Psych 111 part 3, PSYCH 111 EXAM 1+EXAM 2

cognitive behavioral therapy

Thoughts, behaviors, and emotions interact to contribute to mental health, so you focus on how these are related to make behaviors more positive ~Present-focused (now) ~Fairly brief (12-16 weeks) Goal - help people make adaptive appraisals (reappraisal or cognitive restructuring)

Defining Families

Traditional Families Two Parent Families Joint Families (multigenerational) Single Parent Families Stepfamilies Blended Families Foster Families Same-sex Couples Childfree Families

Gender in family

Traditional family roles involve assignment by gender Men were providers, protectors Women were in charge of the home and children Modern views are more equal by gender

Differences in drug metabolism

Ultra-extensive metabolizers (very, very fast) Extensive metabolizers (fairly fast) Intermediate metabolizers (more moderate) Poor metabolizers (much slower) Problem: You start a new drug that takes several weeks to kick in... Ultra-extensive metabolize too fast, never works Poor metabolizers are too slow, drug builds up and has negative side effects

Other causes of aggression

Uncontrollable situations and the person is the nearest target Loud sounds, heat, smoke/irritations, smells, lights, pressure, pain, tiredness, etc. Some may be genetic/biological Brain damage or problems (Amygdala, frontal lobes, limbic system_ Hormones (higher testosterone levels and low serotonin levels)

juveniles and drugs

Up to 1 in 5 kids (between age 5-17) have some type of mental disorder The young brain is still maturing and many of the drugs have concerns for safety and efficacy in kids

Biomedical - psychpharmacology

Use of drugs to control or relieve symptoms of psychological disorders

pros of group therapy

Usually cheaper Allows therapist to see client interactions Provides social and emotional support

violence and world history

Violence numbers have generally gone down in world history, and even in modern history Example - Estimated murder rate (per 100,000) 1400s 24.0 1960s 0.6 Example - War deaths per year 1950s 65,000 2000s 2,000

steps to protect our health

Ways to increase resilience, protect our health Coping Control and Self-Efficacy Social Relationships Dispositions and Emotions Stress Management

Importance of relationships

We base a lot of who we are on what relationships we have Can be connected to health outcomes, happiness, well-being, support, comfort

What is health psychology?

We face more risks for having a chronic disease in our lives today with our long life expectancy and so many unhealthy choices Example - Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) #1 Cause of Death WORLDWIDE! Heart problems can persist for years So how could a newer subfield of psychology help us understand how to deal with CHD?

Inferring from the data

What do you learn from the results?

attraction

What features and characteristics do you associate with beauty or friendship in your culture or from your experience

motivation

What moves people to start, direct, or continue actions so that they can meet physical or psychological needs

egoistic motivation

What's in it for me?

Observer effect (Hawthorne effect)

When people or animals behave differently because they know someone is watching them

social categorization

When you assign a person you just met to a group of other people you have experienced in the past based on characteristics of new person

mindfulness-based therapy

While CBT tries to change maladaptive thought Mindfulness focuses on awareness of bodily sensations, thoughts, and environment Focuses on acknowledging these things and accepting them 1. Self-regulation of attention 2. Orientation toward present moment Uses things like yoga, meditation, and attention to physical experiences to reduce stress

Actor-Observer Bias

With ourselves we focus on situational factors (excuses for us)

Relationship Activity

Write down 5 people that you have a relationship with Now number them based on which relationship is MOST important in your life right now Then write why each relationship is important

implemental phase (Self-regulation)

You need to plan specific actions to complete this goal

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

a NATURALLY occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary, unlearned response

aggression

a behavior that is done with the intent to harm someone (who doesn't want to be harmed)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, can't turn off worries, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

Dissociation

a disruption and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior-- happens 1-3% of general population, but anywhere from 4-29% in patient populations (w/ other disorders)-- more risk for OCD, PTSD, Borderline PD, Schiz--more prevalent in people with propeness to fantasy, which does not give as much support for past trauma being the cause

Dominant Gene

a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait-- expressed in an observable trait if it is the only dominant gene

recessive gene

a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired with identical recessive gene-- usually yields to dominant genes

Action Potential

a large reversal of polarity across the cell membrane (inside become more positive that the outside-- caused by sodium and potassium ions rapidly diffusing (passive) or being pumped (active) into the cell

recognition

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Cross-sequential design

a mix of longitudinal and cross-sectional

consciousness

a person's awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given time

correlation studies

a research method that describes and predicts how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them

sleep deprivation

a significant loss of sleep that often results in problems with concentration and irritability -study in 2018 <5 hrs of lseep was related to a 65% increase risk of early death -can lead to insulin resistance, weight gain, dperession, late onset to puberty, inattention, shaky hands, and increases in being called "cranky pants!"

correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

Hostile attribution bias

assume ambiguous actions of others are hostile

Null Hypothesis

assuming there is no relationship between variables

reticular formation

attention, alertness, arousal

dispositional cause

attribute behavior to internal factors (personality, character)

echoic memory

auditory memory (2-4 sec)

temporal lobe

auditory processing, language, hearing, speech

Triad of Trustworthiness

authority, honesty, likability -Authority - parents, teachers, doctors, etc. problems - may be wrong, mindless, may not be legitimate authority -Honesty - moral dimension of trustworthiness Problem - if you won't want to be moral (j/k) -Likability - if we like you, we are forgiving, Problem - based a lot on attractiveness

why does the world feel so violent?

availability heuristic Social Media News - If it bleeds, it leads Entertainment - A 2013 report stated that violence in films has more than doubled since 1950, and gun violence has tripled since 1985 (doubled in PG-13 movies)

sleep stages

awake, relaxed, N1, N2, N3, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep- (REM, Stage R)

vestibular sense

aware blance, position, movement (gravity)

kinesthesia

awareness of body movement

misinformation effect

bad info presented after event alters memories of the event

primary reinforcers

basic needs (hunger, thirst, touch/pleasure)

Humanistic

became "third force" in psychology. Humanists believe people have "free will" and choose their own behavior or destiny. Desire for "self-actualization"

habituation

becomes less responsive

Sentization

becomes more responsive

self-efficacy

belief that you can perform adequately in a specific situation (this is linked to reduced stress and increased health)

REM (rapid eye movement sleep)- stage R

body temperature and heart increase 90% of dreams happen in this stage. sleep paralsis happens here

Immune system

body's defense system

exhaustion

body's resources are gone, body is worn out, can lead to illness or death of organism

coronary heart disease

buildup of plaque in arteries

goal adoption

can be conscious or unconscious, but it relates to if we think it is both valuable AND attainable (commitment is highest here)

sleep need

can differ across people- short sleepers: -4-6 hrs/ long sleepers >9 hrs

congenital analgesia

cannot feel pain

empathetic concern

care for others

environmental stressors

catastrophes, major life changes, hassles

paths to persuasion

central route and peripheral route

visual accommodation

change in thickness of lens for near or far objects RK vs. PRK vs. LASIK

engrams or memory traces

changes in nervous system representing event

neurotransmitter

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons

Hormones

chemicals released into bloodstream by endocrine glands

opponent-process theory

color vision theory that says neurons are stimulated by light of one color, inhibited by another

trichromatic theory

color vision theory that says we have 3 cones (red, blue, green)

Sociocultural

combines social and cultural psychology-- study of cultural norms, values, expectations

to explain

coming up with theories and ways to explain a set of facts/observations

nightmares

common in children, they spend more time in REM sleep

CT scan

computed tomography--X-ray slice, image or brain (fracture, damage)

Blatant Biases

conscious beliefs, feelings, and behavior that people will admit about hostility toward other groups while favoring own group

laboratory observation

controlled environment, not as realistic, easier to control extraneous variables/factors, but less generalizable

Display Rules

controlling display of emotions in social settings Differ by culture (individualistic/collectivist) Differ by gender, e.g., crying and talking about feelings/mood (boys reluctant, girls encouraged)

display rules

controlling display of emotions in social settings Differ by culture (individualistic/collectivist) Differ by gender, e.g., crying and talking about feelings/mood (boys reluctant, girls encouraged)

Nuclear Family

core unit of parents/kids

Adrenal glands

cortisol (stress response)

massed practice

cramming, big chunks of learning at once

culture

culture can make a huge difference in how we perceive AND how we cope with stressors

serotonin

decreases to help sleep

uncontrollability

degree of control you have about stressor

N3 sleep stage

delta waves--deep non-REM, slowest and largest waves. release growth hormone at peak. Hard to awaken, if you do they are disoriented or confused at first

