Psych 111 part 3, PSYCH 111 EXAM 1+EXAM 2
cognitive behavioral therapy
Thoughts, behaviors, and emotions interact to contribute to mental health, so you focus on how these are related to make behaviors more positive ~Present-focused (now) ~Fairly brief (12-16 weeks) Goal - help people make adaptive appraisals (reappraisal or cognitive restructuring)
Defining Families
Traditional Families Two Parent Families Joint Families (multigenerational) Single Parent Families Stepfamilies Blended Families Foster Families Same-sex Couples Childfree Families
Gender in family
Traditional family roles involve assignment by gender Men were providers, protectors Women were in charge of the home and children Modern views are more equal by gender
Differences in drug metabolism
Ultra-extensive metabolizers (very, very fast) Extensive metabolizers (fairly fast) Intermediate metabolizers (more moderate) Poor metabolizers (much slower) Problem: You start a new drug that takes several weeks to kick in... Ultra-extensive metabolize too fast, never works Poor metabolizers are too slow, drug builds up and has negative side effects
Other causes of aggression
Uncontrollable situations and the person is the nearest target Loud sounds, heat, smoke/irritations, smells, lights, pressure, pain, tiredness, etc. Some may be genetic/biological Brain damage or problems (Amygdala, frontal lobes, limbic system_ Hormones (higher testosterone levels and low serotonin levels)
juveniles and drugs
Up to 1 in 5 kids (between age 5-17) have some type of mental disorder The young brain is still maturing and many of the drugs have concerns for safety and efficacy in kids
Biomedical - psychpharmacology
Use of drugs to control or relieve symptoms of psychological disorders
pros of group therapy
Usually cheaper Allows therapist to see client interactions Provides social and emotional support
violence and world history
Violence numbers have generally gone down in world history, and even in modern history Example - Estimated murder rate (per 100,000) 1400s 24.0 1960s 0.6 Example - War deaths per year 1950s 65,000 2000s 2,000
steps to protect our health
Ways to increase resilience, protect our health Coping Control and Self-Efficacy Social Relationships Dispositions and Emotions Stress Management
Importance of relationships
We base a lot of who we are on what relationships we have Can be connected to health outcomes, happiness, well-being, support, comfort
What is health psychology?
We face more risks for having a chronic disease in our lives today with our long life expectancy and so many unhealthy choices Example - Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) #1 Cause of Death WORLDWIDE! Heart problems can persist for years So how could a newer subfield of psychology help us understand how to deal with CHD?
Inferring from the data
What do you learn from the results?
attraction
What features and characteristics do you associate with beauty or friendship in your culture or from your experience
motivation
What moves people to start, direct, or continue actions so that they can meet physical or psychological needs
egoistic motivation
What's in it for me?
Observer effect (Hawthorne effect)
When people or animals behave differently because they know someone is watching them
social categorization
When you assign a person you just met to a group of other people you have experienced in the past based on characteristics of new person
mindfulness-based therapy
While CBT tries to change maladaptive thought Mindfulness focuses on awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, and environment Focuses on acknowledging these things and accepting them 1. Self-regulation of attention 2. Orientation toward present moment Uses things like yoga, meditation, and attention to physical experiences to reduce stress
Actor-Observer Bias
With ourselves we focus on situational factors (excuses for us)
Relationship Activity
Write down 5 people that you have a relationship with Now number them based on which relationship is MOST important in your life right now Then write why each relationship is important
implemental phase (Self-regulation)
You need to plan specific actions to complete this goal
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a NATURALLY occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary, unlearned response
aggression
a behavior that is done with the intent to harm someone (who doesn't want to be harmed)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, can't turn off worries, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
Dissociation
a disruption and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior-- happens 1-3% of general population, but anywhere from 4-29% in patient populations (w/ other disorders)-- more risk for OCD, PTSD, Borderline PD, Schiz--more prevalent in people with propeness to fantasy, which does not give as much support for past trauma being the cause
Dominant Gene
a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait-- expressed in an observable trait if it is the only dominant gene
recessive gene
a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with identical recessive gene-- usually yields to dominant genes
Action Potential
a large reversal of polarity across the cell membrane (inside become more positive that the outside-- caused by sodium and potassium ions rapidly diffusing (passive) or being pumped (active) into the cell
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
Cross-sequential design
a mix of longitudinal and cross-sectional
consciousness
a person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given time
correlation studies
a research method that describes and predicts how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them
sleep deprivation
a significant loss of sleep that often results in problems with concentration and irritability -study in 2018 <5 hrs of lseep was related to a 65% increase risk of early death -can lead to insulin resistance, weight gain, dperession, late onset to puberty, inattention, shaky hands, and increases in being called "cranky pants!"
correlation coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
Hostile attribution bias
assume ambiguous actions of others are hostile
Null Hypothesis
assuming there is no relationship between variables
reticular formation
attention, alertness, arousal
dispositional cause
attribute behavior to internal factors (personality, character)
echoic memory
auditory memory (2-4 sec)
temporal lobe
auditory processing, language, hearing, speech
Triad of Trustworthiness
authority, honesty, likability -Authority - parents, teachers, doctors, etc. problems - may be wrong, mindless, may not be legitimate authority -Honesty - moral dimension of trustworthiness Problem - if you won't want to be moral (j/k) -Likability - if we like you, we are forgiving, Problem - based a lot on attractiveness
why does the world feel so violent?
availability heuristic Social Media News - If it bleeds, it leads Entertainment - A 2013 report stated that violence in films has more than doubled since 1950, and gun violence has tripled since 1985 (doubled in PG-13 movies)
sleep stages
awake, relaxed, N1, N2, N3, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep- (REM, Stage R)
vestibular sense
aware blance, position, movement (gravity)
kinesthesia
awareness of body movement
misinformation effect
bad info presented after event alters memories of the event
primary reinforcers
basic needs (hunger, thirst, touch/pleasure)
Humanistic
became "third force" in psychology. Humanists believe people have "free will" and choose their own behavior or destiny. Desire for "self-actualization"
habituation
becomes less responsive
Sentization
becomes more responsive
self-efficacy
belief that you can perform adequately in a specific situation (this is linked to reduced stress and increased health)
REM (rapid eye movement sleep)- stage R
body temperature and heart increase 90% of dreams happen in this stage. sleep paralsis happens here
Immune system
body's defense system
exhaustion
body's resources are gone, body is worn out, can lead to illness or death of organism
coronary heart disease
buildup of plaque in arteries
goal adoption
can be conscious or unconscious, but it relates to if we think it is both valuable AND attainable (commitment is highest here)
sleep need
can differ across people- short sleepers: -4-6 hrs/ long sleepers >9 hrs
congenital analgesia
cannot feel pain
empathetic concern
care for others
environmental stressors
catastrophes, major life changes, hassles
paths to persuasion
central route and peripheral route
visual accommodation
change in thickness of lens for near or far objects RK vs. PRK vs. LASIK
engrams or memory traces
changes in nervous system representing event
neurotransmitter
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
Hormones
chemicals released into bloodstream by endocrine glands
opponent-process theory
color vision theory that says neurons are stimulated by light of one color, inhibited by another
trichromatic theory
color vision theory that says we have 3 cones (red, blue, green)
Sociocultural
combines social and cultural psychology-- study of cultural norms, values, expectations
to explain
coming up with theories and ways to explain a set of facts/observations
nightmares
common in children, they spend more time in REM sleep
CT scan
computed tomography--X-ray slice, image or brain (fracture, damage)
Blatant Biases
conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people will admit about hostility toward other groups while favoring own group
laboratory observation
controlled environment, not as realistic, easier to control extraneous variables/factors, but less generalizable
Display Rules
controlling display of emotions in social settings Differ by culture (individualistic/collectivist) Differ by gender, e.g., crying and talking about feelings/mood (boys reluctant, girls encouraged)
display rules
controlling display of emotions in social settings Differ by culture (individualistic/collectivist) Differ by gender, e.g., crying and talking about feelings/mood (boys reluctant, girls encouraged)
Nuclear Family
core unit of parents/kids
Adrenal glands
cortisol (stress response)
massed practice
cramming, big chunks of learning at once
culture
culture can make a huge difference in how we perceive AND how we cope with stressors
serotonin
decreases to help sleep
uncontrollability
degree of control you have about stressor
N3 sleep stage
delta waves--deep non-REM, slowest and largest waves. release growth hormone at peak. Hard to awaken, if you do they are disoriented or confused at first
Objectives of Science
describe, explain, predict, control
Types of social norms
descriptive norms and injunctive norms
attitude formation
direct contact, direct instruction, interaction with others, vicarious conditioning (observed learning)
central route to persuasion
direct, relevant, logical messages ex. - buy this fanny-pack because it works better than any other storage device
synesthesia
disorder where stiumli are processed in the wrong brain areas so you think more than 1 area lights up
red-green color blindness
distinguishing can be difficult
intrinsic motivation
do something because it is rewarding, fun, challenging, or satisfying to you
extrinsic motivation
do something because it leads to an external outcome (money for grades, nice to get a big tip)
Replication if Research
doing the same thing over again getting the same results-- gives more support for original findings also addresses the "replicability crisis" in psychology
manifest content (dreams)
dream is actual content/meaning, taken literally
Antagonists
drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter
Agonists
drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter
heristics problem solving
educated guesses, rule of thumb-- narrows down the possible solutions
Limbic Stystem
emotion, memory, motivation-- Thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex
Using humor to cope
emotion-focused coping can also include human studies have shown that laughter and humor can help boost the immune system even having something to look forward to can help
Cingulate Cortex
emotional and cognitive processing, selective attention
social support
emotional help, tangible help, or advice
EEG and ERPs
event related potentials-- Electrodes on scalp-outer brain activity
Stressors
events causing a stress reaction
episodic memory
events in a particular time and place
Hostile expectation bias
expect others to react to potential conflicts w/ aggression
self-fulfilling prophecy
expectations lead to outcomes
Dissociative Identity Disorder
experiencing two or more distinct identities that recurrently take control of you behavior
dissociative amnesia
extensive forgetting typically associated w/ highly aversive events
helping and gender
fairly equal, but men and women help in different ways and in different circumstances, maybe we are socialized to help in different ways (how?)
