Psych. 2040 Ch. 5 Attitudes

C

26) Having not met any members of a new social group, you hear a person expressing negative views of that group. Your attitude toward the new group would not be likely influenced by hearing this negative message if ________. A) you like the person expressing the view, but believe his or her view to be unsubstantiated B) you do not expect to be meeting any members of the new social group in the near future C) the person expressing the attitude is someone you dislike and see as dissimilar to yourself D) you are generally oriented toward taking contrarian views E) you see the person expressing the message as subtly similar to members of the new social group

D

4) Initial evaluation of a stimulus generally refers to ________. A) an explicit self-conscious process B) an inferential thought process C) a tendency to avoid a close examination of stimulus detail D) a reaction of liking or disliking E) the employment of several possible attitudes

B

87) People have a limited capacity to engage their will power in the controlling of their own thinking. This is called ________. A) ego management B) self-regulation C) depressive pessimism D) task orientation E) attentional focus

subliminal

2) People can be conditioned to respond to a stimulus they are not aware of. This is called ________ conditioning.

E

43) The strongest attitudes for an individual are usually acquired through ________. A) cognitive processes B) social learning C) parental influence D) peer influence E) direct experience

B

7) An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group, is more likely to be the result of an ________ attitude. A) explicit B) implicit C) uncontrollable D) egalitarian E) angry

Classical

1) ________ conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to cause the same behavior as another stimulus.

A

21) According to the process of instrumental conditioning, behavior will be displayed often by an individual if ________. A) it is reinforced B) the individual sees a role model perform the action C) it is ignored D) is preceded by a pleasant subliminal stimulus E) it is preceded by a pleasant stimulus

pluralistic ignorance

4) We may believe that others' attitudes are different from our own-a situation known as ________.

D

53) Efforts to change our attitudes by using different kinds of messages is (are) known as ________. A) intentions B) norms C) hypocrisy D) persuasion E) subliminal conditioning

D

1) Attitudes are ________. A) the mechanism we use to reduce dissonance B) the mechanism we can use to protect ourselves from unwanted views of ourselves C) the process by which we adjust or adapt our behavior to particular circumstances D) our evaluations of different aspects of the social world E) our evaluations of ourselves

B

10) Goal orientation, a stable personal trait, can play a role in determining what sorts of persuasive messages will more effectively give rise to the desired behavior? A) internally- or externally-focused B) prevention- or promotion-focused C) long-term- or short-term-focused D) agency- or empathy-focused E) Persuaders do not use their perception of targets' goal orientation in their crafting of persuasive messages.

C

11) Classical condition and instrumental conditioning are examples of ________ processes of attitude formation. A) subliminal conditioning B) behavioristic C) social learning D) social comparison E) standard-shifting

D

12) One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus. This type of learning is known as ________. A) the Premark principle B) observational learning C) operant conditioning D) classical conditioning E) signal relations learning

D

13) The type of learning that is based on association of two or more stimuli is called ________. A) social learning B) instrumental conditioning C) positive learning D) classical conditioning E) association learning

A

14) Classical conditioning suggests that people can learn to ________. A) dislike stimuli to which they are initially neutral B) dislike stimuli which gives them some sort of punishment C) form evaluations only in the presence of others D) prefer stimuli only after careful evaluation E) form evaluations through spontaneous experiences

D

15) Subliminal conditioning ________. A) cannot occur B) is rarely used in deception experiments C) means something other than what the participant thinks D) occurs below the threshold of conscious awareness of its content E) is a type of instrumental conditioning

E

16) Subliminal conditioning is ________. A) instrumental conditioning that occurs with awareness of the stimuli that are used B) observational learning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are use C) zone of proximal development learning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are used D) instrumental conditioning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are used E) classical conditioning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are used

B

17) A form of social learning that occurs when responses to a particular stimulus lead to positive outcomes or allow the person to avoid negative outcomes is called ________. A) the zone of proximal development B) instrumental conditioning C) classical conditioning D) social outcomes learning E) observational learning