Objectives of Science

describe, explain, predict, control

Types of social norms

descriptive norms and injunctive norms

attitude formation

direct contact, direct instruction, interaction with others, vicarious conditioning (observed learning)

central route to persuasion

direct, relevant, logical messages ex. - buy this fanny-pack because it works better than any other storage device

synesthesia

disorder where stiumli are processed in the wrong brain areas so you think more than 1 area lights up

red-green color blindness

distinguishing can be difficult

intrinsic motivation

do something because it is rewarding, fun, challenging, or satisfying to you

extrinsic motivation

do something because it leads to an external outcome (money for grades, nice to get a big tip)

Replication if Research

doing the same thing over again getting the same results-- gives more support for original findings also addresses the "replicability crisis" in psychology

manifest content (dreams)

dream is actual content/meaning, taken literally

Antagonists

drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter

Agonists

drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter

heristics problem solving

educated guesses, rule of thumb-- narrows down the possible solutions

Limbic Stystem

emotion, memory, motivation-- Thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate cortex

Using humor to cope

emotion-focused coping can also include human studies have shown that laughter and humor can help boost the immune system even having something to look forward to can help

Cingulate Cortex

emotional and cognitive processing, selective attention

social support

emotional help, tangible help, or advice

EEG and ERPs

event related potentials-- Electrodes on scalp-outer brain activity

Stressors

events causing a stress reaction

episodic memory

events in a particular time and place

Hostile expectation bias

expect others to react to potential conflicts w/ aggression

self-fulfilling prophecy

expectations lead to outcomes

Dissociative Identity Disorder

experiencing two or more distinct identities that recurrently take control of you behavior

dissociative amnesia

extensive forgetting typically associated w/ highly aversive events

helping and gender

fairly equal, but men and women help in different ways and in different circumstances, maybe we are socialized to help in different ways (how?)

type 2 error

false negative (you missed something-- M has two lines)

Type 1 Error

false positive (You thought something was there, but it wasn't--False has one line)

family counseling

family members work with therapist to resolve family issues

Wilhelm Wundt

father of psychology

specific phobia

fear (sometimes irrational) about a specific thing-- 4 main categories recognized: 1. Blood-injury-injection type 2. Situational type 3. Natural environment type 4. Animal type 5. 5th (other, e.g., vomiting)

amygdala

fear and pleasure in humans and animals

Amygdala

fear response and memory of fear

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

feeling as though you are an outside observer of you own body

other health issues from stress

fevers, illness, colds, diseases and disorders, depression, HIV/Aids, obesity, sleep problems

Behavioral genetics

field that tires to determine how behavior relates to both areas

men response to stress

fight or flight

attention tests

flanker task, stroop task, cue task

selective attention

focus on 1 thing

What is attention?

focus on something, a conscious attending toward something-- involves voluntary shift of focus

Quantitative

focused on numbers

Cognitive

focuses on how people: think, remember, store and use information

to control

focusing on how to modify or change a behavior to a desirable one

Longitudinal Design

following participants over time

limited capacity

for information processing- we only have so much attention to focus sustained attention (or vigilance) vs. divided attention

Max Wertheimer

founder of Gestalt psychology-- psychology should be understood as a whole

fMRI

functional MRI-- uses MRI to identify oxygen flow to brain regions, usually during specific tasks

foot-in-the-door

get small commitment, gain compliance, then ask for more

chunk

group information together using our knowledge

focus groups

group of people who discuss topic they may share in common with a facilitator

intuition

gut feeling

sleep paralysis

happens in REM sleep

sympathetic nervous system

heart races, mouth dry, pupils dilate, breathing increases, blood thickens, skin temperature rises, muscles tighten

N2 sleep stage

heart rate slows, breathing shallow and irregular, theta waves dominate, but if you wake someone they know they were asleep

commitment

high when value + attainable

Frontal Lobes

higher mental processes, decision making, planning

signal detection

how we measure absolute threshold

monozygotic twins

identical twins formed when one zygote splits into two separate masses of cells, each of which develops into a separate embryo

REM Rebound

if you get short sleep, you may get increased REM sleep the next night

more REM

increased emotional stress

social isolation

increases risk for disease Our bodies are designed to be social and we do better when we have connections (this makes sense in the gospel)

long-term memory (LTM)

info kept permanently

multimodal perception

information from one sense can influence how we perceive information from another sense (like the McGurk effect)

Pancreas

insulin and glucagon (blood sugar)

behavioral medicine

integrates psychological factors in the treatment of disease

Cerebellum

involuntary, rapid, and fine motor movements

Forgetting

is an important part of being able to learn new information- we need to be able to forget the wrong way to do things, or information that is no longer useful

Tradition

it's always been that way

differential threshold

just noticeable difference

narcolepsy

kind of 'sleep seizure' where you suddenly slip into REM sleep -Excessive daytime sleepiness -Can happen anywhere, any time of day, which can be extremely dangerous! -catalpexy (sudden loss of muscle tone)

proprioception

know where the body parts are in space

vicarious conditioning (observational learning)

learn from others' actions/reactions

conditioned response (CR)

learned response to a CS

Auditory learning

learning by hearing and listening to something

observational learning

learning by observing others

Visual Learning

learning from pictures, images, charts, tables, videos, and figures

Medulla

life-sustaining (Breathing, swallowing, heart rate)

Pituitary gland (master gland)

located just below hypothalamus in brain, growth -responsible for oxytocin (bonding/pregnancy) -Vasopressin (controls water regulation) -Key part of HPA axis (stress response)

8 common intelligences

logic-math, visual-spatial, music-rhythm, verbal-linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, interpersonal, naturalistic

Reasoning

logical

Hippocampus

long-term declarative memories

anterograde amnesia

loss of memory from point of injury forward

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory from point of some injury or trauma backwards (past memories)

cues

low awareness-stimuli that have a particular significance to the perceiver i.e. pictures of snakes= sweating

priming

low awareness-the activation of certain thoughts or feelings that make them easier to think of and act on i.e. rules about how to act at the store

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging--magnets and radio waves- detailed images

personal distress

may keep you from helping

Hindbrain

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Pineal gland

melatonin (timing, seasons)

short-term memory (STM)

memory held for a brief time while being used

eidetic imagery

memory memory that lasts after only a few exposures

Transfer-appropriate processing

memory quality increases if retrieval process matches original encoding process. Memory is 'better' when we learn in a similar environment to how we will be tested on the memory, or have to use the memory

meditation

mental exercises that refocus attention and achieve trancelike state of mind

absolute threshold

minimal amount of a stimulation in order to detect the stimulus

Qualitative

more focused on the quality or type of data

social anxeity disorder

more than just shyness. relationships and people lead to great distress. Things like starting a conversation, public speaking, eating in public, fear of social evaluation, etc. Making new friends can be very difficult

sensory conflict theory

motion sickness eyes not equal to motion

Hypothalamus

motivational behavior-- sleep, hunger, thirst, sex, stress

social support system

network of people around you who can support, comfort, or help you

unconditional positive regard

never criticize or condemn patient behavior or thought

Bioethics

new field that studies the moral issues relating to new advances in biology and medicine

Flynn effect

new groups outperform previous groups that scores were 'normed' on

types of social influence

normative and informational

to describe

observing behavior and noting details about it

obsessive-compulsive disorder

obsessive thoughts compulsive behaviors at a level that seems irrational but won't leave their mind (locked doors, hand washing, checking mirrors in car, etc.)

naturalistic observation

occurs in natural environment, more realistic, more difficult to control variables, may not be generalization

frustration

occurs when a goal or need is blocked

paranoid personality disorder

odd or eccentric thinking, unrelenting mistrust and suspicion of others

cross-sectional design

one point in time with different age groups

intelligence

one's cognitive capability to acquire, process, recall, and apply info.

storage

organizes and stores information away

Attachment Theory

our connections with parents from birth and how they relate to future relationships

availability heuristic

our tendency to judge frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

The Cortex

outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input-- connected by corpus callosum

visceral pain

pain in organs

somatic pain

pain in skin, muscles, tendons, joints

double-blind study

participants AND researcher are blind to group assignment

sinlge-blind study

participants are blind to group assignment

avoidant personality disorder

pattern of social inhibition, feel inadequate, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation (introversion & neuroticism)

emotion-focused coping

people change the way they feel or emotionally react to a stressor--may include seeing stressor as challenge (not threat(, or minimizing problem

multiple personality disorder (aka dissociative identity disorder)

people present >1 personality i.e.: Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, three faces of Eve, Sybil

