Psych 2000 Brossoit exam 2, PSYCH-BROSSOIT EXAM 2
Which of the following is NOT true regarding patient H.M.?
He experienced difficulty with implicit/ non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum.
Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.
REM
stimulus discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
The _______ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.
alpha
Sleepwalking
also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located
Consciousness
awareness of internal and external stimuli
Which of the following is an implicit memory?
being classically conditioned to have a fear of snakes
A theta wave is a type of ________.
brain wave that dominates Stage 2 sleep and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-Complexes
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open
evoluntionary psychology
discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
evolutionary psychology
discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
_________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.
egocentric bias
Psychological dependence
emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress
Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is faking right or left. This may be an example of ______, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.
encoding failure
effortful processing
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
pineal gland
endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin
Euphoric high
feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use
Stage 1 sleep
first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep
operant conditioning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
associative learning
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
construction
formulation of new memories
Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
hallucinogenic
Latent content
hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
melatonin
hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleepwake cycle
Sudden infant death syndrome
infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep
retroactive interference
information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
Encoding
input of information into the memory system
Acoustic encoding
input of sounds, words, and music
semantic encoding
input of words and their meaning
Biological rhythm
internal cycle of biological activity
Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behvior disorder (RbD)?
kicking and punching while asleep
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
classical condtioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
relearning
learning information that was previously learned
latent learning
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
Forgetting
loss of information from long-term memory
Amnesia
loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
anterograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma
What hormone (involved in the timing of sleep) does the pineal gland release?
melatonin
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.
implicit memory
memories that are not part of our consciousness
explicit memory
memories we consciously try to remember and recall
blocking
memory error in which you cannot access stored information
unconditioned response (UCR)
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.
negative reinforcement
In operant conditioning, _______ is when something is REMOVED to INCREASE the future likelihood of a behavior.
negative reinforcement
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response is a _________.
neutral stimulus
learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called _______ learning.
observational
Codeine
opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain
morphine is considered a/an ________ drug because it decreases pain?
opioid
chunking
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
Lucid dream
people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content
model
person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
engram
physical trace of memory
Reconstruction
process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information
vicarious punishment
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?
psychological dependence
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia
False memory syndrome
recall of false autobiographical memories
When you take a multiple choice test, you are using _________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.
recognition
Brain wave amplitude
reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously
In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called _______.
rehearsal
conditioned response (CR)
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
When experiencing _______ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing _________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.
retrograde, anterograde
partial reinforcement
rewarding behavior only some of the time
Which of the following does NOT enhance memory?
staying awake all night to learn information
neutral stimulus (NS)
stimulus that does not initially elicit a response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
Meta-analysis
study that combines the results of several related studies
Methadone
synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
Homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
elaborative rehearsal
thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored.
NREM Stage 3
third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
declaritive memory
type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience
Alpha wave
type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep
In classical conditioning, the _______ is an unlearned reaction given to a stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus)
unconditioned response
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
retrieval
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.
circadian
visual encoding
input of images
shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
sensory
which schedule of reinforcement is the most powerful and resistant to extinction?
variable ratio
K-complex
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli
In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?
NREM Stage 2
Bias
how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
arousal theory
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?
explicit memories
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
Memory
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
Methamphetamine
type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused
What is the relation of brain wave frequency and amplitude?
The frequency of a brain wave indicates the number of peaks in one second. For instance, an alpha wave with a frequency of 9 Hz has an average of 9 peaks per second. The amplitude of the brain wave indicates how high the peaks rise. The higher the peak, the more neurons are synchronously active.
______ theory explains when we sleep; ______ theory explains why we sleep.
adaptive/evolutionary; restorative/cognitive
positive reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
Misinformation effect paradigm
after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
variable interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
law of effect
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
sleep regulation
brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
change transitional to sensory
Physical dependence
changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use
Wakefulness
characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.
chunking
Watching Nike commercials makes you inspired. Now every time you see the Nike logo, you are inspired. This is _____.
classical conditioning
Insomnia
consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time
extinction
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
_________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.
dissociative
Stimulant
drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
automatic processing
encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?
extinction
NREM Stage 4
fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves
secondary reinforcer
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
levels of processing
information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory
What is semantic memory?