type 2 error
false negative (you missed something-- M has two lines)
Type 1 Error
false positive (You thought something was there, but it wasn't--False has one line)
family counseling
family members work with therapist to resolve family issues
Wilhelm Wundt
father of psychology
specific phobia
fear (sometimes irrational) about a specific thing-- 4 main categories recognized: 1. Blood-injury-injection type 2. Situational type 3. Natural environment type 4. Animal type 5. 5th (other, e.g., vomiting)
amygdala
fear and pleasure in humans and animals
Amygdala
fear response and memory of fear
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
feeling as though you are an outside observer of you own body
other health issues from stress
fevers, illness, colds, diseases and disorders, depression, HIV/Aids, obesity, sleep problems
Behavioral genetics
field that tires to determine how behavior relates to both areas
men response to stress
fight or flight
attention tests
flanker task, stroop task, cue task
selective attention
focus on 1 thing
What is attention?
focus on something, a conscious attending toward something-- involves voluntary shift of focus
Quantitative
focused on numbers
Cognitive
focuses on how people: think, remember, store and use information
to control
focusing on how to modify or change a behavior to a desirable one
Longitudinal Design
following participants over time
limited capacity
for information processing- we only have so much attention to focus sustained attention (or vigilance) vs. divided attention
Max Wertheimer
founder of Gestalt psychology-- psychology should be understood as a whole
fMRI
functional MRI-- uses MRI to identify oxygen flow to brain regions, usually during specific tasks
foot-in-the-door
get small commitment, gain compliance, then ask for more
chunk
group information together using our knowledge
focus groups
group of people who discuss topic they may share in common with a facilitator
intuition
gut feeling
sleep paralysis
happens in REM sleep
sympathetic nervous system
heart races, mouth dry, pupils dilate, breathing increases, blood thickens, skin temperature rises, muscles tighten
N2 sleep stage
heart rate slows, breathing shallow and irregular, theta waves dominate, but if you wake someone they know they were asleep
commitment
high when value + attainable
Frontal Lobes
higher mental processes, decision making, planning
signal detection
how we measure absolute threshold
monozygotic twins
identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo
REM Rebound
if you get short sleep, you may get increased REM sleep the next night
more REM
increased emotional stress
social isolation
increases risk for disease Our bodies are designed to be social and we do better when we have connections (this makes sense in the gospel)
long-term memory (LTM)
info kept permanently
multimodal perception
information from one sense can influence how we perceive information from another sense (like the McGurk effect)
Pancreas
insulin and glucagon (blood sugar)
behavioral medicine
integrates psychological factors in the treatment of disease
Cerebellum
involuntary, rapid, and fine motor movements
Forgetting
is an important part of being able to learn new information- we need to be able to forget the wrong way to do things, or information that is no longer useful
Tradition
it's always been that way
differential threshold
just noticeable difference
narcolepsy
kind of 'sleep seizure' where you suddenly slip into REM sleep -Excessive daytime sleepiness -Can happen anywhere, any time of day, which can be extremely dangerous! -catalpexy (sudden loss of muscle tone)
proprioception
know where the body parts are in space
vicarious conditioning (observational learning)
learn from others' actions/reactions
conditioned response (CR)
learned response to a CS
Auditory learning
learning by hearing and listening to something
observational learning
learning by observing others
Visual Learning
learning from pictures, images, charts, tables, videos, and figures
Medulla
life-sustaining (Breathing, swallowing, heart rate)
Pituitary gland (master gland)
located just below hypothalamus in brain, growth -responsible for oxytocin (bonding/pregnancy) -Vasopressin (controls water regulation) -Key part of HPA axis (stress response)
8 common intelligences
logic-math, visual-spatial, music-rhythm, verbal-linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, interpersonal, naturalistic
Reasoning
logical
Hippocampus
long-term declarative memories
anterograde amnesia
loss of memory from point of injury forward
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory from point of some injury or trauma backwards (past memories)
cues
low awareness-stimuli that have a particular significance to the perceiver i.e. pictures of snakes= sweating
priming
low awareness-the activation of certain thoughts or feelings that make them easier to think of and act on i.e. rules about how to act at the store
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging--magnets and radio waves- detailed images
personal distress
may keep you from helping
Hindbrain
medulla, pons, cerebellum
Pineal gland
melatonin (timing, seasons)
short-term memory (STM)
memory held for a brief time while being used
eidetic imagery
memory memory that lasts after only a few exposures
Transfer-appropriate processing
memory quality increases if retrieval process matches original encoding process. Memory is 'better' when we learn in a similar environment to how we will be tested on the memory, or have to use the memory
meditation
mental exercises that refocus attention and achieve trancelike state of mind
absolute threshold
minimal amount of a stimulation in order to detect the stimulus
Qualitative
more focused on the quality or type of data
social anxeity disorder
more than just shyness. relationships and people lead to great distress. Things like starting a conversation, public speaking, eating in public, fear of social evaluation, etc. Making new friends can be very difficult
sensory conflict theory
motion sickness eyes not equal to motion
Hypothalamus
motivational behavior-- sleep, hunger, thirst, sex, stress
social support system
network of people around you who can support, comfort, or help you
unconditional positive regard
never criticize or condemn patient behavior or thought
Bioethics
new field that studies the moral issues relating to new advances in biology and medicine
Flynn effect
new groups outperform previous groups that scores were 'normed' on
types of social influence
normative and informational
to describe
observing behavior and noting details about it
obsessive-compulsive disorder
obsessive thoughts compulsive behaviors at a level that seems irrational but won't leave their mind (locked doors, hand washing, checking mirrors in car, etc.)
naturalistic observation
occurs in natural environment, more realistic, more difficult to control variables, may not be generalization
frustration
occurs when a goal or need is blocked
paranoid personality disorder
odd or eccentric thinking, unrelenting mistrust and suspicion of others
cross-sectional design
one point in time with different age groups
intelligence
one's cognitive capability to acquire, process, recall, and apply info.
