Psych 1100 with Armas Chapter 2

b. poor; not testable

"Green is the prettiest color" is a _______ hypothesis because it is _______. a. poor; not true b. poor; not testable c. good; testable d. good; true

Placebo

A pill or other treatment that has no known medical effect.

d. meditation predicts lower levels of anxiety

A correlation of −0.80 between meditation and anxiety symptoms would indicate a. meditation and anxiety symptoms are unrelated. b. meditation effectively reduces anxiety symptoms. c. anxious people are more likely to meditate. d. meditation predicts lower levels of anxiety.

c. placebo

A depressed teenager treated with medication begins feeling better immediately, even though the medication typically takes weeks to work. This is an example of a _______ effect. a. demand b. double-blind c. placebo d. confound

Theory

A group of hypotheses about a particular phenomenon that have survived all current testing and that are all compatible with one another.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A group of individuals convened by an institution to ensure studies involving humans meet ethical standards.

Institutional Animal Case and Use Committee (IACUC)

A group of individuals convened by an institution to review and approve the proposed research with animals before it can begin.

Control Group

A group of individuals who closely resemble those in the experimental group but did not receive the experimental manipulation.

Clever Hans

A horse in early-twentieth-century Berlin that seemed to understand mathematics, but was actually using cues from his owner to answer questions.

Surveys

A means of gathering data about behavior by having people answer questions about their behavior, thoughts, or opinions.

Mode

A measure of central tendency that is the single score that is most commonly found among the participants.

Median

A measure of central tendency that is the value that falls in the middle of all the scores, such that half the scores are higher and half are lower.

c. Students at this particular college

A news organization wanted to predict who would win the next U.S. presidential election. They sent an opinion poll to every fiftieth person on a list of students enrolled at a nearby college. Which of the following is the study population? a. Americans in general b. College students in general c. Students at this particular college d. Students who return the questionnaire

Statistically Significant

A p-value chosen by convention as indicating that the differences are not likely due to chance. In psychology, this is generally that p is less than 0.05.

Strong Intereference

A prescribed method for conducting scientific inquiry that consists of repeatedly disproving hypotheses.

Occam's Razor

A principle that when choosing between competing hypotheses, the simpler one, requiring the fewest assumptions, is usually better.

c. A representative sample

A professor wanted to learn more about the body image concerns of young teenage girls. She randomly selected 200 girls from local middle schools to complete her questionnaire. These girls were a. a random population. b. an experimental group. c. a representative sample. d. the sampling frame.

Correlation Coefficient

A quantitative, statistical measure of how closely 2 variables fluctuate together, can be positive or negative.

Random Samples

Samples in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, and the selection of one person has no influence on who is selected next.

d. A theory is a collection of data-based hypotheses

What is the primary difference between a hypothesis and a theory? a. A hypothesis is based on a hunch, and a theory is based on data. b. A hypothesis is an untested theory. c. Hypotheses are used to generate theories. d. A theory is a collection of data-based hypotheses.

Case Study

A careful, intensive observation of 1 or a few individuals, typically people who display a particular behavior.

Confounding Variable

A 3rd factor that affects both variables of interest, causing them a covary even though neither has any causal effect on the other.

b. A Confounding Variable

A 3rd factor that affects both variables of interest, causing them to covary even though there is no causal relationship between them, is a. An Independent Variable b. A Confounding Variable c. A Dependent Variable d. A Manipulated Variable

d. statistical significance

Whether depression levels are truly lower in a treatment group than in a control group is assessed by determining the _______ of the difference in scores between groups. a. variance b. validity c. statistical inference d. statistical significance

a. Experimental Research

Which approach would be most appropriate for testing the hypothesis that taking practice tests improves learning more than studying alone does? a. Experimental research b. Correlational research c. Surveys of representative samples of students d. Case studies of high-achieving students

c. Mode, median, mean

Which is the correct order of measures of central tendency, from lowest to highest, for a positively skewed distribution? a. Mean, median, mode b. Median, mode, mean c. Mode, median, mean d. Mean, mode, median

c. +0.10

Which of these correlations has the least predictive value? a. −0.75 b. −0.35 c. +0.10 d. +0.50

a. food poisoning

You feel sick after eating leftovers you found in the back of the refrigerator. Occam's razor would favor the hypothesis that you have a. food poisoning. b. been poisoned by your roommate. c. stomach cancer. d. contracted swine flu.

b. The mean salary reflects the presence of outliers

You take a job selling magazine subscriptions from home because the recruitment video says the average earnings per employee are $90,000 a year. You work 60 hours a week for a year and earn $30,000. An Internet search reveals that hundreds of people have had the same experience with this and other work-at-home schemes. How can companies legitimately claim that the average salary is $90,000 if most employees make less than $30,000? a. The median salary is higher than the mean salary. b. The mean salary reflects the presence of outliers. c. The modal salary is higher than the mean salary. d. The average salary does not consider the highest and lowest salaries.