A

18) By reinforcing children with smiles, hugs, or attention when they repeat things they've heard their parents say, parents are using ________ to shape their childrens' attitudes. A) instrumental conditioning B) observational learning C) positive regard D) the zone of proximal development E) classical conditioning

E

19) Susan expresses indignation about illegal immigrants to one group of friends, but advocates for amnesty to another group. This is possible for her because ________. A) Susan, in her own mind, believes these views are not necessarily inconsistent B) Susan has no substantive attitude towards illegal immigrants C) she is rewarded in one group for the former attitude, rewarded for the latter in the other group D) Susan measures low on self-monitoring, a stable trait E) members of the two groups never talk to each other

E

2) Once an attitude has been formed, it may be ________. A) impossible to change B) very easy to change C) very difficult to change D) simple to change E) difficult or easy to change, depending

B

20) Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity. He may well ________ publicly, believing active member decision-makers will hear of his views. He is, in private, ________ to express those same views. A) badmouth other prospective pledges; quite likely B) badmouth other fraternities; unlikely C) compliment other fraternities; quite likely D) compliment other prospective pledges; quite likely E) compliment popular sororities; very likely

D

22) Female participants were asked to think about either their friends or their older relatives. Later, when exposed to sexual stimuli in a "separate study," participants who had thought about their friends reacted ________ to the stimuli than participants who thought about their older relatives. This illustrates that ________ can influence one's attitude. A) more negatively; stereotypes about "horny" older people B) more negatively; knowledge about friends' sexual prowess C) more negatively; making one more aware of one's physical shortcomings D) more positively; thinking about a potential audience for the expression of an attitude E) about the same; thoughts of friends or family, in reducing one's interest in sex,

C

23) The mechanism by which we compare ourselves to other people to determine whether or not our perception of social reality is correct is known as ________. A) reality checking B) impression manifestation C) social comparison D) societal comparison E) other comparison

B

24) If we form an attitude by watching television, this is called ________ learning. A) acquired B) observational C) comparison D) judgment-based E) media-based

A

25) We hold values similar to, and identify with, ________. A) members of our reference group(s) B) members of our age group C) people who dress similar to ourselves D) people with similar tastes in homes/cars E) We base our choices strictly on individuating cues.

D

27) Joe, a middle manager at a small company, strongly identifies with the higher-ups at his job. Regarding various political statements by them, it is safe to say that Joe ________. A) recently agreed with them on a political matter B) expects to agree with them on a political matter C) did not agree with them on a political matter D) Both A and B E) Both B and C

D

28) In an experiment, males and females were shown a snack labeled "men's favorite" or "women's favorite." The snack labeled as preferred by their own gender was liked better by high-gender-identified participants more so than by participants who were low-gender-identified. This showed that ________. A) people who identify more with their gender like snacks more than people who don't B) males/females respectively are more generally drawn to snacks labeled as being preferred by their gender than to snacks not so labeled C) low-gender-identified people will shy away from gender-linked products in general compared to high- gender-identified people D) unlike high-gender-identified people, low-gender-identified people will likely exhibit little preference for snacks that are labeled as preferred by their gender E) high-gender-identified people prefer snacks they believe are also preferred by members of their own gender, compared to snacks not so labeled

B

29) Which of the following examples BEST illustrates a situation where there is a gap between our attitudes and behavior? A) Greg tells his father that he plans to do his homework, but fails to do so when the power goes out minutes later. B) Roz tells her new boyfriend that she is extremely excited to see the new James Bond movie, even though she truly dreads seeing that film. C) Hank wants to move to a new apartment but doesn't have enough money for the move. D) Marilyn tells her son that she will purchase him some chocolate chip cookies, but her son is dissatisfied with her choice. E) Peter tells his friend that his favorite baseball team is the New York Yankees, even though he attended only a few games last season.

A

3) Our tendency to evaluate stimuli as negative or positive occurs ________ we attempt to understand the meaning of the stimuli; this suggests that attitudes reflect a(n) ________ stage of social thought. A) before; early B) before; late C) after; late D) both before and after; both early and late E) after; early

observational learning

3) When direct rewards are not present, nor any social approval or other motivations, we may develop attitudes by merely viewing others' behaviors, a process called ________.