storage
organizes and stores information away
Attachment Theory
our connections with parents from birth and how they relate to future relationships
availability heuristic
our tendency to judge frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
The Cortex
outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input-- connected by corpus callosum
visceral pain
pain in organs
somatic pain
pain in skin, muscles, tendons, joints
double-blind study
participants AND researcher are blind to group assignment
sinlge-blind study
participants are blind to group assignment
avoidant personality disorder
pattern of social inhibition, feel inadequate, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation (introversion & neuroticism)
emotion-focused coping
people change the way they feel or emotionally react to a stressor--may include seeing stressor as challenge (not threat(, or minimizing problem
multiple personality disorder (aka dissociative identity disorder)
people present >1 personality i.e.: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, three faces of Eve, Sybil
Broadbent's Filter Model
people select information on the basis of physical features (the pitch, the color, etc.) selection occurs very early with no additional processing for unselected information
lay people
people that are doing something aggressive (like a car salesman)
problem-focused coping
people try to eliminate their source of stress, or at least reduce its impact through their own actions-- use your resources to ACT
Self-help groups / support groups
people with similar problems meet with OR without therapist to discuss, problem solve and provide social and emotional support
Hostile perception bias
perceive social interactions as generally aggressive
Subjective Well-Being
perceived happiness (composed of life satisfaction, positive feelings, and negative feelings)
semantic
permanent storage of knowledge
mental sets--challenges with problem solving
persist in a problem solving pattern that has worked in the past
interviews
person-to-person conversations for the purpose of gathering information by means of questions posed to respondents
Subjective Social Variables
personal opinions and feelings, rather than facts
Theories for mate selection
physical attraction emotional connection compatibility proximity
Lie detector
picks up general emotions through body temperature and galvanic skin conductance, but not great at knowing if it is lying (not used in court)
frequency theory
pitches are related to speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane
volley theory
pitches cause hair cells to fire in volley pattern (take turns firing)
place theory
pitches stimulate hairs located in different location on the organ of Corti
intentional learning
placing new information into memory in anticipation of being tested on it later
photo spreads
police show a photo lineup with a potential suspect and then may other people (foils) who are known to be innocent of that particular crime
PET
positron emission tomography-- radioactive sugar gives color to active areas
psychological stressors
pressure, uncontrollability, frustration, aggression, conflict
conditioned stimulus (CS)
previously neutral, now paired with CR
cortisol
primary stress hormone: -control blood sugar -primes body to fight or flight -an be chronic -peaks about 30 minutes after being signaled -Diurnal pattern
Glial cells
provide support for neurons (e.g., oligodendroglia, astrocytes, microglia) -deliver nutrients -influence information processing -influence generation of new neurons -serve as the structure for neurons to build -Properties similar to stem cells, can adapt -Produce myelin for axons -form blood-brain barrier -clean up waste products and dead neurons
Causation
proving that variable A caused a change in B 1. A is related to B 2. A comes before B 3. You have eliminated any other plausible explanations
Fixed action patterns
sequences of behavior that happen the same way, in same order, every time they're elicited (auto-pilot) These are like psychological scripts - preset behaviors respond to triggers in same order What examples can you think of in your life?
monochrome color blindness
shades of gray
altered state of consciousness
shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity, different from waking consciousness
dissociatve fugue
short-lived reversible amnesia for personal identity, involving unplanned travel or wandering
nonassociative learning
single repeated exposure leads to behavior change
depressants
slow down body's physiological and mental processes (sedatives, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, opiate, xanax, klonopin, benzos, barnituartes, valium)
insight (aha!) problem solving
solution suddenly comes to mind
Creativity Problem Solving
solve problems by combining ideas or behaviors in new ways
parietal lobe
somatosensory-- touch, temperature, body position
authority
someone of authority said so
secondary reinforcers
something that can be paired with past experience of primary reinforcers-- money, tokens, praise, etc.
distributed practice
space out learning over time (better option)
stimulants
speed up body's physiological and mental processes (adderall, ritalin, cocaine, ecstasy, caffeine, meth, synthetic, marijuana)
waking consciousness
state in which your thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized and you feel alert
mindfullness
state of higher conscious that includes awareness of thoughts passing through your mind i.e. meditation, using mental effort
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning
diabetes
stress can affect insulin and lead to diabetes
cancer
stress can suppress immune system and make getting cancer more likely
resistance
stress continues so the body settles into stress response/hormones to continue to help fight or flight
pressure
stress from urgent demand
DNA in intelligence
strongly connected
Biopsychological
study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes- hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, tumors, neurotransmitters
Psychoneuroimmunology
study of the effects of psychological factors such a stress, emotions, and behavior on the immune system
peripheral route to persuasion
superficial cues that are not as logical ex. - buy this fanny-pack because the design is so flashy and The Rock uses it! Peripheral route relies on psychological techniques - these can take advantage if a target is not carefully thinking about message
5 basic tastes
sweet, salty, sour, bitter, unami-savory, oleogustus- fatty acids
working memory
system processes STM
punishment by removal
take away a pleasant or pleasurable stimulus-- no playing outside
sunk cost trap
take some of their time or money, then they feel like they can't quit Time share trap...
displaced aggression
taking out your frustrations on a less threatening target
Biofeedback
technique where you are shown bodily info and taught strategies to alter signals You could use: Relaxation techniques (progressive relaxation) Breathing exercises, stretching, yoga, humor Mental imagery, exercise, Psych 111 w/ Blake!
woman response to stress
tend-and-befriend
automatic encoding
tendency of certain kinds of info to enter long term storage with little/no effort
brightness constancy
tendency to interpret object at same brightness, even lighting changes
shape constancy
tendency to interpret object at same shape, even if its image changes on your retina
size constancy
tendency to interpret object at same size regardless of distance
serial position effect
tendency to remember info from beginning and end of body info (not middle)
hindsight bias
tendency to think (after fact) that you would have predicted correct outcome
progressive muscle relaxation
tense your muscle groups and then relax them, usually working from your feet up (helps you feel the difference between relaxed and tensed muscles)
emotion
the "feeling" part of consciousness Characterized by: -physiological arousal -expressive behaviors -conscious experience
Emotional Regulation
the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed-- self control is like a muscle and it takes work
Resting potential
the electrical potential of a neuron when not stimulated or sending impulse (the inside fluid is negatively charged around -70mV)
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group- People in groups make more extreme/risky suggestions
Nature
the influence of our INHERITED characteristics (our genetics)
Nurture
the influence of the ENVIRONMENT
working memory
the information we hold onto temporarily-- anxiety decreases capacity to remember and use it
metacognition
the knowledge and skills you have in monitoring your own learning and memory
stress
the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are APPRAISED (real or perceived) as threatening or challenging
Chemical Synapse
the presynaptic neuron releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors located in the postsynaptic cell
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.
Psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Eustress
the stress effects from positive events
distress
the stress effects from unpleasant and undesirable stressors
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Neuroticism
the tendency to frequently experience negative emotions such as anger, worry, and sadness, as well as being interpersonally sensitive
N1 sleep stage
theta waves-- light sleep, often don't know you were sleeping, may think it was hallucinations-- hypnic jerk (jump or kick)
Thyroid
thyroxin (growth, metabolism)
classical conditioning
training a new involuntary response to a stimulus, as opposed to: unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
trisman's attenuation model
triesman argued that we do pay attention to some unattended information, so it isn't completely blocked or filtered
to predict
trying to determine how these factors will be related in the future
twin studies
twin studies help us understand the role of nature vs. nurture
dichotic listening studies
two different sounds (one in each ear)-- shadowing--you repeat back what you are hearing
flashbulb memories
type of automatic encoding that happens when unexpected event has a strong emotional associations to you
Subtle Biases
unexamined, maybe unconscious bias that still has real consequences
household labor
unpaid work done to maintain family members and/or home
standardized tests
use a bell curve
top-down processing
use existing knowledge to organize little pieces into a unified whole
social referencing
use others as a cue
Social referencing
use others as cue
visualization
use your mind to imagine you are in a calm, peaceful place or situation (it helps to use as many senses as you can to do this)
antianxiety drugs
used to treat and calm anxiety reactions (mild tranquilizers)
antidepressant drugs
used to treat depression and anxiety
Antipsychotic drugs
used to treat symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or other bizarre behaviors
hypnotherapy
using hypnosis an a form of therapy to help people i.e. decrease addiction, pain, etc.