Broadbent's Filter Model

people select information on the basis of physical features (the pitch, the color, etc.) selection occurs very early with no additional processing for unselected information

lay people

people that are doing something aggressive (like a car salesman)

problem-focused coping

people try to eliminate their source of stress, or at least reduce its impact through their own actions-- use your resources to ACT

Self-help groups / support groups

people with similar problems meet with OR without therapist to discuss, problem solve and provide social and emotional support

Hostile perception bias

perceive social interactions as generally aggressive

Subjective Well-Being

perceived happiness (composed of life satisfaction, positive feelings, and negative feelings)

semantic

permanent storage of knowledge

mental sets--challenges with problem solving

persist in a problem solving pattern that has worked in the past

interviews

person-to-person conversations for the purpose of gathering information by means of questions posed to respondents

Subjective Social Variables

personal opinions and feelings, rather than facts

Theories for mate selection

physical attraction emotional connection compatibility proximity

Lie detector

picks up general emotions through body temperature and galvanic skin conductance, but not great at knowing if it is lying (not used in court)

frequency theory

pitches are related to speed of vibrations in the basilar membrane

volley theory

pitches cause hair cells to fire in volley pattern (take turns firing)

place theory

pitches stimulate hairs located in different location on the organ of Corti

intentional learning

placing new information into memory in anticipation of being tested on it later

photo spreads

police show a photo lineup with a potential suspect and then may other people (foils) who are known to be innocent of that particular crime

PET

positron emission tomography-- radioactive sugar gives color to active areas

psychological stressors

pressure, uncontrollability, frustration, aggression, conflict

conditioned stimulus (CS)

previously neutral, now paired with CR

cortisol

primary stress hormone: -control blood sugar -primes body to fight or flight -an be chronic -peaks about 30 minutes after being signaled -Diurnal pattern

Glial cells

provide support for neurons (e.g., oligodendroglia, astrocytes, microglia) -deliver nutrients -influence information processing -influence generation of new neurons -serve as the structure for neurons to build -Properties similar to stem cells, can adapt -Produce myelin for axons -form blood-brain barrier -clean up waste products and dead neurons

Causation

proving that variable A caused a change in B 1. A is related to B 2. A comes before B 3. You have eliminated any other plausible explanations

Fixed action patterns

sequences of behavior that happen the same way, in same order, every time they're elicited (auto-pilot) These are like psychological scripts - preset behaviors respond to triggers in same order What examples can you think of in your life?

monochrome color blindness

shades of gray

altered state of consciousness

shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity, different from waking consciousness

dissociatve fugue

short-lived reversible amnesia for personal identity, involving unplanned travel or wandering

nonassociative learning

single repeated exposure leads to behavior change

depressants

slow down body's physiological and mental processes (sedatives, tranquilizers, sleeping pills, opiate, xanax, klonopin, benzos, barnituartes, valium)

insight (aha!) problem solving

solution suddenly comes to mind

Creativity Problem Solving

solve problems by combining ideas or behaviors in new ways

parietal lobe

somatosensory-- touch, temperature, body position

authority

someone of authority said so

secondary reinforcers

something that can be paired with past experience of primary reinforcers-- money, tokens, praise, etc.

distributed practice

space out learning over time (better option)

stimulants

speed up body's physiological and mental processes (adderall, ritalin, cocaine, ecstasy, caffeine, meth, synthetic, marijuana)

waking consciousness

state in which your thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized and you feel alert

mindfullness

state of higher conscious that includes awareness of thoughts passing through your mind i.e. meditation, using mental effort

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

stimulus that has no effect on the desired response prior to conditioning

diabetes

stress can affect insulin and lead to diabetes

cancer

stress can suppress immune system and make getting cancer more likely

resistance

stress continues so the body settles into stress response/hormones to continue to help fight or flight

pressure

stress from urgent demand

DNA in intelligence

strongly connected

Biopsychological

study of the biological bases of behavior and mental processes- hormones, heredity, brain chemicals, tumors, neurotransmitters

Psychoneuroimmunology

study of the effects of psychological factors such a stress, emotions, and behavior on the immune system

peripheral route to persuasion

superficial cues that are not as logical ex. - buy this fanny-pack because the design is so flashy and The Rock uses it! Peripheral route relies on psychological techniques - these can take advantage if a target is not carefully thinking about message

5 basic tastes

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, unami-savory, oleogustus- fatty acids

working memory

system processes STM

punishment by removal

take away a pleasant or pleasurable stimulus-- no playing outside

sunk cost trap

take some of their time or money, then they feel like they can't quit Time share trap...

displaced aggression

taking out your frustrations on a less threatening target

Biofeedback

technique where you are shown bodily info and taught strategies to alter signals You could use: Relaxation techniques (progressive relaxation) Breathing exercises, stretching, yoga, humor Mental imagery, exercise, Psych 111 w/ Blake!

woman response to stress

tend-and-befriend

automatic encoding

tendency of certain kinds of info to enter long term storage with little/no effort

brightness constancy

tendency to interpret object at same brightness, even lighting changes

shape constancy

tendency to interpret object at same shape, even if its image changes on your retina

size constancy

tendency to interpret object at same size regardless of distance

serial position effect

tendency to remember info from beginning and end of body info (not middle)

hindsight bias

tendency to think (after fact) that you would have predicted correct outcome

progressive muscle relaxation

tense your muscle groups and then relax them, usually working from your feet up (helps you feel the difference between relaxed and tensed muscles)

emotion

the "feeling" part of consciousness Characterized by: -physiological arousal -expressive behaviors -conscious experience

Emotional Regulation

the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed-- self control is like a muscle and it takes work

Resting potential

the electrical potential of a neuron when not stimulated or sending impulse (the inside fluid is negatively charged around -70mV)

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group- People in groups make more extreme/risky suggestions

Nature

the influence of our INHERITED characteristics (our genetics)

Nurture

the influence of the ENVIRONMENT

working memory

the information we hold onto temporarily-- anxiety decreases capacity to remember and use it

metacognition

the knowledge and skills you have in monitoring your own learning and memory

stress

the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are APPRAISED (real or perceived) as threatening or challenging

Chemical Synapse

the presynaptic neuron releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors located in the postsynaptic cell

encoding

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Eustress

the stress effects from positive events

distress

the stress effects from unpleasant and undesirable stressors

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Neuroticism

the tendency to frequently experience negative emotions such as anger, worry, and sadness, as well as being interpersonally sensitive

N1 sleep stage

theta waves-- light sleep, often don't know you were sleeping, may think it was hallucinations-- hypnic jerk (jump or kick)

Thyroid

thyroxin (growth, metabolism)

classical conditioning

training a new involuntary response to a stimulus, as opposed to: unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response

trisman's attenuation model

triesman argued that we do pay attention to some unattended information, so it isn't completely blocked or filtered

to predict

trying to determine how these factors will be related in the future

twin studies

twin studies help us understand the role of nature vs. nurture

dichotic listening studies

two different sounds (one in each ear)-- shadowing--you repeat back what you are hearing

flashbulb memories

type of automatic encoding that happens when unexpected event has a strong emotional associations to you

Subtle Biases

unexamined, maybe unconscious bias that still has real consequences

household labor

unpaid work done to maintain family members and/or home

standardized tests

use a bell curve

top-down processing

use existing knowledge to organize little pieces into a unified whole

social referencing

use others as a cue

Social referencing

use others as cue

visualization

use your mind to imagine you are in a calm, peaceful place or situation (it helps to use as many senses as you can to do this)

antianxiety drugs

used to treat and calm anxiety reactions (mild tranquilizers)

antidepressant drugs

used to treat depression and anxiety

Antipsychotic drugs

used to treat symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, or other bizarre behaviors

hypnotherapy

using hypnosis an a form of therapy to help people i.e. decrease addiction, pain, etc.