Frequency Distributions

Graphs in which a score is noted on the x-axis while the number of people who have each score is noted on the y-axis.Hy

Meta-analysis

A careful review of many studies that tries to gauge whether there really is an effect of the manipulation on the behavior of interest.

A THEORY is a group of hypotheses about a particular set of phenomena that have survived testing and that are compatible with each other.

A ________ is a group of hypotheses about a particular set of phenomena that have survived testing and that are compatible with each other.

A META-ANALYSIS is a careful review of many studies that tries to gauge whether there really is an effect of the manipulation on the behavior of interest.

A ______________ is a careful review of many studies that tries to gauge whether there really is an effect of the manipulation on the behavior of interest.

d. Women's scores on the math test

A research team was investigating the impact of stereotypes on performance. In one group, women read a magazine article about why the structure of men's brains makes them better at math. In the second group, women read a magazine article saying there are no biological differences in the mathematical abilities of men and women. All women in the study then took a challenging math test. Researchers scored the number of items women answered correctly. In this study, which of the following was the dependent variable? a. How difficult women found the test b. Women's beliefs about their math abilities c. Which article the women read d. Women's scores on the math test

d. reduce unconscious bias

A researcher testing a new medication for attention deficit disorder randomly assigns half of the participants to get the actual medication and half to get a sugar pill. Neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting what. This study design will a. increase measurement reliability. b. increase explicit bias. c. reduce study validity. d. reduce unconscious bias.

a. Shyness; party attendance

A researcher would be most likely to find a negative correlation between _______ and _______. a. shyness; party attendance b. hopelessness; depression c. conscientiousness; grade point average (GPA) d. occupational success; self-esteem

A rule of thumb when evaluating hypotheses is the principle of OCCAM'S RAZOR, which states that when choosing between competing hypotheses, the simpler one is usually better.

A rule of thumb when evaluating hypotheses is the principle of ________________________, which states that when choosing between competing hypotheses, the simpler one is usually better.

Representative Sample

A sample that accurately reflects the total population of interest. Sample: The subset of the population selected for actual study.

Experimentation

A scientific approach of deliberately manipulating a variable to then observe whether and how other variables are altered in response.

Outlier

A score that is either much greater or much smaller than the others.

a. reliable and valid

A self-report measure of the personality trait of agreeableness produces very similar scores each time the same person completes it. It is also strongly correlated with whether family members describe a person as friendly and cooperative. This measure appears to be a. reliable and valid. b. valid but not reliable. c. reliable but not valid. d. neither reliable nor valid.

Variance

A statistical measure of amount of variability in a population or sample.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

A study in which the U.S. Public Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control followed the progression of syphilis in hundreds of poor African American men in Tuskegee, Alabama, without providing them with a known cure for the disease.

Hypothesis

A tentative explanation for a relationship between 2/more variables.

Psychologist Test

A way of measuring a psychological event or process.

a. An Unconscious Bias

An inclination to prefer 1 type of person, object, or idea over others without being consciously aware of that preference is a. An Unconscious Bias b. The Placebo Effect c. A Logical Fallacy d. A Weak Interference

Unconscious Bias / Implicit Bias

An inclination to prefer one type of person, object, or idea over others without being consciously aware of that preference.

Measure of Central Tendency

An indication of where the scores in a sample cluster.

c. control group; experimental group

An unethical experimenter wants to test the relationship between discomfort and aggression. On a hot day, she turns off the air conditioning in one dorm and leaves it on in another, then has her research assistants count occurrences of verbal aggression in common areas of the buildings. Students in the air-conditioned dorm would be the _______, and students in the overheated dorm would be the _______. a. representative sample; random sample b. study population; sampling frame c. control group; experimental group d. independent sample; dependent sample

Covary

EX: Scatter Plot with negative correlation: negative score in exam with positive amount of time spent on YouTube (hours)

Covary

EX: Scatter Plot with positive correlation: Score on exam increases as the time spent studying increases, but there are some outliers.

Variables

Factors, either events in the environment or other behaviors, that often change along with the behavior of interest.

c. 7 percent chance that differences between the two samples are due to chance alone.