Stereotyping
using shortcuts/assumptions to navigate social situations or judgments
verbal learning
using words to learn-- can be written or spoken
Correlation
variables are related
hertiability coefficient
varies from 0 to 1-- measure the genetic influence of a trait (but ignores the interplay between genetics and environment)
progress
view of how close you are to goal
Trait dissociation
viewed as integral aspect of personality
state dissociation
viewed as transient symptom (lasting few minutes to hours)
iconic memory
visual memory (part of a sec)
occipital lobe
visual processing
operant conditioning
voluntary behavior and learning that is not conditioned by a specific stimulus-- this is often taught through the use of primary and secondary reinforcers
functional fixedness- challenges with problem solving
we are blocked from solving problem because we keep thinking of only typical function s of objects
Johnston & Heinz- Multimode Model
we can use different times to filter depending on situation and effort
need to belong
we feel a strong need to have friends, families, and spend time together as we are considered 'social animals'
Deutsch- Late Selection (Response selection)
we process all information, but only the relevant info for the task response gets into our conscious awareness
Multitasking?
we think we are, UNLESS the task is fully automated. We are really just quickly task switching
can you "catch up" on missed sleep?
weekend sleep is useful, but the catch up is most successful the closer it is tied to the missed sleep
Social support and conflict
were both related to subjective well-being (life satisfaction, positive feelings, negative feelings)
Conflict
when 2 or more competing goals, desires, or action are incompatible
Experimenter effect
when an experimenter's expectations for a study unintentionally influence the results.
stereotype threat
when mental access to a particular stereotype affects you
false memories
when people come up with memories that never occurred at all (people who create memories from childhood that never happened)
sensation
when sense organs are activated, yielding neural signals
implicit memory
when we show changes in behavior that is based on past experiences even though we were not trying to use that experience
implicit learning
when we show changes in our behavior without having intended to learn something
discrimination
when you show bias/action against someone based on group membership
working backward problem solving
work backward from goal to solve
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
worried that Binet relied on verbal too much, this tests a range of abilities- aibility to remember, compute, understand language, reason well, and process information quickly
learning/performance distinction
you can still learn a behavior by watching it even if you don't perform it, you can do it later on (latent learning)
Cost-beneift analysis
you decide if the costs of help are worth getting involved Is it dangerous? Will it take time? Money? Effort? Will they thank you? Will you get any praise or reward? Will you feel good for helping? Will you be followed by paparazzi?
deliberative phase (Self-regulation)
you first have to decide which of the many potential goals you want to pursue at this time
pluralistic ignorance
you rely on the inaction of others around and conclude that maybe no intervention is necessary
Observer Bias
you see what you WANT to see
direct instruction
you've been taught all about it
direct contact
you've been there/ experienced it
perception
your brain making sense of stimuli
habituation
your brain stops attending to the same stimuli after a while
prejudice
your feelings about someone based on their group membership
interaction with others
your friends or family have attitude on it
personal experience
"Last time I saw..."
persuasion
"the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors" (Myers, 2011)
social integration
# of social roles you have, and lack isolation
promotion-focus
(Ideals) emphasis on hopes, accomplishment, advancement (I want to do..., this will bring me added benefits)
prevention-focus
(Oughts)emphasis on safety, responsibility, security needs (I should be doing...)
general factor
(charles) Spearman 'G' said intelligence was one thing, so it you're smart in language you're smart...
concentrative meditation
(most well-known) person focuses on a repetitive/unchanging stimulus to clear the mind so the body can relax
gonads
(ovaries, testes)- sex hormones
mindfulness meditation
(type of concentrative med.) person purposefully focuses attention on the present moment, without judgement or evaluation, focus on breathing, don't worry if mind wanders (no judgement)
Hostile Cognitive Biases
- hostile attribution bias - hostile perception bias - hostile expectation bias
emotion
The "feeling" part of consciousness Characterized by: physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience
goals
The cognitive representation of a desired state, how you want things to work out
independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.
dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
self-regulation
The process through which we alter our perceptions, feelings, and actions related to the pursuit of a goal
psychopharmacology
The study of how drugs affect behavior ~Change in perception ~Change in the way you think ~Change in the way you feel Drugs can affect the way we feel by altering how neurons communicate with each other ~through neurotransmitters
social cogition
The way we think about the social world and how we perceive others
Scarcity: Psychological Reactance
There are only 3 left! Hurry!!! But careful...if we feel we are being controlled we want to get away (e.g., shoe salesman)
reciprocity
They give us something free and we feel compelled to repay them somehow
attachment styles- Anxious-Resistant
(20%) - Self-critical, insecure, fearful of rejection
attachment styles-Anxious-Avoidant
(20%) - Suppress your feelings/desires, difficulty depending on others
attachment styles-Secure
(60%) - comfortable depending
Authoritative parenting style
(High demandingness High support) BEST KIND OF PARENTING! parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view
authoritarian parenting style
(High demandingness low support) parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child
Family of Procreation
(family you create)
anti-social personality disorder
(higher in males) uses others, breaks laws, reckless, irritable, aggressive, irresponsible, dishonest, self- centered, impulsive, no regard for others or consequences
permissive parenting style
(low demandingness high support) parents submit to their children's desires. they make few demands and use little punishment
Univolved parenting style
(low demandingness low support) provides no rules but also provides no warmth. This is the worst kind of parenting because they kids get a negative identity and begin to do bad things just to get their parents attention even if it is negative attention. Usually results in behavioral issues and they have difficulty with handling independence.
Family of Orientation
(or Family of Origin) (family you were born into)
borderline personality disorder
(women 3x more likely) moody, unstable, no sense of identity, self-destructive, clingy, lonely, angry, emotions inappropriate/excessive
Objective Social Variables
- factors based on evidence, not opinions/perceptions Factually based (# of coworkers, roommates, etc.)
causes of personality disorders?
-Can be learned over time -Some evidence of genetics (adoption studies) 50% of personality comes from parents -Lower levels of stress hormones may make them less responsive to being worried that they will be caught -Disturbances in families, relationships (e.g., abuse, neglect, very strict parenting, overprotective parenting, etc.)
behavioral genetics and studies
-Looking for the genetic bases of personality -Twin studies and adoption studies can tell us how much of personality is inherited by genes, and how much is influenced by our environment/home/family -Studies show identical twins are often similar in personality and temperament whether or not they were raised together -Studies ~ about 50% heritability
facets of traits (subtraits)
-Smaller, more specific parts (or lower-level units) of personality -They help us understand smaller parts of each main personality trait -Other Personality Theories specify other smaller parts or other areas - like the HEXACO (has Honesty-Humility dimension)
Divorce risk factors
-children before marriage -co-habitation -live in a society accepting of divorce
Divorce protective factors
-higher-levels of education -marrying at an older age -parents remain married -member of religious group less accepting of divorce
Divorce
-just below 50% of marriages end in divorce -remarriages increase risk for divorce
assessing personality
1. Direct Observation 2. Rating Scales 3. Frequency Count 4. Interview
7 universal facial expressions
Anger, Fear, Disgust, Happiness, Surprise, Sadness, Contempt Culture still plays a part though -
U.S.A. versus world
Most commonly endorsed strengths U.S. - Kindness, fairness, honesty, gratitude, and judgment Worldwide - Hope, zest (not the soap), gratitude, and love
type A personality
Workaholic, competitive, ambitious, easily annoyed, impatient, can be hostile
"Big 4" types
average, self-centered, role model, and reserved
trait
consistent and enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving
Marriage
examine commitment, support, etc. Connected to well-being and health, happiness But it is the quality that matters most Good marriage ~ high life satisfaction, health Bad marriage ~ depression, stress, anxiety, low life satisfaction, loss of sense of self, shame
Amygdala
fear and pleasure in humans and animals
Sympathetic Nervous System
heart races, mouth dry, pupils dilate, breathing increases, blood thickens, skin temperature rises, muscles tighten
sandwich generation
in the middle, kids at home, plus parents live with you
schizoid personality disorder
introversion, withdrawn, cold, isolated, limited range of emotion, anhedonic (lack of pleasure or capacity to experience it)
learned helplessness
lack sense of control about a situation
boomerang generation
leave but return
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
maladaptive conscientiousness - perfectionism, workaholism, punctilious (great attention to detail or correct behavior), ruminative
*histrionic personality disorder
maladaptive extraversion (attention-seeking, seductiveness, 'drama queen/king', strong attachment needs)
Engagement and marriage
most people marry during lifetime 80% of men and women marry by age 49 shift in age of first marriage to later
schizotypal personality disorder
neuroticism (social anxiety), introversion (withdrawn), unconventionality (odd, weird ideas), antagonism (suspicious)
childfree
no kids by choice
childless
no kids, but you want them
state
present moment, context
cohabitation
romantic partners choosing to live together before/without being married
Cultural display rules
rules that are learned early in life that specify how and when to use emotions in a culture
dependent personality disorder
submissive, clingy, fears separation (neuroticism and maladaptive agreeableness-- gullible, meek, subservient)
trait-situation interaction
the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed (person-situation debate)
Agreeableness
the tendency to agree and go along with others rather than to assert one's own opinions and choices
openess
the tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, values, feelings, and behaviors
conscientiousness
the tendency to be careful, on-time for appointments, to follow rules, and to be hardworking
Extraversion
the tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others' the tendency to have a dominant style
Intimacy
we seek out close, meaningful relationships for support, care, and love
Social Integration
your integration into your social networks
Social Support
your perception of how much you feel cared for or can receive help from others in your network
dissociation
separation from one's awareness from everything besides what you are focusing on
halo effect
Tendency of interviewer to see the positive characteristics during personality assessment (e.i. they are attractive)
Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency to overestimate internal and underestimate situational factors in others
Perceptual Set (Perceptual Expectancy)
Tendency to perceive things a certain way because of previous experience of expectations
attitudes
Tendency to respond either positively or negatively toward a person, object, idea, or situation
Psychoanalysis techniques
--Free Association - share any and all thoughts that come to mind during therapy (don't keep anything back) ~can be spoken or written --Explore and discuss childhood or past in detail --Explore and discuss dreams, look for manifest (literal) or latent (symbolic) content --Look for Transference (e.g., anger directed at therapist but it is misplaced from something else)
Structural model from Frued
--Id - pleasure-driven unconscious urges (e.g., sex and aggression) (libido, death instinct) --Superego - semi-conscious part of mind where morals and societal judgment are internalized --Ego - partly conscious, mediates other 2 parts
Addiction facts
--Overdose is the #1 cause of death for people under age 50! --Drug addiction costs our economy $740B / year In healthcare expenses, lost productivity, legal, court, jail, criminal costs --In 1 year, over 70,000 Americans died of an overdose (over 2,000,000 opioid addicts) --About 19,700,000 American adults battled substance abuse disorder in 2017
treatment for personality disorders
--Personality disorders can be treated, but are one of the most difficult types of disorders because it involves people's self-image --The diagnoses are difficult - for Borderline there are 9 features, and you only need 5, so you could have only 1 common feature with someone else who met criteria --People rarely seek treatment for these disorders --The exception is Borderline PD - they seek help from severe emotional distress from being high in neuroticism --Up to 60% of in-patients may have BPD --Up to 50% of inmates may have Antisocial --Up to 10-15% of general population meet criteria for 1 of the 10 personality disorders
drug metabolism
--The breakdown of psychoactive drugs ~occurs primarily in the liver --Liver produces enzymes (proteins that speed up the chemical reaction) --Can build up a tolerance to many drugs --Metabolic tolerance can happen when the liver increases enzyme production (enzyme induction)
Drawing Conclusions
-Can you draw any conclusions from your findings? Who do these conclusions apply to?