Stereotyping

using shortcuts/assumptions to navigate social situations or judgments

verbal learning

using words to learn-- can be written or spoken

Correlation

variables are related

hertiability coefficient

varies from 0 to 1-- measure the genetic influence of a trait (but ignores the interplay between genetics and environment)

progress

view of how close you are to goal

Trait dissociation

viewed as integral aspect of personality

state dissociation

viewed as transient symptom (lasting few minutes to hours)

iconic memory

visual memory (part of a sec)

occipital lobe

visual processing

operant conditioning

voluntary behavior and learning that is not conditioned by a specific stimulus-- this is often taught through the use of primary and secondary reinforcers

functional fixedness- challenges with problem solving

we are blocked from solving problem because we keep thinking of only typical function s of objects

Johnston & Heinz- Multimode Model

we can use different times to filter depending on situation and effort

need to belong

we feel a strong need to have friends, families, and spend time together as we are considered 'social animals'

Deutsch- Late Selection (Response selection)

we process all information, but only the relevant info for the task response gets into our conscious awareness

Multitasking?

we think we are, UNLESS the task is fully automated. We are really just quickly task switching

can you "catch up" on missed sleep?

weekend sleep is useful, but the catch up is most successful the closer it is tied to the missed sleep

Social support and conflict

were both related to subjective well-being (life satisfaction, positive feelings, negative feelings)

Conflict

when 2 or more competing goals, desires, or action are incompatible

Experimenter effect

when an experimenter's expectations for a study unintentionally influence the results.

stereotype threat

when mental access to a particular stereotype affects you

false memories

when people come up with memories that never occurred at all (people who create memories from childhood that never happened)

sensation

when sense organs are activated, yielding neural signals

implicit memory

when we show changes in behavior that is based on past experiences even though we were not trying to use that experience

implicit learning

when we show changes in our behavior without having intended to learn something

discrimination

when you show bias/action against someone based on group membership

working backward problem solving

work backward from goal to solve

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

worried that Binet relied on verbal too much, this tests a range of abilities- aibility to remember, compute, understand language, reason well, and process information quickly

learning/performance distinction

you can still learn a behavior by watching it even if you don't perform it, you can do it later on (latent learning)

Cost-beneift analysis

you decide if the costs of help are worth getting involved Is it dangerous? Will it take time? Money? Effort? Will they thank you? Will you get any praise or reward? Will you feel good for helping? Will you be followed by paparazzi?

deliberative phase (Self-regulation)

you first have to decide which of the many potential goals you want to pursue at this time

pluralistic ignorance

you rely on the inaction of others around and conclude that maybe no intervention is necessary

Observer Bias

you see what you WANT to see

direct instruction

you've been taught all about it

direct contact

you've been there/ experienced it

perception

your brain making sense of stimuli

habituation

your brain stops attending to the same stimuli after a while

prejudice

your feelings about someone based on their group membership

interaction with others

your friends or family have attitude on it

personal experience

"Last time I saw..."

persuasion

"the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors" (Myers, 2011)

social integration

# of social roles you have, and lack isolation

promotion-focus

(Ideals) emphasis on hopes, accomplishment, advancement (I want to do..., this will bring me added benefits)

prevention-focus

(Oughts)emphasis on safety, responsibility, security needs (I should be doing...)

general factor

(charles) Spearman 'G' said intelligence was one thing, so it you're smart in language you're smart...

concentrative meditation

(most well-known) person focuses on a repetitive/unchanging stimulus to clear the mind so the body can relax

gonads

(ovaries, testes)- sex hormones

mindfulness meditation

(type of concentrative med.) person purposefully focuses attention on the present moment, without judgement or evaluation, focus on breathing, don't worry if mind wanders (no judgement)

Hostile Cognitive Biases

- hostile attribution bias - hostile perception bias - hostile expectation bias

emotion

The "feeling" part of consciousness Characterized by: physiological arousal expressive behaviors conscious experience

goals

The cognitive representation of a desired state, how you want things to work out

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

self-regulation

The process through which we alter our perceptions, feelings, and actions related to the pursuit of a goal

psychopharmacology

The study of how drugs affect behavior ~Change in perception ~Change in the way you think ~Change in the way you feel Drugs can affect the way we feel by altering how neurons communicate with each other ~through neurotransmitters

social cogition

The way we think about the social world and how we perceive others

Scarcity: Psychological Reactance

There are only 3 left! Hurry!!! But careful...if we feel we are being controlled we want to get away (e.g., shoe salesman)

reciprocity

They give us something free and we feel compelled to repay them somehow

attachment styles- Anxious-Resistant

(20%) - Self-critical, insecure, fearful of rejection

attachment styles-Anxious-Avoidant

(20%) - Suppress your feelings/desires, difficulty depending on others

attachment styles-Secure

(60%) - comfortable depending

Authoritative parenting style

(High demandingness High support) BEST KIND OF PARENTING! parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child's point of view

authoritarian parenting style

(High demandingness low support) parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

Family of Procreation

(family you create)

anti-social personality disorder

(higher in males) uses others, breaks laws, reckless, irritable, aggressive, irresponsible, dishonest, self- centered, impulsive, no regard for others or consequences

permissive parenting style

(low demandingness high support) parents submit to their children's desires. they make few demands and use little punishment

Univolved parenting style

(low demandingness low support) provides no rules but also provides no warmth. This is the worst kind of parenting because they kids get a negative identity and begin to do bad things just to get their parents attention even if it is negative attention. Usually results in behavioral issues and they have difficulty with handling independence.

Family of Orientation

(or Family of Origin) (family you were born into)

borderline personality disorder

(women 3x more likely) moody, unstable, no sense of identity, self-destructive, clingy, lonely, angry, emotions inappropriate/excessive

Objective Social Variables

- factors based on evidence, not opinions/perceptions Factually based (# of coworkers, roommates, etc.)

causes of personality disorders?

-Can be learned over time -Some evidence of genetics (adoption studies) 50% of personality comes from parents -Lower levels of stress hormones may make them less responsive to being worried that they will be caught -Disturbances in families, relationships (e.g., abuse, neglect, very strict parenting, overprotective parenting, etc.)

behavioral genetics and studies

-Looking for the genetic bases of personality -Twin studies and adoption studies can tell us how much of personality is inherited by genes, and how much is influenced by our environment/home/family -Studies show identical twins are often similar in personality and temperament whether or not they were raised together -Studies ~ about 50% heritability

facets of traits (subtraits)

-Smaller, more specific parts (or lower-level units) of personality -They help us understand smaller parts of each main personality trait -Other Personality Theories specify other smaller parts or other areas - like the HEXACO (has Honesty-Humility dimension)

Divorce risk factors

-children before marriage -co-habitation -live in a society accepting of divorce

Divorce protective factors

-higher-levels of education -marrying at an older age -parents remain married -member of religious group less accepting of divorce

Divorce

-just below 50% of marriages end in divorce -remarriages increase risk for divorce

assessing personality

1. Direct Observation 2. Rating Scales 3. Frequency Count 4. Interview

7 universal facial expressions

Anger, Fear, Disgust, Happiness, Surprise, Sadness, Contempt Culture still plays a part though -

U.S.A. versus world

Most commonly endorsed strengths U.S. - Kindness, fairness, honesty, gratitude, and judgment Worldwide - Hope, zest (not the soap), gratitude, and love

type A personality

Workaholic, competitive, ambitious, easily annoyed, impatient, can be hostile

"Big 4" types

average, self-centered, role model, and reserved

trait

consistent and enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving

Marriage

examine commitment, support, etc. Connected to well-being and health, happiness But it is the quality that matters most Good marriage ~ high life satisfaction, health Bad marriage ~ depression, stress, anxiety, low life satisfaction, loss of sense of self, shame

Amygdala

fear and pleasure in humans and animals

Sympathetic Nervous System

heart races, mouth dry, pupils dilate, breathing increases, blood thickens, skin temperature rises, muscles tighten

sandwich generation

in the middle, kids at home, plus parents live with you

schizoid personality disorder

introversion, withdrawn, cold, isolated, limited range of emotion, anhedonic (lack of pleasure or capacity to experience it)

learned helplessness

lack sense of control about a situation

boomerang generation

leave but return

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

maladaptive conscientiousness - perfectionism, workaholism, punctilious (great attention to detail or correct behavior), ruminative

*histrionic personality disorder

maladaptive extraversion (attention-seeking, seductiveness, 'drama queen/king', strong attachment needs)

Engagement and marriage

most people marry during lifetime 80% of men and women marry by age 49 shift in age of first marriage to later

schizotypal personality disorder

neuroticism (social anxiety), introversion (withdrawn), unconventionality (odd, weird ideas), antagonism (suspicious)

childfree

no kids by choice

childless

no kids, but you want them

state

present moment, context

cohabitation

romantic partners choosing to live together before/without being married

Cultural display rules

rules that are learned early in life that specify how and when to use emotions in a culture

dependent personality disorder

submissive, clingy, fears separation (neuroticism and maladaptive agreeableness-- gullible, meek, subservient)

trait-situation interaction

the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed (person-situation debate)

Agreeableness

the tendency to agree and go along with others rather than to assert one's own opinions and choices

openess

the tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, values, feelings, and behaviors

conscientiousness

the tendency to be careful, on-time for appointments, to follow rules, and to be hardworking