In an analysis testing differences between an experimental and a control group on the dependent variable, a p-value of 0.07 means there is a a. statistically significant difference between the groups. b. statistically significant validity problem with the measure of the dependent variable. c. 7 percent chance that differences between the two samples are due to chance alone. d. 93 percent chance that differences between the two samples are due to chance alone

d. Independent

In experimental research, which of the following variables is controlled by the researcher? a. Confounding b. Experimental c. Dependent d. Independent

d. P < 0.05

In the social and life sciences, the convention for concluding that 2 groups are actually different is that a. R > 0.75 b. R < 0.00 c. P > 0.10 d. P < 0.05

Spurious Correlations

Instances when 2 variables covary not because there is any causal relationship between them, but because they are both being affected by some other variable.

Descriptive Method

Making observations with the goal of accurately and impartially describing and cataloging behaviors without any attempt to influence them.

Inferential Statistics

Mathematical procedures to help infer what the population is like based on a sample.

b. Group 1; more; Group 2

On an empathy questionnaire, Group 1 had a mean score of 117 with a standard deviation of 14. Group 2 had a mean score of 96 with a standard deviation of 23. Therefore, _______ scored higher on average and their scores were _______ spread out than scores from _______. a. Group 1; more; Group 2 b. Group 1; less; Group 2 c. Group 2; more; Group 1 d. Group 2; less; Group 1

b. in a required health class

Students _______ would be the most representative sample for a study of competitiveness in high school. a. competing in sports b. in a required health class c. in advanced math classes d. who agree to do the study during lunch

The RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL is a study where patients are randomly assigned to either the drug or placebo treatment and neither the patient nor the person evaluating his progress knows which group he is in.

The ________________________ is a study where patients are randomly assigned to either the drug or placebo treatment and neither the patient nor the person evaluating his progress knows which group he is in.

Standard Deviation

The average amount that each individual score falls above or below the mean, used to express value.

Mean

The average measure for a group calculated by adding up all the scores and dividing that sum by the number of individuals in the group.

Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

The best form of assessment for evaluating drug effectiveness, in which patients are randomly assigned to either the drug or placebo treatment, and neither the patient nor the person evaluating his progress knows which group he is in.

Observation

The careful noting and recording of events that occur over time.

Reliability

The degree to which a measurement tool produces produces consistent, repeatable results.

The entire set of individuals we want to study is the POPULATION, while the subset we actually study is the SAMPLE.

The entire set of individuals we want to study is the _____________, while the subset we actually study is the __________.

Population

The entire set of individuals we want to understand.

Validity

The extent to which a test actually measures the trait it is intended to measure.

Reliability

The extent to which different clinicians would reach the same diagnosis for any patient with a particular set of symptoms

Study Population

The group from which we can actually draw our sample.

Experimental Group

The group of individuals for whom you have manipulated the independent variable in an experiment.

Range

The highest and lowest scores, a rough gauge of variability.

a. determine whether a proposed study is ethical

The key purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to a. determine whether a proposed study is ethical. b. identify the most appropriate statistical analyses for a study. c. punish unethical researchers. d. evaluate whether a researcher's conclusions match the data.

a. Correlation Coefficient

What is a quantitative, statistical measure of how closely 2 variables fluctuate together? a. Correlation Coefficient b. Frequency Distribution c. Arithmetic Mean d. Expected Value

b. 10, 12, 13, 14, 106

The median is a better measure of central tendency than the mean for which of the following distributions? a. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 b. 10, 12, 13, 14, 106 c. 275, 282, 293, 300, 311 d. 1024, 1024, 1024, 1048, 1059

P-Value

The probability that the difference between samples could occur by chance alone.

Informed Consent

The process of informing participants in a study about what they'll be doing and any risks they face, then getting their active agreement beforehand. This is required by IRBs.

Replication

The repeating of an experiment to determine if results are comparable to the original finding.

c. Standard Deviation

The statistical measure of variability that is the average amount by which scores differ from the mean is a. Range b. Arithmetic Mean c. Standard Deviation d. Median

Independent Variable

The variable that is deliberately manipulated in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that you suspect might be affected when you manipulate the independent variable in an experiment.

b. survey research

To identify the most popular exhibits at a science museum, visitors were asked every day for six weeks to rate how much they enjoyed each exhibit. The data were analyzed to look for age and sex differences in exhibit preferences. This was an example of a. naturalistic observation. b. survey research. c. case study research. d. experimental research.

Covary

Vary together in a predictable fashion, generally 2 variables. Exhibit covariance.