challenges with punishment
-Child can avoid you, or be scared of you -May encourage lying (fear of future punishment) -Can create anxiety, fear, things that do not promote learning -If it is physical (spanking, hand slap, etc.) it can encourage child to be more aggressive with others (they sort of pass the aggression down the totem pole...displaced aggression)
Treatments for stress disorders (like anxiety)
-Cognitive behavioral therapy -Medications -Group therapy
Intrapersonal
-Emotions allow us to act quickly--Requires little thought: disgusting tastes get a quick response, could save our life (bad milk); Feel fear for attacking animal, so you run -Emotions influence thoughts connected to thoughts, memories, attitudes -Emotions motivate future behaviors we act to avoid bad emotions, promote positive
how is the drug administered?
-Endless way of getting drugs into the body Some for good purposes, many not for good causes... (drink, swallow, inhale, IV, snort, etc.) -The way it is taken can affect speed to brain... IV and Inhalation get to brain in < 10 seconds
Peace & conflict
-Example in reading of Culture of Honor -Research confederate would Walk by in hall, bump, swear Different response based on culture and regional background -Trying to understand why we do or don't get along with others...
Causes of addiction
-Genetics plays a role (up to 40-60%) of risk -Environmental factors: Chaotic home environment Abuse and neglect Parent's drug use and attitude about drugs Peer influences Community attitudes toward drugs Poor academic achievement -Age and Mental Health Disorders increase risk
main areas of emotion in life
-Intrapersonal -Interpersonal -Social and Cultural
Defining "violence"
-Lay people - use the term violent to describe a big storm, a car crash -Researchers - Aggression intended to cause "extreme physical harm" (e.g., injury, death) -So...all violent acts are aggressive, BUT...not all aggressive acts are violent -Example - screaming and yelling at someone is aggressive, but not violent
deciding to be prosocial
-Noticing See incident, potential need for help -Defining an Emergency Interpret cues from person or event -Taking Responsibility Decide you need to get involved -Planning a Course of Action Decide how you can help (skills to offer) -Taking Action Help them (assume costs vs. rewards)
How do we overcome Replication Crisis?
-Publish and disseminate replication attempts either way -Publish findings that have not been significant -Register studies in advance -Open data (share data with others in your field) -Open Source (things like programs being available) -Open access journals -Open methodology (check each other, build on) -Open peer reviews (no longer blind or double-blind) -Open educational resources (like you 'book' in class)
quasi-experimental design
-QEDs look a lot like true-experiments and can be statistically analyzed in similar ways -Comparisons are made between treatment and control conditions -treatment may be a participant variable -researcher can compare groups but does not have control the nature and/or the timing of the treatment or comparison IV
REM behavior disorder
-REM sleep (dreaming), but for some reason your muscles can act out -this can be VERY dangerous for spouse, roommates, others
Night Terrors
-Rare in adults -happen more in younger children -deep sleep, but you can walk/talk -don't realize you are asleep
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
-Started early 20th century with Sigmund Freud -Dealing with mental problems rooted in unconscious conflicts and desires -GOAL: Identify the unconscious struggle and then address it -Intensive, long-term approach Meet multiple times per week (maybe for years)
manipulating the perception of trustworthiness
-Testimonials and Endorsements -Presenting Message as Education -Word of Mouth -The Maven (established opinion leader is pulled in to represent idea or product-- like youtubers/bloggers)
Planning the Study
-ask a testable question -plan out how to collect data -decide on participents
Examining the data
-decide how to analyze data -Look for patters in data -Do your results support hypothesis?
Why don't we replicate more?
-infighting between the original and the new scientist (they did it wrong! vs. It doesn't work!) -Publish or perish (MAJOR pressure to publish) job is on the line if you don't publish -some journals won't take replication, they want new -grants don't support replication, they seek innovation -Research interests, people want the new shiny toy
problems of being sleep deprived
-microsleeps at bad times (driving, etc) -increase in cortisol, blood sugar, obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
true experiments
-must be an independent variable manipulated -assignment to different levels of the IV must be under the control of the researcher -use random assignment
sleepwalking (or somnambulism)
-occurring during deep sleep -often acting out some task -hereditary component
Stress coping
-problem-focused coping -emotion-focused coping -meditation -progressive muscle relaxation -visualization -social support system -culture -religion
sleep apnea
-stop breathing for 10 seconds or longer during sleep (CPAP is helpful) -5-25% of adults have this (many are not diagnosed) -associated with poor sleep quality, obesity, heart problems, and depression
What not to say if you see someone having an attack
-stop it! -You're fine! -Can't you just calm down? -Don't worry about it! -Suck it up!