Extraversion

the tendency to be talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others' the tendency to have a dominant style

Intimacy

we seek out close, meaningful relationships for support, care, and love

Social Integration

your integration into your social networks

Social Support

your perception of how much you feel cared for or can receive help from others in your network

dissociation

separation from one's awareness from everything besides what you are focusing on

halo effect

Tendency of interviewer to see the positive characteristics during personality assessment (e.i. they are attractive)

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to overestimate internal and underestimate situational factors in others

Perceptual Set (Perceptual Expectancy)

Tendency to perceive things a certain way because of previous experience of expectations

attitudes

Tendency to respond either positively or negatively toward a person, object, idea, or situation

Psychoanalysis techniques

--Free Association - share any and all thoughts that come to mind during therapy (don't keep anything back) ~can be spoken or written --Explore and discuss childhood or past in detail --Explore and discuss dreams, look for manifest (literal) or latent (symbolic) content --Look for Transference (e.g., anger directed at therapist but it is misplaced from something else)

Structural model from Frued

--Id - pleasure-driven unconscious urges (e.g., sex and aggression) (libido, death instinct) --Superego - semi-conscious part of mind where morals and societal judgment are internalized --Ego - partly conscious, mediates other 2 parts

Addiction facts

--Overdose is the #1 cause of death for people under age 50! --Drug addiction costs our economy $740B / year In healthcare expenses, lost productivity, legal, court, jail, criminal costs --In 1 year, over 70,000 Americans died of an overdose (over 2,000,000 opioid addicts) --About 19,700,000 American adults battled substance abuse disorder in 2017

treatment for personality disorders

--Personality disorders can be treated, but are one of the most difficult types of disorders because it involves people's self-image --The diagnoses are difficult - for Borderline there are 9 features, and you only need 5, so you could have only 1 common feature with someone else who met criteria --People rarely seek treatment for these disorders --The exception is Borderline PD - they seek help from severe emotional distress from being high in neuroticism --Up to 60% of in-patients may have BPD --Up to 50% of inmates may have Antisocial --Up to 10-15% of general population meet criteria for 1 of the 10 personality disorders

drug metabolism

--The breakdown of psychoactive drugs ~occurs primarily in the liver --Liver produces enzymes (proteins that speed up the chemical reaction) --Can build up a tolerance to many drugs --Metabolic tolerance can happen when the liver increases enzyme production (enzyme induction)

Drawing Conclusions

-Can you draw any conclusions from your findings? Who do these conclusions apply to?

challenges with punishment

-Child can avoid you, or be scared of you -May encourage lying (fear of future punishment) -Can create anxiety, fear, things that do not promote learning -If it is physical (spanking, hand slap, etc.) it can encourage child to be more aggressive with others (they sort of pass the aggression down the totem pole...displaced aggression)

Treatments for stress disorders (like anxiety)

-Cognitive behavioral therapy -Medications -Group therapy

Intrapersonal

-Emotions allow us to act quickly--Requires little thought: disgusting tastes get a quick response, could save our life (bad milk); Feel fear for attacking animal, so you run -Emotions influence thoughts connected to thoughts, memories, attitudes -Emotions motivate future behaviors we act to avoid bad emotions, promote positive

how is the drug administered?

-Endless way of getting drugs into the body Some for good purposes, many not for good causes... (drink, swallow, inhale, IV, snort, etc.) -The way it is taken can affect speed to brain... IV and Inhalation get to brain in < 10 seconds

Peace & conflict

-Example in reading of Culture of Honor -Research confederate would Walk by in hall, bump, swear Different response based on culture and regional background -Trying to understand why we do or don't get along with others...

Causes of addiction

-Genetics plays a role (up to 40-60%) of risk -Environmental factors: Chaotic home environment Abuse and neglect Parent's drug use and attitude about drugs Peer influences Community attitudes toward drugs Poor academic achievement -Age and Mental Health Disorders increase risk

main areas of emotion in life

-Intrapersonal -Interpersonal -Social and Cultural

Defining "violence"

-Lay people - use the term violent to describe a big storm, a car crash -Researchers - Aggression intended to cause "extreme physical harm" (e.g., injury, death) -So...all violent acts are aggressive, BUT...not all aggressive acts are violent -Example - screaming and yelling at someone is aggressive, but not violent

deciding to be prosocial

-Noticing See incident, potential need for help -Defining an Emergency Interpret cues from person or event -Taking Responsibility Decide you need to get involved -Planning a Course of Action Decide how you can help (skills to offer) -Taking Action Help them (assume costs vs. rewards)

How do we overcome Replication Crisis?

-Publish and disseminate replication attempts either way -Publish findings that have not been significant -Register studies in advance -Open data (share data with others in your field) -Open Source (things like programs being available) -Open access journals -Open methodology (check each other, build on) -Open peer reviews (no longer blind or double-blind) -Open educational resources (like you 'book' in class)

quasi-experimental design

-QEDs look a lot like true-experiments and can be statistically analyzed in similar ways -Comparisons are made between treatment and control conditions -treatment may be a participant variable -researcher can compare groups but does not have control the nature and/or the timing of the treatment or comparison IV

REM behavior disorder

-REM sleep (dreaming), but for some reason your muscles can act out -this can be VERY dangerous for spouse, roommates, others

Night Terrors

-Rare in adults -happen more in younger children -deep sleep, but you can walk/talk -don't realize you are asleep

Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic

-Started early 20th century with Sigmund Freud -Dealing with mental problems rooted in unconscious conflicts and desires -GOAL: Identify the unconscious struggle and then address it -Intensive, long-term approach Meet multiple times per week (maybe for years)

manipulating the perception of trustworthiness

-Testimonials and Endorsements -Presenting Message as Education -Word of Mouth -The Maven (established opinion leader is pulled in to represent idea or product-- like youtubers/bloggers)

Planning the Study

-ask a testable question -plan out how to collect data -decide on participents

Examining the data

-decide how to analyze data -Look for patters in data -Do your results support hypothesis?

Why don't we replicate more?

-infighting between the original and the new scientist (they did it wrong! vs. It doesn't work!) -Publish or perish (MAJOR pressure to publish) job is on the line if you don't publish -some journals won't take replication, they want new -grants don't support replication, they seek innovation -Research interests, people want the new shiny toy

problems of being sleep deprived

-microsleeps at bad times (driving, etc) -increase in cortisol, blood sugar, obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

true experiments

-must be an independent variable manipulated -assignment to different levels of the IV must be under the control of the researcher -use random assignment

sleepwalking (or somnambulism)

-occurring during deep sleep -often acting out some task -hereditary component

Stress coping

-problem-focused coping -emotion-focused coping -meditation -progressive muscle relaxation -visualization -social support system -culture -religion

sleep apnea

-stop breathing for 10 seconds or longer during sleep (CPAP is helpful) -5-25% of adults have this (many are not diagnosed) -associated with poor sleep quality, obesity, heart problems, and depression

What not to say if you see someone having an attack

-stop it! -You're fine! -Can't you just calm down? -Don't worry about it! -Suck it up!

Ethical principles of research

1. Benefits must outweigh the risks 2. Informed consent 3. Deception must be justified 4. Participation is completely voluntary (can quit) 5. Participants need to know risks and tasks 6. Debrief if deception is used, explain purpose 7. Confidentiality provided for participants 8. Integrity of researchers to protect participants and be responsible for consequences

3 ways to react to cognitive dissonance

1. Change conflicting behavior to match attitude 2. Change current cognition to justify behavior 3. Form new cognitions to justify behavior

Hofstede's Cultural Personality

1. Individualism/Collectivism ex. United States vs. Singapore 2. Power Distance ex. Caste system in India (lower power people in culture expect it) 3. Masculinity/Femininity Roles of men and women, how valued 4. Uncertainty Avoidance How much a culture can handle laws or situations being uncertain or strict

3 components of aggression

1. It is a behavior (you can see it). It is not an internal response, thought, or feeling. 2. It is intentional (not accidental). 3. The victim does not want to be harmed

personality inventories

1. MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Pers. Inv.) 2. Big Five / NEO-PI (Costa & McCrae) 3. Myers-Briggs Sensing/Intuition Thinking/feeling Introver/Extraver Perceiv/Judging

Steps to scientific approach

1. Perceiving the Question 2. Forming a Hypothesis 3. Testing the Hypothesis 4. Drawing Conclusions 5. Report Your Results

Scientific Principles

1. Systematic observation is the core of science 2. Observation leads to hypotheses we can test 3. Science is democratic (best ideas win) 4. Science is cumulative (build on known facts)

