Psych 130

Which of the following is an example of a chronic stressor?

An overbearing and rude supervisor

What is the most common strategy for resolving conflicts?

Bargaining

Some research supports the idea that approximately 40% of our happiness is determined by a person's thoughts and actions. Which of the following is used to support this view?

Being kind to others can increase our levels of happiness.

Which type of group tends to involve face-to-face interaction among the members of the group, each of whom is bonded to each other?

Common-bond group

Max, Tara, and Carlos all speak English and were born in the United States. While they have never met each other, they are part of a group. What type of group are they in?

Common-identity group

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he's going to donate $5,000, and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than $5,000. What is this called?

Competitive altruism

Some research supports the idea that approximately 50% of our happiness is accounted for by factors that are relatively stable and difficult to change. Which of the following is used to support this view?

Identical twins are more similar in their level of happiness than fraternal twins.

Margaret is experiencing great stress as she is preparing to undergo an annual evaluation of her performance at work. Who is the best person to provide social support to counteract this stressor?

Margaret's neighbor, who works in a different industry.

If people help in order to receive praise from others, then what would be expected under cover of darkness?

People would be less likely to help others.

Raquel's 3-year-old son has been having intense tantrums when he doesn't get what he wants. Which of the following should Raquel try in order to reduce his anger when he begins to have a tantrum?

She should encourage him count to 10.

Bernice is a happy person and rarely gets sick. However, she recently caught a cold and also twisted her ankle. What might you predict about Bernice's coping skills?

She will deal with the pain quite well.

Why are violent video games so popular according to the text?

These types of games provide a sense of autonomy.

What is the purpose of a lineup?

To help identify suspects of a crime

One result of desensitization to violence is that individuals who are desensitized to violence are likely to

be more aggressive to others.

Mike has very high levels of well-being, particularly concerning his job. His boss is concerned because these high levels of happiness can be related to

complacency.

Paul, Sarah, Deborah, and George are working on a research paper for their social psychology class. They can reduce social loafing by

ensuring that each member of the group recognizes the paper as being important both to the group and to the members.

Raphael helps Lisa carry her groceries up the stairs. Lisa comes by 15 minutes later and says, "Thank you. The frozen food would have melted if you hadn't helped me." Because of her response to his help, Raphael is motivated to help others later. This scenario is MOST consistent with the

empathic joy hypothesis.

Thomas buys a new, green winter coat for his wife, Maureen. He wasn't sure what size she wore, so he bought a medium, thinking that if it didn't fit he could bring it back to the store and exchange it. He shows it to Maureen, who, after noticing the size and trying it on, develops a bad mood and is distant from Thomas the rest of the night. Thomas thinks she doesn't like the coat and snaps, "Fine. That's the last nice thing I try to do for you." He storms out of the house. The next day, he learns that Maureen very much likes the coat but was sad that she used to wear a small but now a medium fits her perfectly. The conflict occurred because, when evaluating Maureen's behavior, Tom made a

faulty attribution.

A New York City taxi cab driver once intervened and stopped what he perceived to be a mugging in progress—even though it actually was a group of actors performing a scene for a television sketch. The taxi driver probably intervened due to

his feelings of empathy.

Marian, who is wearing a distinctive and pleasant perfume, has dropped all of the contents of her purse and is in need of assistance. The fact that she is wearing perfume should

increase her likelihood of receiving help.

In the general aggression model, repeated exposure to aggressive stimuli serves to strengthen a person's beliefs, attitudes, schemas, and scripts that are related to aggression. These beliefs, attitudes, schemas, and scripts are a person's

knowledge structures.

Margot daydreams about having a wide circle of friends whom she can socialize with on the weekends and whom she can connect with on a personal level. Margot currently doesn't have any friends, however, and feels isolated and, at times, depressed. Margot suffers from

loneliness.

When Sigmund Freud proposed his theory that aggression stems from a powerful death wish, _______ with him.

most psychologists disagreed

People who tend to think of themselves as being superior to other people in terms of their abilities or qualities, and as being more deserving of respect than others, tend to react strongly to negative feedback, in part because

negative feedback may threaten their self-image.