Ethical principles of research
1. Benefits must outweigh the risks 2. Informed consent 3. Deception must be justified 4. Participation is completely voluntary (can quit) 5. Participants need to know risks and tasks 6. Debrief if deception is used, explain purpose 7. Confidentiality provided for participants 8. Integrity of researchers to protect participants and be responsible for consequences
3 ways to react to cognitive dissonance
1. Change conflicting behavior to match attitude 2. Change current cognition to justify behavior 3. Form new cognitions to justify behavior
Hofstede's Cultural Personality
1. Individualism/Collectivism ex. United States vs. Singapore 2. Power Distance ex. Caste system in India (lower power people in culture expect it) 3. Masculinity/Femininity Roles of men and women, how valued 4. Uncertainty Avoidance How much a culture can handle laws or situations being uncertain or strict
3 components of aggression
1. It is a behavior (you can see it). It is not an internal response, thought, or feeling. 2. It is intentional (not accidental). 3. The victim does not want to be harmed
personality inventories
1. MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Pers. Inv.) 2. Big Five / NEO-PI (Costa & McCrae) 3. Myers-Briggs Sensing/Intuition Thinking/feeling Introver/Extraver Perceiv/Judging
Steps to scientific approach
1. Perceiving the Question 2. Forming a Hypothesis 3. Testing the Hypothesis 4. Drawing Conclusions 5. Report Your Results
Scientific Principles
1. Systematic observation is the core of science 2. Observation leads to hypotheses we can test 3. Science is democratic (best ideas win) 4. Science is cumulative (build on known facts)
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
1. attention (you have to be watching the model) 2.retention (you need to remember what was done) 3. Imitation (you must be able to reproduce their actions), 4. motivation (you have to be motivated to perform actions
coercive cycle (negative reinforcement trap)
1. parent gives directive that child ignores, parent attacks, then child counter attacks. Parent either backs down or loses control 2. child makes demand, parent rejects child attacks, then parent counter attacks, child escalates, then parent either backs down of loses control
sensory memory
1st stage-raw information from senses held very briefly
circadian rhythms
24-hour bodily cycle, in this case in relation to sleep-wake rhythms -- influenced by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
work relationships
Quality has huge impact on life (enjoyable or very stressful) Supportive ~ thrive, engaged, loyalty Negative ~ stress, anxiety, low job satisfaction
recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
correlations
A measure of the relationship between two or more variables--goes from -1 to +1 closer to wither side is stronger, closer to 0 is weaker
recognition
A. Match information to stored image/fact B. Knowing someone when you see them C. Getting an award for all of your hard work
action therapy
Action therapy - goal is to help people overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically, which then improves behaviors 3 Basic Goals 1. Relieve symptoms and Resolve problems 2. Develop strategies to Cope w/future problems 3. Change thinking to be more rational, positive, and self-helping
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Activation and synthesis of sensation in the pons and areas of the brain. A different kind of thinking, less realistic because frontal lobes shut down in dreams
conformity
Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. match what others are doing
factors that increase conformity
Age (Teenagers are likely to conform) Culture (Individuals in collectivist cultures) Conformity of other group members
causes of aggresion- internal factors
Age - more when young (usually) Gender - males ↑ than females Personality Traits - narcissism, psychopathy Hostile Cognitive Biases
helping and personality traits
Agreeableness
Bottom-up processing
Analyze smaller features to build up to a complete perception (e.g., see new thing)
Animal Research
Animals account for about 7% of psych studies-- What can you do with animals that you can't study on people (ethically)?
gratitude
Appreciation for what we receive Inspires us to do good, be good Research findings: ~25% happier if you keep a gratitude journal ~Sleep 30 minutes more per night ~Exercise 33% more per week ~Lower blood pressure ~Decrease dietary fat intake by up to 20% ~Live up to 7 years longer ~Even better GPAs!
Values in action (VIA)
As opposed to the DSM, this system classifies positive human strengths Instead of fixing deficits, we focus on building 'character strengths'
Replication Crisis
As researchers have tried to duplicate other studies, the results are not always similar-- In some cases, there have been little attempts to even try to replicate other studies -- there is a growing concern when even new studies have different findings when using similar designs
door-in-the-face
Ask for large commitment, get refused, then ask for smaller
selective attention
Attend to certain stimuli and ignore distracting stimuli-- the cocktail party example
Common areas studied in social psychology
Attraction Attitudes Peace & Conflict Social Influence Social Cognition
Sigmund Freud
Austrian neurologist focused on disorders of nervous system. Father of psychoanalysis.
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner
Behaviorism-- wanted to focus on observable behavior and NOT unconscious
social dominance orientation
Belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies, and are a good idea to maintain order and stability People who are high in this are more likely to want to have a career in law enforcement or the legal system (to maintain order) Story of student who wanted to be a police officer...
stereotypes
Beliefs that members of a group share a set of similar characteristics
how can health psychology help?
BioPsychoSocial Model of Health Use psychological techniques to address illness and health issues related to cognitive processes and behavioral factors Health Psychology looks at: ~ Choices we make ~ Behaviors we engage in ~ Emotions we feel
stress and health
Both major life stressors and smaller daily hassles can ~ Raise blood pressure ~ Alter stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) ~ Suppress immune system These processes raise your risk for sickness and chronic disease REVIEW - (Selye) General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress of parenthood
But it is important to remember that parenting ITSELF is stressful -Parenting is characterized by the challenges and demands that involve relationships with the developing child -Parenthood can often confuse, frustrate, or irritate parents
Beck and Ellis with CBT (Cognitive behavioral therapy)
CBT where clients are challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking to be more rational (all or nothing)
forgiveness
Can be an avenue of healing Can be building block of loving relationships Letting go of negative thoughts, behaviors, and feelings toward offender
elderly and drugs
Can be dangerous because they are more likely to take many drugs for various conditions and we may not know how the drugs interact We call this "Polypharmacy" when you use multiple drugs Drug metabolism can also be much slower in elderly
How does meth work?
Causes excessive release of dopamine and serotonin This high comes with a LOT of side effects Creates muscular destruction and long term twitching Kidney failure and liver damage, even lung disease Stroke, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, immune problems, death of bowel tissues Skin sores and acne - compulsive picking (crawling skin) Cracked teeth and tooth loss (due to teeth grinding) Extreme loss of appetite and weight Build up of toxins throughout lungs and body
obedience
Changing your behavior at the command of an authority figure Milgram's Obedience Shocking Study
compliance
Changing your behavior because others ask or direct you to change
informational social influence
Changing your behavior because you care about being correct Sherif Autokinetic effect experiments Class iClicker responses
normative social influence
Changing your behavior because you care about your social standing with the group Asch line experiments Dressing "cool"
Cognitive therapies
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Psychoanalytic Therapy Person-Centered Therapy Mindfulness-Based Therapy
Who does what? Women vs. men
Coltrane (2000) review of over 200 studies: -20% of men share equally in housework; other 80% do considerably less -Women spend an average of 38 hours per week on housework -On average, wives do about 63% of the housework in full time, dual earner couples. -Men spend an average of 22 hours per week on housework -In 1965, men did 15% of housework, by 1985 they did 33% From a report in 1994 (Lennon & Rosenfeld) -Couples do NOT prefer 50% as an 'equity point' -Men are happy when they do 36% of the housework -Women are happy when they do 66% -Do you think this would be the same today? Why? University of Michigan study (8,500 participants): -Women's total housework is declining over time -Women spend 27 hours a week on housework compared to 40 hours in 1965. -Men are increasing their housework -Men increased their housework time from 12 hours in 1965 to 16 hours in 1999.
Research into past cultures yielded areas:
Courage Temperance Humanity Justice Transcendence Wisdom
humanistic and person-centered
Create conditions under which the patient can Discover their self-worth Feel comfortable exploring own identity Alter behavior to reflect identity Therapist is nonjudgmental and empathetic Patient is willing to be vulnerable Patient is motivated to change Patient appreciates therapist's support
Distributional thinking
Data vary- so how are they spread? Confidence interval, mean, median, range
descriptive norms
Descriptions of other people's behaviors
Robert Sapolsy
Did experiment with baboons-- found stress response takes a toll on the body. baboons (arteries), makaks (central adiposity
How does Aspirin work? How does Tylenol work? How does cocaine work?
Dilates pupils and elevates heart rate Upsets stomach and suppresses appetite, Causes euphoria by reabsorbing dopamine, but when it wears off it leaves headache and difficulty focusing
personality disorders
Disorder in which someone has a rigid, persistent, maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with social interactions
cons of group therapies
Doesn't work for every issue Clients have to share therapist's time Some are shy, uncomfortable Some conditions won't do well (schizo.)
Chromosome disorders
Down syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome
freud's view of dreaming
Dreams are wish-fulfillment, based on past conflicts and events, seen as symbols
Activation-information-mode (AIM) model
Dreams organize info from past few days
Intrapersonal
Emotions allow us to act quickly Requires little thought: disgusting tastes get a quick response, could save our life (bad milk); Feel fear for attacking animal, so you run Emotions influence thoughts connected to thoughts, memories, attitudes Emotions motivate future behaviors we act to avoid bad emotions, promote positive
"Jigsaw Classroom"
Everyone in group is given a piece of puzzle and they have to work together as equals and contribute (all are heard in this case)
Why help?
Evolutionary theory says that being a good helper is good for our own survival and reproductive success (people like helpers)
Weight gain and sleep
Example of the "Freshman 15" More like the Freshman 3-to-6 pounds Possible reasons: -Away from home and stress -Busy, not exercising -Junk food, less healthy eating -Lack of schedule, video games, partying -Crazy sleep routines, short sleep, late sleep
interpersonal
Expressed verbally though words, nonverbally through facial expressions, voices, gestures, body postures, and movements Emotions ~Facilitate behaviors in perceivers ~Signal nature of relationships ~Provide incentives for prosocial acts
interpersonal
Expressed verbally though words, nonverbally through facial expressions, voices, gestures, body postures, and movements Emotions ~Facilitate behaviors in perceivers ~Signal nature of relationships ~Provide incentives for prosocial acts
facial feedback hypothesis
Facial expressions give feedback to the brain to interpret emotions, which then intensifies that interpreted emotion -Infants are very good at recognizing emotion by 5 months old.