C

30) Attitudes may be relatively stable or variable. A likely source of a change in the expression of an attitude is ________. A) psychodynamic factors in the attitude-holder B) the background of the holder of the attitude C) the situation in which the attitude may or may not be expressed D) length of time the attitude has been held E) the nature of the attitude object

C

31) People tend to prefer situations that allow them to ________. A) confront behaviors that are inconsistent with their attitudes B) carefully consider all alternatives C) maintain a match between their attitudes and behavior D) display discrepancies between their attitudes and behavior E) confront issues inconsistent with their attitudes

B

32) Overall, the relationship between attitudes and behavior is ________. A) based on personality attributes B) reliable, with some exceptions C) almost non-existent D) based on gender E) only found in contrived experiments

D

33) In La Piere's classic study, a young Chinese couple traveled across the U.S.A. and reported being treated courteously at virtually every restaurant and hotel. A follow-up survey asking for attitudes toward Chinese travelers found that ________. A) the level of service was highly correlated with the attitudes expressed on the survey B) the ethnicity of other travelers was highly influential in determining survey responses from managers of hotels and restaurants C) social norms generally accounted for the positive attitudes expressed on the survey D) most restaurant and hotel managers responded that they would refuse service to Chinese travelers E) the researchers had mistakenly surveyed only establishments the couple had not visited

D

34) LaPiere's research with the Chinese couple pointed out the ________. A) difficulty of studying actual behaviors during travel B) concordance between actual attitudes and reported conditions C) strong agreement between reported attitudes and actual behavior D) difficulty of predicting actual behavior from reported attitudes E) consistent prejudice against Chinese visitors

C

35) When we mistakenly believe that others' attitudes are different from our own, we are exhibiting ________. A) attitude discordance B) Stockholm syndrome C) pluralistic ignorance D) introspection E) lack of social awareness

A

36) Simone feels somewhat ambivalent about premarital sex. However, most of her friends seem to be unambiguously in favor of sexual activity before marriage. As a result, in a recent group discussion in her health class, Simone expressed fairly strong opinions in favor of premarital sex, and was avoided voicing her real concerns about the topic. Simone's actions are most likely due to ________. A) pluralistic ignorance B) attitude discordance C) impression motivation D) attitude accessibility E) peer pressure

B

37) Whistle-blowers generally "blow the whistle" on corporate misbehavior because of what three attributes? A) Their attitude is strong and vengeful, and their holder want to go public with it. B) Their attitude is extreme, certain, and derives from personal experience. C) Most whistle-blowing incidents stem from personal disagreements between management and the whistleblower. D) Their attitude is extreme and long-held, and combined with a fearless personality. E) Their attitude is risk-seeking, dynamic, and ruthless

E

38) An attitude is more likely to influence a person's behavior if ________. A) an important group the individual identifies with is opposed to the behavior supported by the attitude B) the object of the attitude is relatively trivial or unimportant to the individual C) the behavior supported by the attitude is particularly dramatic or drastic D) the individual has had no prior personal experiences with the object of the attitude E) the object of the attitude has important consequences for the individual

C

39) Juan feels unsure about the correctness of his attitude about a new rule at his job. He may feel more correct in his attitude if ________. A) he simply lets management do its job B) he thinks more generally about the costs and benefits of his job C) he finds out that most of his coworkers share his attitude D) a management person helps him see the wisdom of the new rule E) co-workers confront him regarding his attitude

D

40) Research suggests that the certainty of an attitude derives from ________. A) a combination of extremity and clarity B) a tension between extremity and the need to follow norms C) a combination of trait stubbornness and perceptions of correctness D) a combination of clarity and perceptions of correctness E) an over simple clarity generally negatively correlated with actual correctness

E

41) Marcus felt clearer about his attitude regarding a school policy after meeting with other students about it. The change came about because ________. A) others' arguments about the policy seemed quite strong B) others were able to explain the policy to him C) he realized how the students at the meeting were dissimilar to him D) during the meeting, the school seemed ambivalent toward its own policy E) he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy

