Psych 2000 Brossoit exam 2, PSYCH-BROSSOIT EXAM 2

Which of the following is NOT true regarding patient H.M.?

He experienced difficulty with implicit/ non-declarative memory, caused by damage to his cerebellum.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

The _______ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

Sleepwalking

also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

Consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

Which of the following is an implicit memory?

being classically conditioned to have a fear of snakes

A theta wave is a type of ________.

brain wave that dominates Stage 2 sleep and is interrupted by sleep spindles and K-Complexes

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open

evoluntionary psychology

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

evolutionary psychology

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

_________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner.

egocentric bias

Psychological dependence

emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is faking right or left. This may be an example of ______, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place.

encoding failure

effortful processing

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

pineal gland

endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin

Euphoric high

feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use

Stage 1 sleep

first stage of sleep; transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep; the period during which a person drifts off to sleep

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

construction

formulation of new memories

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Latent content

hidden meaning of a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

melatonin

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleepwake cycle

Sudden infant death syndrome

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

retroactive interference

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

Encoding

input of information into the memory system

Acoustic encoding

input of sounds, words, and music

semantic encoding

input of words and their meaning

Biological rhythm

internal cycle of biological activity

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behvior disorder (RbD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

classical condtioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

relearning

learning information that was previously learned

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Forgetting

loss of information from long-term memory

Amnesia

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

anterograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma

What hormone (involved in the timing of sleep) does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.

implicit memory

memories that are not part of our consciousness

explicit memory

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

blocking

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, _______ is when something is REMOVED to INCREASE the future likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response is a _________.

neutral stimulus

learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called _______ learning.

observational

Codeine

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

morphine is considered a/an ________ drug because it decreases pain?

opioid

chunking

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Lucid dream

people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

engram

physical trace of memory

Reconstruction

process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

False memory syndrome

recall of false autobiographical memories

When you take a multiple choice test, you are using _________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Brain wave amplitude

reflects the number of neurons firing synchronously

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called _______.

rehearsal

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

When experiencing _______ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing _________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde, anterograde

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

Which of the following does NOT enhance memory?

staying awake all night to learn information

neutral stimulus (NS)

stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

Meta-analysis

study that combines the results of several related studies

Methadone

synthetic opioid that is less euphorogenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Homeostasis

tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system

elaborative rehearsal

thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored.

NREM Stage 3

third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

declaritive memory

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

Alpha wave

type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep

In classical conditioning, the _______ is an unlearned reaction given to a stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus)

unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

retrieval

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

visual encoding

input of images

shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

which schedule of reinforcement is the most powerful and resistant to extinction?

variable ratio

K-complex

very high amplitude pattern of brain activity associated with stage 2 sleep that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

NREM Stage 2

Bias

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

arousal theory

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

What type of long-term memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

Memory

set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

Methamphetamine

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

What is the relation of brain wave frequency and amplitude?

The frequency of a brain wave indicates the number of peaks in one second. For instance, an alpha wave with a frequency of 9 Hz has an average of 9 peaks per second. The amplitude of the brain wave indicates how high the peaks rise. The higher the peak, the more neurons are synchronously active.

______ theory explains when we sleep; ______ theory explains why we sleep.

adaptive/evolutionary; restorative/cognitive

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive punishment

adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

Misinformation effect paradigm

after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

sleep regulation

brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

change transitional to sensory

Physical dependence

changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use

Wakefulness

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

Watching Nike commercials makes you inspired. Now every time you see the Nike logo, you are inspired. This is _____.

classical conditioning

Insomnia

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

_________ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

Stimulant

drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

automatic processing

encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

NREM Stage 4

fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)

levels of processing

information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts.

Cataplexy

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

absentmindedness

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

Misattribution

memory error in which you confuse the source of your information

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

Which of the following is NOT true of punishment?

punishment has no adverse effects or problems.

sleep spindle

rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory

spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

Rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior is ________, which can be effective for teaching a complex chain of events.

shaping

Sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

obstructive sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

self-reference effect

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

Collective unconscious

theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung

Tayla smokes cannabis. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

Declarative memory

type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response

In operant conditioning, what process describes ADDING something aversive to DECREASE the future likelihood of behavior?

positive punishment

Remembering _____ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school.

Equipotentiality hypothesis

some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories

sensory memory

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

Manifest content

storyline of events that occur during a dream, per Sigmund Freud's view of the function of dreams

episodic memory

type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory

memory-enhancing strategy

technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

Rotating shift work

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

delta waves

Low-frequency, high-amplitude brain waves that occur in stage 3 and 4 sleep.

Brain wave frequency

Number of waves that occur during a given period of time

I have a deep fear of snakes and when I come across a place where I have seen a snake before, I have a strong memory of my fear from the last time I saw the snake. What part of my brain is most associated with the activation of this memory?

amygdala

What is an example of latent learning?

You watch your mom make a PB&J sandwich everyday before school, you never make your own you only watch her. Then, oneday you decide you want to make one and you can do it because you have always watched your mom.

circadian rhythm

biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours

what occurs during sleep stage 1?

both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Meditation

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

You give a treat every time your cat does not scratch the couch.

continuous reinforcement

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

persistence

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)

which of the following is NOT a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep?

less exposure to carcinogens

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

Proactive interference

old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

opiate/ opioid

one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine

Hallucinogen

one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations

Parinsomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

Acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

non-REM (NREM)

period of sleep outside periods of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

rehearsal

repetition of information to be remembered

higher-order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

sleep debt

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Learning your new college email address makes it harder for you to remember your old high school email address. This is an example of ____________.

retroactive interference

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

Long-term memory (LTM)

continuous storage of information

Storage

creation of a permanent record of information

storage

creation of a permanent record of information

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

sleep

state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness

Methadone clinic

uses methadone to treat withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

What do hypnotism and meditation have in common?

An individual focuses on one thing and can help reduce anxiety.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

The ________ is important for implicit memories, whereas _______ is important for explicit memories.

Cerebellum; Hippocampus

recall

accessing information without cues

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher in periods of darkness?

adaptive/ evolutionary

Jet lag

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

Sleep walking is characterized by _______.

complex behaviors while asleep but with eyes open

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a/an ________/

conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

depressant

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

Suggestibility

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

Flashbulb memory

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Recognition

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

reinforcement

implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

mnemonic device

memory aids that help organize information for encoding

transience

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

NREM stage 2

second stage of sleep; the body goes into deep relaxation; characterized by the appearance of sleep spindles

which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Night terror

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

Narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy book being dropped would represent _______. In other words, the conditioned response happens when the door slams, NOT when the book drops.

stimulus discrimination

_________ occurs when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

stimulus generalization

semantic memory

type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do skills and actions

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

procedural memory

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

Theta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 1 and stage 2 sleep

Delta wave

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 and stage 4 sleep

instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior. Instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Withdrawal

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

REM sleep

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

restless leg syndrome

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

Central sleep apnea

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

sleep rebound

sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism.

social-cogntive

Hypnosis

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

Tolerance

state of requiring increasing quantities of the drug to gain the desired effect

Radical Behaviorism

staunch form of behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner that suggested that even complex higher mental functions like human language are nothing more than stimulus-outcome associations

Short-term memory (STM)

holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command