Facial feedback hypothesis
Facial expressions give feedback to the brain to interpret emotions, which then intensifies that interpreted emotion Infants are very good at recognizing emotion by 5 months old
Emotional expression
Facial expressions, body movements, and actions all indicate emotions
emotional expression
Facial expressions, body movements, and actions all indicate emotions
Francis Cecil Sumner
First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology
Margaret Floy Washburn
First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology
Surveys
Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.
3 Key stengths
Forgiveness Gratitude Humility
dizygotic twins
Fraternal twins; these siblings result from two separately fertilized eggs, so they are no more similar genetically than non-twin siblings are.
causes of aggression- external factors
Frustration and Other Unpleasant Events -Weapons (weapons effect) - having a weapon nearby can increase aggression -Violent Media - music, movies, TV, sports -Alcohol/Drug Use - lowers inhibitions and can lead to act in aggressive ways
William James
Functionalism
Stages of GAS
General adaptaion sydrome- developed by Hans Selye-- Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
free gifts
Gets them in the door and we feel like we need to listen
reciprocal altruism
Golden Rule, or Karma
grapefruit juice and drug metabolism
Grapefruit juice suppresses cytochrome P450 enzymes in liver Allows the drugs to build up to toxic levels
Cults and failure of critical thinking
Group with particular religious or philosophical beliefs, usually seen in negative way -- People get caught up in it by the following: 1. Shower them with praise/affection or supposed "understanding" 2. Isolate them from friends and family, make them busy, change dress, rituals, etc. 3. Tell them to stop questioning, make it sin
Implicit Association Test
Has you group various things to see if you group them as good or bad (in-group vs. out-group) Uses your time reactions - shows whether things are automatic/unconscious, or if you consciously decide Shows hesitation
Control
Having a sense of control is very important ~ Remember (INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL) If you believe you have control over a situation you will generally do better e.g., Jones et al., 2008-Journal of Family Psychology - Perceived workplace flexibility led to health benefits
panic disorder
Having lasting effects and intense anxiety about that issue for at least a month.--An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Quality of relationships
Having relationships is not enough...they need to be good relationships
being a health psychologist
Health Psychology has a variety of options Goal - Help improve health and deal with illness Clinical Health Psychologists can work with teams of physicians, social workers, & other health workers Rehabilitation Centers Hospitals Primary Care Offices Emergency Care Centers Chronic Illness Clinics
levels of analysis for social psychology
Higher levels of analysis.
Operationalization of variables
How variables are defined and measured
impression formation
How you form first knowledge of another person
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Adrenal Gland--the physiological response of the body to stress
empiricism
I can measure it
diffusion of responsibility
I don't need to get involved, I'm sure someone else will help
Binet-Simon test
IQ "Intelligence Quotient" Mental age/chronological age x100= ?
Presence of relationships
Identifying the amount of relationships, size of social networks, number of friends The more social relationships you have, generally the more positive your sense of well-being is impacted Benefit by having more relationships and not being alone But happiness is not just having lots of friends, but having a few close connections
addiction treatment statistics
In 2017, an estimated 20.7 million people over age 12 needed treatment for substance abuse ~only about 4 million (19%) received it Alcoholics Anonymous has over 120,000 groups in 175 countries (2 million+ members) Over 14,500 specialized substance abuse treatment centers in U.S. Relapse estimated to be between 40-60%
Insomnia
Inability to: -Fall asleep -stay asleep -get good quality of sleep Helpful tips: 1. Go to bed when sleepy 2. only sleep in bed (no reading/tv) 3. Don't try too hard, look at clock 4. Keep a consistent schedule 5. Don't use pills, alcohol 6. Exercise regularly (but not late)
more NREM
Increased physical demands
self-control
Innate ability for some, struggle for others It is a limited resource - if you expend all of your energy, you may lose willpower to keep going. This is called Ego Depletion
Alfred Binet
Intelligence Quotient- said intelligence was multifaceted
Punishment needs to be
Intense Prompt Applied consistently and with certainty Perceived as justified Possible to replace undesirable punished behavior with a desirable alternative behavior
Emerging Treatments
Internet and Mobile-Delivered Therapies They supervise you online, can be shorter but more frequent check-ins Cognitive Bias Modification (use video games and technology to change problematic thought processes)
Main Areas of emotion in Life
Intrapersonal Interpersonal Social and Cultural
humility
Involves the following: A clear and accurate sense of your own abilities and achievements Ability to acknowledge your mistakes, imperfections, gaps in knowledge, and limitations Openness to new ideas, contradictory information, and advice Keep your own abilities in perspective Ability to forget yourself, focus on others Appreciate value of other people and things
using punishment correctly
It needs to immediately follow behavior that it is meant to punish. "Wait until your dad gets home!" ☹ It needs to be consistent Last time you lost your toy, but today I'm tired. "If we weren't in public...!" It needs to be paired with reinforcement of the right behavior. Otherwise punishment can be crushing ☹
importance of good health routines
It's one thing to know how to make healthy choices, but it's another to do it! How do you make good choices when you're stressed, tired, and so busy? Are your health choices automatic? ~ Seat belt? ~ Flossing? ~ Sleep routines?
Falsifiable
Karl Popper--able to be proven false
Examples of bystander effect
Kitty Genovese (1964) stabbed in apartment complex, then attacker came back after fleeing and raped and killed her. Many heard or saw and didn't try to help or call the police Hugo Alfredo Tale-Yax (2010) Homeless man Who intervened to save Woman, he was stabbed
LSD
LSD = Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (found ~ 1938) Affects brain and alters mood (last up to 12 hours) Distorts user's perception of reality, can cause panic Causes sensory hallucinations, can include rapid and intense emotional swings (very unpredictable) Alters sense of self and time, cause synesthesia! Can have flashbacks later on Little research has been done on it (ethical concerns)
incidental learning
Learning without trying to learn, and often without awareness that learning is occurring.
social influence
Looking at conformity, obedience, and persuasion (we'll talk more about these this week)
Combining Therapies
Many psychologists see the combination of psychotherapy and drug therapy as a very effective way to treat many disorders With CBT or group-based therapies the combination of drug therapy may or may not need to occur (depends on many factors) Decisions to combine treatment mean more money, and may not be best...depends on needs of clients and what works best for them
Intimate relationships
Much of the relationship research is done in relation to marital relationships, parent-child relationships, and some on siblings
Does personality types cause health issues?
NO, But, links are seen. Type C has been linked to higher incidence of cancer...why?
future of health psychology
National Institutes of Health (NIH) are pushing for researchers to come up with ways to reduce the prevalence of PREVENTABLE illness and disease We need to identify the positive things that act as protective factors for health ("Positive Health") All of Us study - 1.5 million Americans Track their health data over the coming years Look for ways to reduce preventable illness
narcissistic personality disorder
Neuroticism (reactive anger, shame, need for praise), extroversion (exhibitionism), conscientiousness (acclaim-seeking)
psychoanalysis shortfalls
Not appropriate for all types of patients (e.g., severe cases or mental retardation) Very expensive/intensive and lasts for years *Lack of empirical evidence to support its effectiveness
type B personality
Not as competitive, relaxed, less driven, slow to anger
Big Five Personality Traits
OCEAN Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
How do you measure relationships?
