both sexes have both types of hormones.

25. Angiontensin II causes a. Relaxation of blood vessels b. Constriction of blood vessels c. Release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone d. Release of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

b. Constriction of blood vessels

What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures? a. the X chromosome b. the sex region Y (SRY) gene c. the sexually dimorphic nucleus d. Mullerian inhibiting hormone

b. The sec region Y (SRY) gene

12. Some set points may vary considerably over time in order to respond to changes in the environment. This adaptability is known as: a. homeostasis. b. allostasis. c. negative feedback. d. homeothermic.

b. allostasis

Which hormones are likely to be found more abundantly in males than in females? a. peptide hormones b. Androgens c. Progesterones d. Estrogens

b. androgen

30. Lesioning the lateral hypothalamus a. Has no effect on feeding b. Causes a loss of appetite c. Increases the amount of food consumed d. Increases the frequency of eating

b. causes a loss of appetite

14. A pheromone is a a. chemical located on the tongue that detects sugar. b. chemical that is released by one animal that affects the behavior of another animal of the same species. c. hormone released from the gut after the ingestion of fat. d. substance used to disinfect surgical instruments. e . type of enzyme that deactivates cyclic nucleotides.

b. chemical that is released by one animal that effects the behavior of another animal of the same species

34. A hormone is a chemical that is: a. secreted by a gland to the outside world. b. conveyed by the blood to other organs whose activity it influences. c. capable of activating or inhibiting muscle fibers. d. a feedback message from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron.

b. conveyed by the blood to other organs whose activity it influences.

A hormone is a chemical that is: a. secreted by a gland to the outside world. b. conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences. c. capable of activating or inhibiting muscle fibers. d. a feedback message from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron.

b. conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences.

In general, when do hormones produce "organizing effects"? a. whenever the levels of some other hormone have decreased b. during early stages in development c. during adulthood d. temporarily at any time in life

b. during early development

6. High levels of period and timeless proteins will cause an animal to a. wake up b. fall asleep c. no effect on sleep/wake cycles

b. fall asleep

Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal's external anatomy: a. male. b. female. c. intermediate between male and female. d. fully both male and female.

b. female

29. High levels of leptin indicates a. high insulin levels b. high fat levels c. low fat levels d. low insulin levels

b. high fat levels

20. Retinal ganglion cells that provide input to the SCN produce their own photopigment called: a. retinoic acid. b. melanopsin. c. melatonin. d. per

b. melanopsin.

17. The SCN produces circadian rhythms by altering: a. blood pressure. b. production of proteins. c. action potential velocity. d. axon myelination.

b. production of proteins

36. Cells in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus monitor which temperatures? a. internal organs b. their own and the skin c. differences between the arteries and veins d. differences between internal organs and the skin

b. their own and the skin

5. Neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus are rhythmically active a. True b. False

b. true

8. The brain appears produce the most synchronized EEG during the __________ sleep. a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. REM d. Stage 4

c. REM

The sexually dimorphic nucleus is part of the: a. thalamus. b. Wolffian ducts. c. anterior hypothalamus. d. male brain, only.

c. anterior hypothalamus.

30. The principle that best describes an organizational effect of androgens during prenatal development that enables an animal to engage in male sexual behavior as an adult is a. feminization. b. emasculinization. c. behavioral masculinization. d. aromatization. e . behavioral defeminization.

c. behavioral masculinization.

18. Alternation of 'Tim' protein levels by a pulse of light during the night will: a. shorten the onset of sleep. b. increase 'Per' protein levels. c. phase-advance the temperature cycle. d. decrease sleepiness.

c. decrease sleepiness

19. A "Zeitgeber" is a(n): a. biological clock. b. animal that does not have a biological clock. c. environmental cue that resets a biological clock. d. body activity that is controlled by a biological clock.

c. environmental cue that resets biological clock

Wolffian ducts are found in: a. genetic female fetuses only. b. genetic male fetuses only. c. female and male fetuses early in development. d. female and male fetuses until shortly before birth.