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts.
Cataplexy
lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
absentmindedness
lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
Misattribution
memory error in which you confuse the source of your information
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?
night terrors
vicarious reinforcement
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior
Which of the following is NOT true of punishment?
punishment has no adverse effects or problems.
sleep spindle
rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory
spontaneous recovery
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
continuous reinforcement
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
What are the two components of declarative memory?
semantic and episodic
Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________, which can be effective for teaching a complex chain of events.
shaping
Sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep
obstructive sleep apnea
sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
negative reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.
self-reference effect
tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
Collective unconscious
theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung
Tayla smokes cannabis. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.
tolerance
Declarative memory
type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience
learning
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response
In operant conditioning, what process describes ADDING something aversive to DECREASE the future likelihood of behavior?
positive punishment
Remembering _____ is a good example of episodic memory.
your first day of school.
Equipotentiality hypothesis
some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories
sensory memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
Manifest content
storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams
episodic memory
type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory
memory-enhancing strategy
technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory
Rotating shift work
work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
delta waves
Low-frequency, high-amplitude brain waves that occur in stage 3 and 4 sleep.
Brain wave frequency
Number of waves that occur during a given period of time
I have a deep fear of snakes and when I come across a place where I have seen a snake before, I have a strong memory of my fear from the last time I saw the snake. What part of my brain is most associated with the activation of this memory?
amygdala
What is an example of latent learning?
You watch your mom make a PB&J sandwich everyday before school, you never make your own you only watch her. Then, oneday you decide you want to make one and you can do it because you have always watched your mom.
circadian rhythm
biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours
what occurs during sleep stage 1?
both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.
Meditation
clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus
Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.
consciousness
You give a treat every time your cat does not scratch the couch.
continuous reinforcement
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion
persistence
failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones
primary reinforcer
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep?
less exposure to carcinogens
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
Proactive interference
old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
opiate/ opioid
one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
Hallucinogen
one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations
Parinsomnia
one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep
Acquisition
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
non-REM (NREM)
period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
rehearsal
repetition of information to be remembered
higher-order conditioning
(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
sleep debt
result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Learning your new college email address makes it harder for you to remember your old high school email address. This is an example of ____________.
retroactive interference
Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.
stimulant
Long-term memory (LTM)
continuous storage of information
Storage
creation of a permanent record of information
storage
creation of a permanent record of information
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
latent
sleep
state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness
Methadone clinic
uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users
What do hypnotism and meditation have in common?
An individual focuses on one thing and can help reduce anxiety.
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.
The ________ is important for implicit memories, whereas _______ is important for explicit memories.
Cerebellum; Hippocampus
recall
accessing information without cues
Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher in periods of darkness?
adaptive/ evolutionary
Jet lag
collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
Sleep walking is characterized by _______.
complex behaviors while asleep but with eyes open
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a/an ________/
conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
depressant
depressant
drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
Suggestibility
effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
Flashbulb memory
exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Recognition
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
punishment
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
reinforcement
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
memory
mnemonic device
memory aids that help organize information for encoding
transience
memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time
cognitive map
mental picture of the layout of the environment
NREM stage 2
second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles
which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
shaping
Night terror
sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment
Narcolepsy
sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times
If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy book being dropped would represent _______. In other words, the conditioned response happens when the door slams, NOT when the book drops.
stimulus discrimination
_________ occurs when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
stimulus generalization
semantic memory
type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
What is procedural memory?
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions
observational learning
type of learning that occurs by watching others
procedural memory
type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim
Theta wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep
Delta wave
type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
instinct
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior. Instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
reflex
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
Withdrawal
variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?
cerebellum
REM sleep
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
restless leg syndrome
sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs
Central sleep apnea
sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing
sleep rebound
sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep
Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.
social-cogntive
Hypnosis
state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli
Tolerance
state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect
Radical Behaviorism
staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations
Short-term memory (STM)
holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command