Bandura's Social Learning Theory

1. attention (you have to be watching the model) 2.retention (you need to remember what was done) 3. Imitation (you must be able to reproduce their actions), 4. motivation (you have to be motivated to perform actions

coercive cycle (negative reinforcement trap)

1. parent gives directive that child ignores, parent attacks, then child counter attacks. Parent either backs down or loses control 2. child makes demand, parent rejects child attacks, then parent counter attacks, child escalates, then parent either backs down of loses control

sensory memory

1st stage-raw information from senses held very briefly

circadian rhythms

24-hour bodily cycle, in this case in relation to sleep-wake rhythms -- influenced by suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

work relationships

Quality has huge impact on life (enjoyable or very stressful) Supportive ~ thrive, engaged, loyalty Negative ~ stress, anxiety, low job satisfaction

recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

correlations

A measure of the relationship between two or more variables--goes from -1 to +1 closer to wither side is stronger, closer to 0 is weaker

recognition

A. Match information to stored image/fact B. Knowing someone when you see them C. Getting an award for all of your hard work

action therapy

Action therapy - goal is to help people overcome problems by learning to think more rationally and logically, which then improves behaviors 3 Basic Goals 1. Relieve symptoms and Resolve problems 2. Develop strategies to Cope w/future problems 3. Change thinking to be more rational, positive, and self-helping

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Activation and synthesis of sensation in the pons and areas of the brain. A different kind of thinking, less realistic because frontal lobes shut down in dreams

conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. match what others are doing

factors that increase conformity

Age (Teenagers are likely to conform) Culture (Individuals in collectivist cultures) Conformity of other group members

causes of aggresion- internal factors

Age - more when young (usually) Gender - males ↑ than females Personality Traits - narcissism, psychopathy Hostile Cognitive Biases

helping and personality traits

Agreeableness

Bottom-up processing

Analyze smaller features to build up to a complete perception (e.g., see new thing)

Animal Research

Animals account for about 7% of psych studies-- What can you do with animals that you can't study on people (ethically)?

gratitude

Appreciation for what we receive Inspires us to do good, be good Research findings: ~25% happier if you keep a gratitude journal ~Sleep 30 minutes more per night ~Exercise 33% more per week ~Lower blood pressure ~Decrease dietary fat intake by up to 20% ~Live up to 7 years longer ~Even better GPAs!

Values in action (VIA)

As opposed to the DSM, this system classifies positive human strengths Instead of fixing deficits, we focus on building 'character strengths'

Replication Crisis

As researchers have tried to duplicate other studies, the results are not always similar-- In some cases, there have been little attempts to even try to replicate other studies -- there is a growing concern when even new studies have different findings when using similar designs

door-in-the-face

Ask for large commitment, get refused, then ask for smaller

selective attention

Attend to certain stimuli and ignore distracting stimuli-- the cocktail party example

Common areas studied in social psychology

Attraction Attitudes Peace & Conflict Social Influence Social Cognition

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist focused on disorders of nervous system. Father of psychoanalysis.

Pavlov, Watson, Skinner

Behaviorism-- wanted to focus on observable behavior and NOT unconscious

social dominance orientation

Belief that group hierarchies are inevitable in all societies, and are a good idea to maintain order and stability People who are high in this are more likely to want to have a career in law enforcement or the legal system (to maintain order) Story of student who wanted to be a police officer...

stereotypes

Beliefs that members of a group share a set of similar characteristics

how can health psychology help?

BioPsychoSocial Model of Health Use psychological techniques to address illness and health issues related to cognitive processes and behavioral factors Health Psychology looks at: ~ Choices we make ~ Behaviors we engage in ~ Emotions we feel

stress and health

Both major life stressors and smaller daily hassles can ~ Raise blood pressure ~ Alter stress hormones (e.g., cortisol) ~ Suppress immune system These processes raise your risk for sickness and chronic disease REVIEW - (Selye) General Adaptation Syndrome

Stress of parenthood

But it is important to remember that parenting ITSELF is stressful -Parenting is characterized by the challenges and demands that involve relationships with the developing child -Parenthood can often confuse, frustrate, or irritate parents

Beck and Ellis with CBT (Cognitive behavioral therapy)

CBT where clients are challenged in their irrational beliefs and helped to restructure their thinking to be more rational (all or nothing)

forgiveness

Can be an avenue of healing Can be building block of loving relationships Letting go of negative thoughts, behaviors, and feelings toward offender

elderly and drugs

Can be dangerous because they are more likely to take many drugs for various conditions and we may not know how the drugs interact We call this "Polypharmacy" when you use multiple drugs Drug metabolism can also be much slower in elderly

How does meth work?

Causes excessive release of dopamine and serotonin This high comes with a LOT of side effects Creates muscular destruction and long term twitching Kidney failure and liver damage, even lung disease Stroke, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, immune problems, death of bowel tissues Skin sores and acne - compulsive picking (crawling skin) Cracked teeth and tooth loss (due to teeth grinding) Extreme loss of appetite and weight Build up of toxins throughout lungs and body

obedience

Changing your behavior at the command of an authority figure Milgram's Obedience Shocking Study

compliance

Changing your behavior because others ask or direct you to change

informational social influence

Changing your behavior because you care about being correct Sherif Autokinetic effect experiments Class iClicker responses

normative social influence

Changing your behavior because you care about your social standing with the group Asch line experiments Dressing "cool"

Cognitive therapies

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Psychoanalytic Therapy Person-Centered Therapy Mindfulness-Based Therapy

Who does what? Women vs. men

Coltrane (2000) review of over 200 studies: -20% of men share equally in housework; other 80% do considerably less -Women spend an average of 38 hours per week on housework -On average, wives do about 63% of the housework in full time, dual earner couples. -Men spend an average of 22 hours per week on housework -In 1965, men did 15% of housework, by 1985 they did 33% From a report in 1994 (Lennon & Rosenfeld) -Couples do NOT prefer 50% as an 'equity point' -Men are happy when they do 36% of the housework -Women are happy when they do 66% -Do you think this would be the same today? Why? University of Michigan study (8,500 participants): -Women's total housework is declining over time -Women spend 27 hours a week on housework compared to 40 hours in 1965. -Men are increasing their housework -Men increased their housework time from 12 hours in 1965 to 16 hours in 1999.

Research into past cultures yielded areas:

Courage Temperance Humanity Justice Transcendence Wisdom

humanistic and person-centered

Create conditions under which the patient can Discover their self-worth Feel comfortable exploring own identity Alter behavior to reflect identity Therapist is nonjudgmental and empathetic Patient is willing to be vulnerable Patient is motivated to change Patient appreciates therapist's support

Distributional thinking

Data vary- so how are they spread? Confidence interval, mean, median, range

descriptive norms

Descriptions of other people's behaviors

Robert Sapolsy

Did experiment with baboons-- found stress response takes a toll on the body. baboons (arteries), makaks (central adiposity

How does Aspirin work? How does Tylenol work? How does cocaine work?

Dilates pupils and elevates heart rate Upsets stomach and suppresses appetite, Causes euphoria by reabsorbing dopamine, but when it wears off it leaves headache and difficulty focusing

personality disorders

Disorder in which someone has a rigid, persistent, maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with social interactions

cons of group therapies

Doesn't work for every issue Clients have to share therapist's time Some are shy, uncomfortable Some conditions won't do well (schizo.)

Chromosome disorders

Down syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome

freud's view of dreaming

Dreams are wish-fulfillment, based on past conflicts and events, seen as symbols

Activation-information-mode (AIM) model

Dreams organize info from past few days

Intrapersonal

Emotions allow us to act quickly Requires little thought: disgusting tastes get a quick response, could save our life (bad milk); Feel fear for attacking animal, so you run Emotions influence thoughts connected to thoughts, memories, attitudes Emotions motivate future behaviors we act to avoid bad emotions, promote positive

"Jigsaw Classroom"

Everyone in group is given a piece of puzzle and they have to work together as equals and contribute (all are heard in this case)

Why help?

Evolutionary theory says that being a good helper is good for our own survival and reproductive success (people like helpers)

Weight gain and sleep

Example of the "Freshman 15" More like the Freshman 3-to-6 pounds Possible reasons: -Away from home and stress -Busy, not exercising -Junk food, less healthy eating -Lack of schedule, video games, partying -Crazy sleep routines, short sleep, late sleep

interpersonal

Expressed verbally though words, nonverbally through facial expressions, voices, gestures, body postures, and movements Emotions ~Facilitate behaviors in perceivers ~Signal nature of relationships ~Provide incentives for prosocial acts

interpersonal

Expressed verbally though words, nonverbally through facial expressions, voices, gestures, body postures, and movements Emotions ~Facilitate behaviors in perceivers ~Signal nature of relationships ~Provide incentives for prosocial acts

facial feedback hypothesis

Facial expressions give feedback to the brain to interpret emotions, which then intensifies that interpreted emotion -Infants are very good at recognizing emotion by 5 months old.