Oscar is alone resting on a beach when he notices someone who appears to be floundering in the ocean. Since he does not know how to swim, Oscar realizes that he cannot help this individual himself. This example illustrates that people

often decide that they cannot help when they do not know what to do.

The idea that there is a curvilinear relationship between happiness and task performance is readily explained by

optimum level of well-being theory.

On the street, a passerby notices Jeanette's bruised eye and asks if she is okay. Jeanette said that her boyfriend hit her, and the man said he was sorry to hear that but continued on his way. Later, Jeanette's best friend, Ellen, notices that Jeanette's bruise. When Jeanette tells her what happened, Ellen offers to provide help. This example best illustrates that

people are much more inclined to help a close friend than a stranger.

Dr. Roland, a professor of chemistry, bestows an end-of-the-year award to the student he deems to have gone above and beyond throughout the semester. Dr. Roland does not release his rubric for how he assesses this, nor does he tell the students his requirements. At the end of the year, Dr. Roland bestows the award to Carla, his niece, even though she was absent for many classes and completed the work late. The other students are furious and want to know how Dr. Roland made his evaluation and selection. They are concerned with ________ justice.

procedural

One primary goal in negotiating with an individual or a group is to

reduce the opposing side's aspirations.

Walter has just watched the news of Hurricane Irene, including an interview with a man who is standing in knee-deep water in his basement. Walter decides to go to the store, and on his way sees a stranded motorist. The negative state relief model predicts that Walter will

stop and try to help in order to alleviate his own negative feelings.

Two aspects of empathy are ________ and ________.

taking another's perspective; sympathizing with another person

The general pattern of results of studies of TV violence suggests that

the depictions of violence contribute to increased aggression in viewers.

While walking through Central Park, Mark sees a man being attacked and mugged. There are many people around the scene, and many of these people are holding phones. Mark is concerned for the man but ultimately does nothing. Mark's actions can be explained by the concept of

the diffusion of responsibility.

Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates

the empathic joy hypothesis.

When individuals don't have all the information needed to make judgments about the fairness of a particular situation, they tend to rely on ________ as an indication of fairness.

their current affective state

Janelle wants to begin hosting her own podcast focused on community events. She will need some money to purchase recording equipment and create a small studio in her house. She is thinking of reaching out to other community members to ask for their financial support. Which of the following websites should Janelle use?

Kickstarter

Which of the following accurately characterizes the common traits of a victim of bullying?

Lonely, withdrawn, unhappy, with few friends

Two weeks ago, Roberta was mugged while walking home from work. The person attacked her, beat her up, and stole her purse. Now, the police sit her in a room with a large piece of glass and, through the glass, Roberta can see a collection of six men who are suspects in the crime. The police ask Roberta to identify which of the men did this to her. Roberta is viewing a ________ lineup.

simultaneous

Which of the following is the most complex theory of aggression?

The general aggression model

Jenny, a 5-year-old child, may be MOST likely to exhibit helping behavior after playing ________ video game.

a prosocial

Which of the following is an example of a group with low entitativity?

A group of concertgoers

Roger, Sabiha, Emily, and George are working on a group paper for a class. Emily is often found to not be pulling her weight in this collaborative project. How would one go about reducing the likelihood of Emily engaging in social loafing?

Convince Emily that her contribution is unique.

Emily is out for a leisurely drive and has just witnessed the car in front of her on the highway slow to a stop and pull off to the side of the road. The driver got out of the vehicle and lifted the hood. She is very adept at fixing cars and there are not too many other cars on the road. After considering helping for a bit, Emily continues to drive past the stranded motorist. Why?

Emily is concerned the driver might be setting up a trap or trick.

What type of provocation involves using a playful nature to issue provoking statements that call attention to a person's flaws or imperfections?

Teasing

What theory suggests that if a person is impeded in reaching a goal he or she is seeking, then this impediment will lead to a stimulation of a drive whose main goal is to harm some person or object?