c. female and male fetuses early in development

16. The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of biological rhythms is to: a. coordinate several biological clocks. b. feed visual information to the biological clock. c. generate the circadian rhythm. d. generate circannual rhythms.

c. generate the circadian rhythem

38. Caffeine increases arousal by: a. exciting adenosine. b. causing the release of prostaglandins. c. inhibiting adenosine. d. inhibiting the release of prostaglandins.

c. inhibiting adenosine

27. Orexin is released by neurons in the a. PVN b. Arcuate nucleus c. lateral hypothalamus d. suprachiasmatic nucleus e. vlPOA

c. lateral hypothalamus

The hormone which prepares the uterus for pregnancy is: a. testosterone. b. androgen. c. progesterone. d. estradiol.

c. progesterone

11. What defines a homeostatic process? a. the regulation of blood flow b. any process governed by hormones c. the maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range d. reproduction involving distinct male and female genders in a species

c. the maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range

31. The key event that starts sexual maturation at the onset of puberty is that a. the ovaries and testes release gonadotropic hormones. b. estradiol and testosterone are released from the hypothalamus. c. the pituitary secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones. d. LH and FSH are released from the hypothalamus. e. the adrenals release adrenaline.

c. the pituitary secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones.

Two major classes of sex hormones are: a. luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. b. dopamine and serotonin. c. steroids and thyroid hormones. d. androgens and estrogens.

d. androgens and estrogens.

37. What is the cause of osmotic thirst? a. dryness of the throat b. the availability of tasty fluids c. low blood volume d. increased concentration of solutes in the blood

d. increased concentration of solutes in the blood

15. What area of the brain is largely responsible for detecting osmotic pressure? a. substantia nigra b. red nucleus c. ventromedial hypothalamus d. OVLT and subfornical organ

d. ovlt and sibfornical organ

21. Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep? a. increased probability of dreaming b. facial twitches c. EEG pattern resembling wakefulness d. tense and active postural muscles

d. tense and active postural muscles

43. Insulin released onto the arcuate nucleus of the brain will cause ..................of the paraventricular nucleus and .....................feeding behavior Excitation, decreased Excitation, increased Inhibition, decreased Inhibition, increased ,

decreased

4. Animal kept in constant darkness a. will not sleep b. will not stop being active c. will have a sleep-wake cycle d. effects will depend on whether it is a nocturnal or diurnal animal

effects will depend on whether it is a nocturnal or diurnal animal

1. The retinal ganglion cells projecting to the suprachiasmatic nucleus are photosensitive. a. True b. false

false

3. A high salt diet will cause osmotic thirst by causing water to enter the cells and explode. a. True b. False

false

42. The primary source of fuel in the brain is both glucose and fatty acids. True False

false

Histological methods

fix, slice, stain, and examine the brain

24. If the extracellular fluid becomes hyperosmotic relative to the intracellular fluid water will a. leave the cell b. enter the cell c. neither leave nor enter the cell

k

Stereotaxic surgery

minimally invasive form of surgical intervention that makes use of a three-dimensional coordinate system to locate small targets inside the body and to perform on them some actio

What are the various major neurochemicals involved in the sleep-wake cycle? What are the brain regions involved?

noradrenaline, serotonin, histamine and orexin

41. Constantly high levels of ghrelin will cause................ Over-eating Lack of hunger

over eating

What develops from the Mullerian ducts? a. the bladder and urethra b. peripheral nerves controlling the genitals c. female reproductive structures d. male reproductive structures

oviduct, uterus, cervix and upper vagina

What are the events in an estrous cycle?

proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus

2. High level of Vasopressin will result in highly concentrated urine a. True b. False

true

twin vs. adoption studies

twin: see how environment influence biology adoption: comparison of adoptee to adoptive and biological relatives

Organizing effects of hormones usually occur early in development.

when most neural structures are being established,

How is puberty initiated?

with a sustained increase in pulsatile release of GnRH from the hypothalamus after a quiescent period during childhood