B

42) Attitudes formed on the basis of direct personal experience with the object are generally ________. A) more likely to have a weak effect on behavior B) more likely to have a strong effect on behavior C) less likely to have a strong effect on behavior D) unlikely to have a permanent effect on behavior E) less likely to have any effect on behavior

C

44) Fishbein and Azjen's theory of planned behavior suggests that the choice of whether or not to engage in a specific behavior is determined ________. A) irrationally B) by observing others C) rationally D) sub-consciously E) perceptually

C

45) The first step we take in making a decision about pursuing a particular behavior is ________, according to the theory of planned behavior. A) to consider various conflicting attitudes we may hold B) to consider the subjective norms that may be relevant C) to consider various behavioral options D) to consider whether the behavior is within our abilities E) to consider whether important others are engaging in the planned behavior

A

46) Wendy, Greta, Tom, and Bill have all made New Year's resolutions to lose weight. Based on the information below, which of them is MOST likely to lose weight? A) Greta, who intends to dramatically reduce her fat intake and tells others that she is greatly committed to her diet. B) Bill, who feels that it is important to cut back his calorie intake but is unsure of whether he will need to increase his exercise. C) Wendy, who appreciates the importance of regular exercise but says that it is difficult to find the time to do so. D) Tom, who wants to lose weight but tells others that he really doesn't understand why people make such a fuss over diet and exercise. E) None of these will lose weight.

E

47) According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are partially determined by our attitudes toward a particular behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and ________. A) others' perceptions of our motivation for engaging in the particular behavior B) others' perceptions of whether we have the ability to perform the behavior adequately C) our perceptions of whether the behavior is considered appropriate for our situation D) our perceptions of whether the behavior will be instrumental in achieving our stated objectives E) our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior

A

48) According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and ________. A) our attitudes toward a particular behavior B) others' perceptions of our motivation for engaging in the particular behavior C) others' perceptions of whether we have the ability to perform the behavior adequately D) our perceptions of whether the behavior will be instrumental in achieving our stated objectives E) our perceptions of whether the behavior is considered appropriate for our situation

D

49) According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our attitudes toward a particular behavior, and ________. A) our perceptions of whether the behavior is considered appropriate for our situation B) others' perceptions of our motivation for engaging in the particular behavior C) our perceptions of whether the behavior will be instrumental in achieving our stated objectives D) our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior E) others' perceptions of whether we have the ability to perform the behavior adequately

A

5) Attitudes influence ________. A) social thought and behavior B) neither social thought nor social behavior C) social thought only D) antisocial thought only E) social behavior only

A

50) Fazio's attitude-to-behavior process model suggests that an event may activate an attitude and ________, which both influence our behavior. A) knowledge of social norms B) rational thought processes C) situational constraints on our behavior D) intent to act in a particular way E) impression management functions

D

51) Fazio's attitude-to-behavior process model suggests that an event may activate an attitude, which influences our ________. A) spreading of alternatives B) social norms C) perceived behavioral control D) perceptions of the attitude object E) motives to behave in a particular way

B

52) Jacque is driving, thinking about ways to get in shape. Someone cuts him off in traffic, so he gets angry and calls the driver a name. He later goes to the gym to start an exercise program. Research by ________ is more likely to explain his angry behavior, while ________'s research better explains Jacque's behavior toward the exercise program. A) Festinger; Fishbein and Ajzen B) Fazio; Fishbein and Ajzen C) Chaiken; Festinger D) Fishbein and Ajzen; Chaiken E) Cacioppo; Chaiken

C

54) The earliest research involving persuasion, by Hovland and others, focused on what three key elements? A) credibility; syntax; audience B) overt message; subliminal message; audience C) source; message; audience D) source; effect; speech E) source; message; receptiveness

B

55) A message intended to reduce cheating among high school students is more likely to be effective if it is delivered by ________. A) an elderly teacher B) an attractive and popular student C) a local politician D) None of these is likely to be effective. E) All of these are likely to be effective.