Facial feedback hypothesis

Facial expressions give feedback to the brain to interpret emotions, which then intensifies that interpreted emotion Infants are very good at recognizing emotion by 5 months old

Emotional expression

Facial expressions, body movements, and actions all indicate emotions

emotional expression

Facial expressions, body movements, and actions all indicate emotions

Francis Cecil Sumner

First African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology

Surveys

Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their experiences, attitudes, or opinions.

3 Key stengths

Forgiveness Gratitude Humility

dizygotic twins

Fraternal twins; these siblings result from two separately fertilized eggs, so they are no more similar genetically than non-twin siblings are.

causes of aggression- external factors

Frustration and Other Unpleasant Events -Weapons (weapons effect) - having a weapon nearby can increase aggression -Violent Media - music, movies, TV, sports -Alcohol/Drug Use - lowers inhibitions and can lead to act in aggressive ways

William James

Functionalism

Stages of GAS

General adaptaion sydrome- developed by Hans Selye-- Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

free gifts

Gets them in the door and we feel like we need to listen

reciprocal altruism

Golden Rule, or Karma

grapefruit juice and drug metabolism

Grapefruit juice suppresses cytochrome P450 enzymes in liver Allows the drugs to build up to toxic levels

Cults and failure of critical thinking

Group with particular religious or philosophical beliefs, usually seen in negative way -- People get caught up in it by the following: 1. Shower them with praise/affection or supposed "understanding" 2. Isolate them from friends and family, make them busy, change dress, rituals, etc. 3. Tell them to stop questioning, make it sin

Implicit Association Test

Has you group various things to see if you group them as good or bad (in-group vs. out-group) Uses your time reactions - shows whether things are automatic/unconscious, or if you consciously decide Shows hesitation

Control

Having a sense of control is very important ~ Remember (INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL) If you believe you have control over a situation you will generally do better e.g., Jones et al., 2008-Journal of Family Psychology - Perceived workplace flexibility led to health benefits

panic disorder

Having lasting effects and intense anxiety about that issue for at least a month.--An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Quality of relationships

Having relationships is not enough...they need to be good relationships

being a health psychologist

Health Psychology has a variety of options Goal - Help improve health and deal with illness Clinical Health Psychologists can work with teams of physicians, social workers, & other health workers Rehabilitation Centers Hospitals Primary Care Offices Emergency Care Centers Chronic Illness Clinics

levels of analysis for social psychology

Higher levels of analysis.

Operationalization of variables

How variables are defined and measured

impression formation

How you form first knowledge of another person

HPA Axis

Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Adrenal Gland--the physiological response of the body to stress

empiricism

I can measure it

diffusion of responsibility

I don't need to get involved, I'm sure someone else will help

Binet-Simon test

IQ "Intelligence Quotient" Mental age/chronological age x100= ?

Presence of relationships

Identifying the amount of relationships, size of social networks, number of friends The more social relationships you have, generally the more positive your sense of well-being is impacted Benefit by having more relationships and not being alone But happiness is not just having lots of friends, but having a few close connections

addiction treatment statistics

In 2017, an estimated 20.7 million people over age 12 needed treatment for substance abuse ~only about 4 million (19%) received it Alcoholics Anonymous has over 120,000 groups in 175 countries (2 million+ members) Over 14,500 specialized substance abuse treatment centers in U.S. Relapse estimated to be between 40-60%

Insomnia

Inability to: -Fall asleep -stay asleep -get good quality of sleep Helpful tips: 1. Go to bed when sleepy 2. only sleep in bed (no reading/tv) 3. Don't try too hard, look at clock 4. Keep a consistent schedule 5. Don't use pills, alcohol 6. Exercise regularly (but not late)

more NREM

Increased physical demands

self-control

Innate ability for some, struggle for others It is a limited resource - if you expend all of your energy, you may lose willpower to keep going. This is called Ego Depletion

Alfred Binet

Intelligence Quotient- said intelligence was multifaceted

Punishment needs to be

Intense Prompt Applied consistently and with certainty Perceived as justified Possible to replace undesirable punished behavior with a desirable alternative behavior

Emerging Treatments

Internet and Mobile-Delivered Therapies They supervise you online, can be shorter but more frequent check-ins Cognitive Bias Modification (use video games and technology to change problematic thought processes)

Main Areas of emotion in Life

Intrapersonal Interpersonal Social and Cultural

humility

Involves the following: A clear and accurate sense of your own abilities and achievements Ability to acknowledge your mistakes, imperfections, gaps in knowledge, and limitations Openness to new ideas, contradictory information, and advice Keep your own abilities in perspective Ability to forget yourself, focus on others Appreciate value of other people and things

using punishment correctly

It needs to immediately follow behavior that it is meant to punish. "Wait until your dad gets home!" ☹ It needs to be consistent Last time you lost your toy, but today I'm tired. "If we weren't in public...!" It needs to be paired with reinforcement of the right behavior. Otherwise punishment can be crushing ☹

importance of good health routines

It's one thing to know how to make healthy choices, but it's another to do it! How do you make good choices when you're stressed, tired, and so busy? Are your health choices automatic? ~ Seat belt? ~ Flossing? ~ Sleep routines?

Falsifiable

Karl Popper--able to be proven false

Examples of bystander effect

Kitty Genovese (1964) stabbed in apartment complex, then attacker came back after fleeing and raped and killed her. Many heard or saw and didn't try to help or call the police Hugo Alfredo Tale-Yax (2010) Homeless man Who intervened to save Woman, he was stabbed

LSD

LSD = Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (found ~ 1938) Affects brain and alters mood (last up to 12 hours) Distorts user's perception of reality, can cause panic Causes sensory hallucinations, can include rapid and intense emotional swings (very unpredictable) Alters sense of self and time, cause synesthesia! Can have flashbacks later on Little research has been done on it (ethical concerns)

incidental learning

Learning without trying to learn, and often without awareness that learning is occurring.

social influence

Looking at conformity, obedience, and persuasion (we'll talk more about these this week)

Combining Therapies

Many psychologists see the combination of psychotherapy and drug therapy as a very effective way to treat many disorders With CBT or group-based therapies the combination of drug therapy may or may not need to occur (depends on many factors) Decisions to combine treatment mean more money, and may not be best...depends on needs of clients and what works best for them

Intimate relationships

Much of the relationship research is done in relation to marital relationships, parent-child relationships, and some on siblings

Does personality types cause health issues?

NO, But, links are seen. Type C has been linked to higher incidence of cancer...why?

future of health psychology

National Institutes of Health (NIH) are pushing for researchers to come up with ways to reduce the prevalence of PREVENTABLE illness and disease We need to identify the positive things that act as protective factors for health ("Positive Health") All of Us study - 1.5 million Americans Track their health data over the coming years Look for ways to reduce preventable illness

narcissistic personality disorder

Neuroticism (reactive anger, shame, need for praise), extroversion (exhibitionism), conscientiousness (acclaim-seeking)

psychoanalysis shortfalls

Not appropriate for all types of patients (e.g., severe cases or mental retardation) Very expensive/intensive and lasts for years *Lack of empirical evidence to support its effectiveness

type B personality

Not as competitive, relaxed, less driven, slow to anger

Big Five Personality Traits

OCEAN Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

How do you measure relationships?

