psych 203 ch.6 pt 1&2

A punishment is

- an event that decreases the probability of a response. -removal of a desirable condition

A reinforcement is

-an event that increases the probability that a response will be repeated -the presentation of a desirable item

Learning

-is any relatively permanent change in behavior that is based upon experience -It is an area of psychology that seems simple to evaluate but is quite complex -Both internal and external factors can influence and interfere with an organism's learning.

Ivan Pavlov

-was a Russian physiologist who won a Nobel Prize for his research on digestion. -His original description of classical conditioning was a by-product of this research. -noticed that the dogs he used in research salivated upon the sight of the lab workers who fed them.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

An action that the unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits.

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

An event that consistently and automatically elicits an unconditioned response

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Formerly the neutral stimulus, now paired with the unconditioned stimulus, elicits the same response. That response depends on consistent pairing with the UCR.

Pavlov hypothesized that animals transfer a response from one stimulus to another - a new learned connection

If a buzzer always preceded the food, the buzzer would begin to elicit the reflex of salivation

Methodological behaviorists

Stimulus -> Intervening Variable -> Response

Radical behaviorists

Stimulus -> Response

A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears a tone of one pitch and not to salivate to a second pitch. What is this effect called?

Stimulus Discrimination

You were once stung by a bee and now you are somewhat frightened by wasps and hornets. What are you displaying?

Stimulus Generalization

positive reinforcement

The presentation of an event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of an event

acquisition

The process that establishes a conditioned response is

Conditioned Response (CR)

The response elicited by the conditioned stimulus due to training. Usually it resembles the UCR.

spontaneous recovery

The temporary return of an extinguished conditioned response is spontaneous

Chaining Behavior

This is an operant conditioning method in which behaviors are reinforced by opportunities to engage in the next behavior. The animal learns the final behavior, and then the next to last, and so on, until the beginning of the sequence is reached.

extinction

To extinguish a classically conditioned response, the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

A puff of air is blown into your eye just after a musical tone is played. After several repetitions of this procedure, you close your eye when the musical tone is played. What are the: UCS UCR CS and CR?

UCS- air blown UCR- close eye CS- musical tone CR- close eye

A nursing mother puts her baby to her breast to feed every time she hears it cry. After a few days, her milk starts to flow as soon as she hears the baby. In terms of classical conditioning, what are the: UCS UCR CS And CR?

UCS- breast feeding UCR- flow of milk CS- baby crying CR- flow of milk

A TV commercial for Mega Burger shows a delicious cheeseburger. A classic rock song is played during the commercial. You see the commercial several times, and now when the song is playing on the radio, you get hungry. UCS UCR CS And CR?

UCS-commercial UCR- get hungry CS- son CR- get hungry

learning curve

a graph of the changes in behavior that occur over successive trials of an experiment, to record how quickly cats learned to escape from a maze.

Generalization occurs when

a new stimulus is similar to the original reinforced stimulus. The more similar the new stimulus is to the old, the more strongly the subject will respond.

Punishment is referred to

as passive avoidance learning because in response to punishment an individual learns to avoid the outcome by being passive.

If the behavior is followed by a unpleasant consequence, the chances of that behavior being repeated

decreases

Shaping

establishes new responses by reinforcing successive approximations to it.

Edward Thorndike

in 1911 developed a simple, behaviorist explanation of learning. He used a learning curve

If the behavior is followed by a pleasant consequence, the chances of that behavior being repeated

increases

Behaviorists

insist that psychologists should study only observable, measurable behaviors, not mental processes

B. F. Skinner

is the most influential of all radical behaviorists. He demonstrated many potential applications of operant conditioning. He was a firm believer in parsimony, seeking simple explanations in terms of reinforcement histories, and avoiding the inference of complex mental processes.

A buzzer is a

neutral stimulus. It elicits attention to the sound, but no automatic connection.

Negative reinforcement or active avoidance learning

occurs if the responses lead to an escape from or an avoidance of something painful.

Negative punishment

occurs when the lack of a response produces reinforcement. Producing the response also leads to a lack of reinforcement. -This is sometimes referred to as omission training

unconditioned reflex of salivation to food

secretion of digestive juices to food

Albert Bandura defined

social-learning approach

Discrimination occurs when

someone is reinforced for responding to one stimulus but not another. The individual will respond more vigorously to one than to the other.

Extinction does not erase

the association between the CS and the UCS.

Stimulus Discrimination

the development of different responses to two similar stimuli because they produce two different outcomes.

Stimulus Generalization

the extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to similar stimuli.

Operant conditioning differs from classical in that

the former, the subject's behavior affects the outcome Response-> Consequence

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

the founder of behaviorism, based his Little Albert experiment on classical conditioning. He concluded that adult fears, anxieties, and phobias are conditioned emotional responses that were established in infancy and childhood and stay with us throughout our lives.

Classical conditioning influences

visceral, reflexive, and involuntary responses, while operant conditioning applies to skeletal, somatic, and voluntary responses. Stimulus -> response

social-learning approach states that

we learn many behaviors before we attempt them for the first time. Much learning, especially in humans, results from observing the behaviors of others and from imagining the consequences of our own. Two of the chief components of social learning are modeling and imitation.