The frustration-aggression hypothesis

Jeremy was a victim of a violent crime. The police have presented Jeremy with a lineup of four suspects whom the police think were involved in the crime. The officer running the lineup tells Jeremy, "The person who did this to you is there in that room. Tell us who did it." The officer is giving Jeremy ________ instructions.

biased

Each night at midnight, Daryl's phone buzzes when a text message arrives from an unknown number. The text messages he receives say things like "Watch your back" and "One of these days we're going to get you" and "You'll never see it coming." At first, Daryl tried to ignore these messages, but now he has anxiety about going to school each day. Daryl is a victim of

cyberbullying.

Samantha is watching a movie on TV. The story is about a young boy who had lost his brother in a traffic accident. Samantha says that she knows just how the boy feels and even guesses many of the character's lines before he says them. This situation illustrates the type of perspective-taking involved with

feeling empathy for—and identifying with—a fictional character.

A number of venture capitalists know that they want to invest in Phoodle, a new tech startup company. Up until now, the VCs had never met as a group, but they each knew they could invest up to $1 million of their own money. They finally get everyone together to discuss the matter and, by the end of the all-day meeting, each member has agreed to invest up to $3 million. This is an example of

group polarization.

Greta works on a team at a toy manufacturing plant. Her team works on one type of toy, and each team member focuses on the production of a single part of the toy. In this position, Greta, along with her teammates, performs ________ tasks.

additive

Sam is playing a challenging video game and is very close to nearing the end. Suddenly, his character dies in the game and Sam is forced to start all over. Sam throws the controller across the room and punches the wall. Sam's behavior is best explained by the

frustration-aggression hypothesis.

Trina received a poor quarterly appraisal of her work performance, and by the time she gets home from work she is so upset that she wants to throw and break something. However, instead, Trina decides to go for a hard 5-mile run. When she gets back from the run, she feels better and her anger has evaporated. Trina's reduction in aggression can be explained by the

catharsis hypothesis.

Evie woke up and found that her car would not start. She walked to the bus stop, but arrived just as the bus drove away. After catching a later bus and arriving at work just barely in time, she finds that her computer will not start up. A computer technician comes in and fixes her computer and recovers her lost email and she realizes she missed an emergency meeting because she didn't get the email in time. Evie will undoubtedly be stressed due primarily to

daily hassles

George has been asked to join a "secret society" (similar to a small fraternity) at his college. This group's initiation rituals are quite severe and somewhat dangerous. In addition, members tend to identify strongly with the group. If George decides to join, he can expect that

members are very unlikely to leave the group after they have joined.

Results from a variety of studies indicate that ________ in the legal system is often corrected for by ________.

racial bias; jury deliberation

While aggression can be viewed as an adaptive behavior from an evolutionary perspective, lashing out at every single provocation is not adaptive, and therefore ________ is necessary.

self-regulation

Approval for a new light rail has been granted by a major city. Those on the project are excited to begin, as they have been planning the project for many years now. However, not long before the first day of work on the project, one of the team members notices a critical flaw in the business plan for the project. He can't believe no one noticed it before, as the error is so large that it puts the entire project in jeopardy. He pleads his case to the project manager and the financial committee, but everyone he speaks to is so committed to the project that they refuse to look at his evidence. He eventually quits, as he doesn't want to work for a team besieged by

groupthink.

Mark is experiencing a great deal of stress at home, at work, and in his daily life. He is having financial trouble, car trouble, and cannot afford to take time off of work to get his car fixed. His friend Greg could help Mark by

providing Mark with practical help, such as taking Mark's car into the shop for him.

Bothwell et al. (2006) conducted research examining racial bias in jury decision making. The results show that

racial biases existed for private judgments but not after deliberation.

Jeremy is an actor who specializes in comedy. His friends persuade him to perform at a venue that specializes in audience-led improvisation, meaning that the audience chooses the subject matter for the actors. During the performance, Jeremy performs better than he ever has during comedic scenes, but performs more terribly than he ever has in serious dramatic scenes requiring strong emotion. Jeremy's overall performance can be explained by

the drive theory of social facilitation.