Objective Social Variables - factors based on evidence, not opinions/perceptions Factually based (# of coworkers, roommates, etc.) Social Integration - your integration into your social networks

10 recognized personality disorders in DSM-5

Odd or Eccentric Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic Anxiety or Fearfulness Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive- Compulsive (OCD)

case studies

One individual is studied in great detail-- small studies of individuals (medical, class, etc.) Pros- learn a LOT of details about that individual Cons- Often not generalization to other people -how Freud based his psychoanalytic theory e.i Phineas Gage and metal rod

Behaviorial

Operant conditioning (operant =behavior)-- behavior can be conditioned by reinforcing those desired behaviors.

emotion-focused coping

People change the way they feel or emotionally react to a stressor - May include seeing stressor as challenge (not threat), or minimizing problem, or even ignoring it

social loafing

People put less work into simple tasks when working with groups

groupthink

People think alike to maintain group cohesiveness instead of focusing on facts or best practices

problem-focused coping

People try to eliminate their source of stress, or at least reduce its impact through their own actions - Use your resources to act

injunctive norms

People's attitudes toward a behavior "Don't Mess with Texas"

abuse

Physical abuse Sexual abuse Psychological abuse Verbal abuse Emotional abuse Neglect Intimate Partner Violence Child Abuse and Elder Abuse

type C personality

Pleasant, tries to keep the peace Difficulty expressing emotions Internalize anger and negative emotions Experience sense of despair, loss of hope Often lonely

cons of behavioral therapies

Potential bias of what therapist thinks is considered normal or rational

realistic conflict theory

Prejudice and Discrimination increased when groups are in conflict over limited resources

Social Impairment

Presence of others has a negative impact on performance of difficult task

social facilitation

Presence of others has positive impact on performance of easy task

transduction

Process of converting outside stimuli into neural signals

situational cause

Process of explaining your own behaviors and behavior of others

social attribution

Process of explaining your own behaviors and behavior of others

social influence

Process of having the real or implied presence of others either directly or indirectly influence your: thoughts, feelings, behaviors

speed of drug administration

Psychostimulants like amphetamine or cocaine can get to brain very quickly Agonists that increase neural activity and can be inhaled or used with IV to affect dopamine (DA) neurons

equal status contact

Put everyone in same situation so groups do not have power over others

Positive psychology

Recent area of psychology (started to build up in the late 1990's...just 20 years ago! (pushed forward by Martin Seligman) Focuses on the strengths, virtues, and talents that contribute to successful functioning and enable individuals and communities to flourish (live optimally) ~ happiness, resiliency, well-being, states of flow, engagement

Pharmacokinetics

Refers to how the body handles a drug ADME Absorption - How it gets into the blood Distribution - How it gets to organ of interest Metabolism - How it is broken down Excretion - How it leaves body

social psychology

Seeks to understand how the presence of others affects our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Cognitive neuroscience

Seeks to understand the physical brain and nervous system when at work

validity of Big 5 measures

Seen across cultures and languages Consistent whether self-reported or by others who are observing or know you Some people tease them apart, for example Openness may be related to verbal intelligence while Intellect is related to general intelligence

cognitive dissonance

Sense of discomfort or distress when your behaviors do not correspond with your attitudes Doctor who smokes Inactive member with testimony

Implicit Personality Theory

Sets of assumptions about how types of people, personality traits, and actions are related

Is conformity good?

Situations in which conformity is good: -Risk of disease -Cultures in humid climates -Washing hands in bathroom -Littering Situations in which conformity is bad: -Smoking among teens -Fear of thinking differently

sleep and weight

Sleep Amount (Duration) matters--Students should be getting just over 9 hours, many get less than 7 consistently -Sleep Timing (Bedtime) matters--Early to bed, early to rise...Adjusting your schedule a couple of hours per night is like having regular jet lag

Pons

Sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, arousal

Group Therapies

Small group of clients with similar concerns meet together with therapist

social identity theory

Social Identity - view of self as part of group Social Comparison - compare self to others to raise your self-esteem

altruism

Socially desirable behaviors that help others Prosocial behavior with no desire or expectation of reward or reciprocation (even if risky to helper)

Validity of personality disorders

Some have been considered for being taken out of DSM-5 Histrionic Schizoid Paranoid Dependent Less empirical support for these ones Connections with personality trait differences, parenting, genetics, etc.

prosocial personality

Some people are just high in 'other-oriented empathy' and have the characteristic of helpfulness

pros of cognitive therapies

Somewhat cheaper because short term Don't have to dig too deep into past Focuses on thinking and present -not past

elements of persuasion

Source - Who is delivering the message Message - Type and meaning of message Target Audience - Characteristics / beliefs Medium - Form in which message shared

Goals in family Systems theory

Stability Family members have roles to play Interactions happen within spheres of influence Rules and expectations work for all roles

"And that's not all"

Start with high price, pause but don't let them respond, then offer better deal (throw in extras, etc.)

Edward Titchener

Structuralism

Surveys vs. Experiments

Survey is easy to collect large amount of data and test for correlation, association, links, etc. it is cheaper and easier to collect Experiments allow you to have a control group for comparison, pre and post test with exposure to manipulated variable/condition

adoption

Taking on someone's biological child as your own (about 2% of population) Foster care (over 100,000 kids in U.S.)cheaper to adopt Between 1999-2014 there were 256,000+ international adoptions in U.S.

Keys to happy families

Teach Morality Savor the Good Use Extended Family Network Create Family Identity Forgive

social proof

Tell us that 'everyone is doing it' We see a long line...we get in! Laugh track

fluid intelligence

ability to think on feet, solve problems

crystallized intelligence

ability to use language, skills, experience to address problems

emotional intelligence

accurately understand emotions in self and others (label and identify them)

Aggression

actions or behavior meant to harm or destroy

goal priming

activation of a goal following exposure to cues related to goal

memory

active system that receives information from senses and puts information into a usable form (encoding, storage, retrieval)

punishment by application

adding an unpleasant stimulus -- chores

ABC model of attitudes

affect, behavior, cognition -Affective Component (feelings) Emotions / how you feel about - -Behavior Component (actions) Actions you take in regard to - -Cognitive Component (thoughts) Way you think about -

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

affects this part of the hypothalamus and it then decreases body temperature

phantom limb pain

after losing limb

awake sleep stage

alert-- beta waves

mental processes

all internal or covert activity-- thinking, feeling, remembering

behavior

all outward or overt actions/reactions-- talking, facial expression, movement

Relaxed Sleep Stage

alpha waves

Hallucinogens

alter your perceptions, distort time and create hallucinations, maybe euphoria

unconditioned response (UCR)

an involuntary, unlearned response to a naturally occurring stimulus

7 universal facial expressions

anger, fear, disgust, happiness, surprise, sadness, contempt

punishment

any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

learning

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

health psychology

area of psychology focusing on how 1.physical activities 2.psychological traits 3. stress reactions 4.social relationships affect overall health and rate of illness

Alarm

reaction to a stressor, nervous system is activated

sensory adaptation

receptor cells become less responsive to unchanging stimuli (even ice cream gets less 'tasty')

taste buds

receptor cells in mouth, most are on tongue, but also in roof of mouth, cheeks, under tongue, and throat

dark adaptation

recovery of eye's sensitivity to darkness after light exposure

light adaptation

recovery to eye's sensitivity to light after darkness exposure

positive reinforcement

reinforce by giving positive stimulus

negative reinforcement

reinforce by removing negative stimulus-- can lead to coercive cycle

melatonin

released by pineal gland, increases make you feel sleepy

religion

religion and belief in a higher power can bring a lot of comfort, and help us cope with stressors by providing: -a social support network -perspective about stress/"trials" -rituals/rites that help us -opportunities to serve -meaning to life, afterlife -guidelines for healthy behaviors

primacy effect

remembering 1st info

recency effect

remembering last/end info

Afterimages

remove original stimulus and you see an image for a moment

recall

retrieval pulled with few external cues

retrieval

retrieving information from storage.

cultural display rules

rules that are learned early in life that specify how and when to use emotions in a culture

encoding specificity principle

says that the effectiveness of retrieval cues comes from the ways that things were encoded

Thalamus

scensory center-- hearing, sight, touch, and taste

confirmation bias--challenges with problem solving

search for evidence to support, ignore other

blue-yellow

see world in red, green, gray

evolutionary psychology

seeks to understand biological bases for universal mental characteristics that are shared by humans across time and culture

Psychodynamic

seeks to understand ho unconscious mind influences conscious beahvior. Less focus on sex and sexual motivations like Frued.

olfactory sense or olfaction

sense of smell

gustation

sense of taste

perception

senses are interpreted and given meaning

famous and tragic cults

~Jim Jones (Peoples Temple, Jonestown Massacre) went from Indiana in 1950s to California in 1960s, then to Guyana. They shot/killed congressman, 3 journalists and one defector in 1978, then 909 people drank cyanide-grape juice and died ~Charles Manson (Manson Family), wannabe singer, built group of followers, moved to desert, stole, convinced his followers to kill 8 people in 1969 (actress Sharon Tate), used drugs, crime, isolation, saying he was Jesus to keep followers ~David Koresh (Branch Davidians) in Waco, TX, said he was messiah, claimed spiritual marriage to all women, ATF raided compound, standoff for 51 days in 1993, over 80 people died ~Marshall Applewhite (Heaven's Gate) 1997, castrated men in group, 39 people mass suicide so spirits could catch alien ship hiding on back of passing by Hale-Bopp Comet