Objective Social Variables - factors based on evidence, not opinions/perceptions Factually based (# of coworkers, roommates, etc.) Social Integration - your integration into your social networks
10 recognized personality disorders in DSM-5
Odd or Eccentric Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic Anxiety or Fearfulness Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive- Compulsive (OCD)
case studies
One individual is studied in great detail-- small studies of individuals (medical, class, etc.) Pros- learn a LOT of details about that individual Cons- Often not generalization to other people -how Freud based his psychoanalytic theory e.i Phineas Gage and metal rod
Behaviorial
Operant conditioning (operant =behavior)-- behavior can be conditioned by reinforcing those desired behaviors.
emotion-focused coping
People change the way they feel or emotionally react to a stressor - May include seeing stressor as challenge (not threat), or minimizing problem, or even ignoring it
social loafing
People put less work into simple tasks when working with groups
groupthink
People think alike to maintain group cohesiveness instead of focusing on facts or best practices
problem-focused coping
People try to eliminate their source of stress, or at least reduce its impact through their own actions - Use your resources to act
injunctive norms
People's attitudes toward a behavior "Don't Mess with Texas"
abuse
Physical abuse Sexual abuse Psychological abuse Verbal abuse Emotional abuse Neglect Intimate Partner Violence Child Abuse and Elder Abuse
type C personality
Pleasant, tries to keep the peace Difficulty expressing emotions Internalize anger and negative emotions Experience sense of despair, loss of hope Often lonely
cons of behavioral therapies
Potential bias of what therapist thinks is considered normal or rational
realistic conflict theory
Prejudice and Discrimination increased when groups are in conflict over limited resources
Social Impairment
Presence of others has a negative impact on performance of difficult task
social facilitation
Presence of others has positive impact on performance of easy task
transduction
Process of converting outside stimuli into neural signals
situational cause
Process of explaining your own behaviors and behavior of others
social attribution
Process of explaining your own behaviors and behavior of others
social influence
Process of having the real or implied presence of others either directly or indirectly influence your: thoughts, feelings, behaviors
speed of drug administration
Psychostimulants like amphetamine or cocaine can get to brain very quickly Agonists that increase neural activity and can be inhaled or used with IV to affect dopamine (DA) neurons
equal status contact
Put everyone in same situation so groups do not have power over others
Positive psychology
Recent area of psychology (started to build up in the late 1990's...just 20 years ago! (pushed forward by Martin Seligman) Focuses on the strengths, virtues, and talents that contribute to successful functioning and enable individuals and communities to flourish (live optimally) ~ happiness, resiliency, well-being, states of flow, engagement
Pharmacokinetics
Refers to how the body handles a drug ADME Absorption - How it gets into the blood Distribution - How it gets to organ of interest Metabolism - How it is broken down Excretion - How it leaves body
social psychology
Seeks to understand how the presence of others affects our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Cognitive neuroscience
Seeks to understand the physical brain and nervous system when at work
validity of Big 5 measures
Seen across cultures and languages Consistent whether self-reported or by others who are observing or know you Some people tease them apart, for example Openness may be related to verbal intelligence while Intellect is related to general intelligence
cognitive dissonance
Sense of discomfort or distress when your behaviors do not correspond with your attitudes Doctor who smokes Inactive member with testimony
Implicit Personality Theory
Sets of assumptions about how types of people, personality traits, and actions are related
Is conformity good?
Situations in which conformity is good: -Risk of disease -Cultures in humid climates -Washing hands in bathroom -Littering Situations in which conformity is bad: -Smoking among teens -Fear of thinking differently
sleep and weight
Sleep Amount (Duration) matters--Students should be getting just over 9 hours, many get less than 7 consistently -Sleep Timing (Bedtime) matters--Early to bed, early to rise...Adjusting your schedule a couple of hours per night is like having regular jet lag
Pons
Sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, arousal
Group Therapies
Small group of clients with similar concerns meet together with therapist
social identity theory
Social Identity - view of self as part of group Social Comparison - compare self to others to raise your self-esteem
altruism
Socially desirable behaviors that help others Prosocial behavior with no desire or expectation of reward or reciprocation (even if risky to helper)
Validity of personality disorders
Some have been considered for being taken out of DSM-5 Histrionic Schizoid Paranoid Dependent Less empirical support for these ones Connections with personality trait differences, parenting, genetics, etc.
prosocial personality
Some people are just high in 'other-oriented empathy' and have the characteristic of helpfulness
pros of cognitive therapies
Somewhat cheaper because short term Don't have to dig too deep into past Focuses on thinking and present -not past
elements of persuasion
Source - Who is delivering the message Message - Type and meaning of message Target Audience - Characteristics / beliefs Medium - Form in which message shared
Goals in family Systems theory
Stability Family members have roles to play Interactions happen within spheres of influence Rules and expectations work for all roles
"And that's not all"
Start with high price, pause but don't let them respond, then offer better deal (throw in extras, etc.)
Edward Titchener
Structuralism
Surveys vs. Experiments
Survey is easy to collect large amount of data and test for correlation, association, links, etc. it is cheaper and easier to collect Experiments allow you to have a control group for comparison, pre and post test with exposure to manipulated variable/condition
adoption
Taking on someone's biological child as your own (about 2% of population) Foster care (over 100,000 kids in U.S.)cheaper to adopt Between 1999-2014 there were 256,000+ international adoptions in U.S.
Keys to happy families
Teach Morality Savor the Good Use Extended Family Network Create Family Identity Forgive
social proof
Tell us that 'everyone is doing it' We see a long line...we get in! Laugh track
fluid intelligence
ability to think on feet, solve problems
crystallized intelligence
ability to use language, skills, experience to address problems
emotional intelligence
accurately understand emotions in self and others (label and identify them)
Aggression
actions or behavior meant to harm or destroy
goal priming
activation of a goal following exposure to cues related to goal
memory
active system that receives information from senses and puts information into a usable form (encoding, storage, retrieval)
punishment by application
adding an unpleasant stimulus -- chores
ABC model of attitudes
affect, behavior, cognition -Affective Component (feelings) Emotions / how you feel about - -Behavior Component (actions) Actions you take in regard to - -Cognitive Component (thoughts) Way you think about -
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
affects this part of the hypothalamus and it then decreases body temperature
phantom limb pain
after losing limb
awake sleep stage
alert-- beta waves
mental processes
all internal or covert activity-- thinking, feeling, remembering
behavior
all outward or overt actions/reactions-- talking, facial expression, movement
Relaxed Sleep Stage
alpha waves
Hallucinogens
alter your perceptions, distort time and create hallucinations, maybe euphoria
unconditioned response (UCR)
an involuntary, unlearned response to a naturally occurring stimulus
7 universal facial expressions
anger, fear, disgust, happiness, surprise, sadness, contempt
punishment
any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
learning
any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
health psychology
area of psychology focusing on how 1.physical activities 2.psychological traits 3. stress reactions 4.social relationships affect overall health and rate of illness
Alarm
reaction to a stressor, nervous system is activated
sensory adaptation
receptor cells become less responsive to unchanging stimuli (even ice cream gets less 'tasty')
taste buds
receptor cells in mouth, most are on tongue, but also in roof of mouth, cheeks, under tongue, and throat
dark adaptation
recovery of eye's sensitivity to darkness after light exposure
light adaptation
recovery to eye's sensitivity to light after darkness exposure
positive reinforcement
reinforce by giving positive stimulus
negative reinforcement
reinforce by removing negative stimulus-- can lead to coercive cycle
melatonin
released by pineal gland, increases make you feel sleepy
religion
religion and belief in a higher power can bring a lot of comfort, and help us cope with stressors by providing: -a social support network -perspective about stress/"trials" -rituals/rites that help us -opportunities to serve -meaning to life, afterlife -guidelines for healthy behaviors
primacy effect
remembering 1st info
recency effect
remembering last/end info
Afterimages
remove original stimulus and you see an image for a moment
recall
retrieval pulled with few external cues
retrieval
retrieving information from storage.
cultural display rules
rules that are learned early in life that specify how and when to use emotions in a culture
encoding specificity principle
says that the effectiveness of retrieval cues comes from the ways that things were encoded
Thalamus
scensory center-- hearing, sight, touch, and taste
confirmation bias--challenges with problem solving
search for evidence to support, ignore other
blue-yellow
see world in red, green, gray
evolutionary psychology
seeks to understand biological bases for universal mental characteristics that are shared by humans across time and culture
Psychodynamic
seeks to understand ho unconscious mind influences conscious beahvior. Less focus on sex and sexual motivations like Frued.
olfactory sense or olfaction
sense of smell
gustation
sense of taste
perception
senses are interpreted and given meaning
famous and tragic cults
~Jim Jones (Peoples Temple, Jonestown Massacre) went from Indiana in 1950s to California in 1960s, then to Guyana. They shot/killed congressman, 3 journalists and one defector in 1978, then 909 people drank cyanide-grape juice and died ~Charles Manson (Manson Family), wannabe singer, built group of followers, moved to desert, stole, convinced his followers to kill 8 people in 1969 (actress Sharon Tate), used drugs, crime, isolation, saying he was Jesus to keep followers ~David Koresh (Branch Davidians) in Waco, TX, said he was messiah, claimed spiritual marriage to all women, ATF raided compound, standoff for 51 days in 1993, over 80 people died ~Marshall Applewhite (Heaven's Gate) 1997, castrated men in group, 39 people mass suicide so spirits could catch alien ship hiding on back of passing by Hale-Bopp Comet