A

56) Suppose a breaking news story has occurred involving an incident of terrorism. A certain news station invites a well-respected terrorism scholar to discuss the event. His views will likely be persuasive because he will be seen as ________. A) credible B) one-sided C) pluralistic D) not trying to change others' attitudes E) physically attractive

B

57) A CEO of a mid-western company gave a press briefing, and espoused some fairly restrictive regulations aimed to reduce carbon emissions and water pollution. His excellent credibility was probably due to the fact that ________. A) many people in the area work for him B) he is CEO of a chemical company C) TV is an excellent means by which to express one's attitude D) he is highly certain of his views E) most viewers had not been forewarned about his message

B

58) The source of a message influences its effectiveness. To increase the effectiveness of a message, the communicator should be attractive and ________. A) intelligent B) credible C) short D) distracting E) ambiguous

B

59) To increase the effectiveness of a message, the communicator (source) should be credible and ________. A) ambiguous B) attractive C) intelligent D) distracting E) short

D

6) If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate, then Billy's intention reflects a(n) ________. A) schema B) cognition C) heuristic D) attitude E) behavior

B

60) Messages that provide a preliminary announcement that the message is intended to change our opinion are ________. A) as effective as those that do not forewarn us of this attempt B) less effective than those that do not forewarn us of this attempt C) more effective if the content is humorous, less effective otherwise D) more effective than those that do not forewarn us of this attempt E) less effective if the content is humorous, more effective otherwise

D

61) Messages that arouse strong levels of fear are ________. A) ineffective at stimulating the third person effect B) effective at changing behavior C) effective at stimulating the third person effect D) ineffective at changing behavior E) counterproductive when immediate action is needed

D

62) In what health context might positive messages be much better than fear-inducing messages for effecting behavior change? A) when health officials want to get children to see the school nurse B) when males are worried about painful examinations or tests C) when the message's health concern is not serious and does not involve a prescription D) when the message's health concern is very serious or fatal E) when the source is actually a physician

A

63) An anti-smoking advertisement that features photographs of diseased lungs, people using oxygen tanks to offset the effects of lung disease, and funerals, but does not include information about quitting smoking, is likely to be ineffective because ________. A) it will probably induce too much fear B) it will probably induce a desire to smoke more among some people C) it will probably trivialize the consequences of smoking D) it will probably create cognitive dissonance in viewers E) it will probably violate our social norms

D

64) Messages that arouse moderate levels of fear are effective at changing behavior if ________. A) they include specific information about the source of the fear B) they also modify or suppress the third person effect C) they are followed by messages that arouse stronger levels of fear D) they include specific information about steps we can take to reduce the fear E) they activate the self-esteem function of attitudes

B

65) An advertising company has been hired by the Centers for Disease Control to produce TV commercials to increase awareness of breast cancer in males. Advertising executives are considering three different commercials. The first features film of actual patients who describe the pain they experienced from the disease. The second focuses on medical doctors discussing early detection strategies and treatment options. The third shows grieving family members surrounding a grave. Which is likely to be more effective at changing men's behavior? A) the first, focusing on actual patients and their negative outcomes B) the second, focusing on specific information that will reduce fear C) the third, focusing on the ultimate outcome of ignoring the potential problem D) None of these will be effective. E) All of these will be equally effective.

A

66) In a study, people who were at risk for serious illness, but did not see themselves as such (compared to those who accurately saw themselves as at risk) were persuaded to be tested because the persuasive message was framed in terms of ________. A) gains to be had rather than losses to be suffered B) being the first step in getting on a program of regular testing C) quicker but more-expensive procedures rather than waiting for tests D) better detailed explanations of the risks of not being tested given by attractive "doctors" E) demonstrating to others who felt they were at risk that there was nothing to worry about

A

67) The central route to persuasion involves ________. A) careful consideration of the ideas contained by a message B) rules of thumb and mental shortcuts to making a decision about the message C) voluntary suspension of disbelief D) specific aspects of the communicator E) emotional reactance

A

80) People can become more resistant to attitudinal changes if they are first presented with opposing views and ________. A) counterarguments to the opposing views B) counterarguments to the currently held views C) factual information without any emotional appeals D) arguments that support the opposing views E) emotional appeals to remain strong in their beliefs

B

68) The heuristic-systematic model of persuasion suggests that ________. A) we engage in less effortful processing when we have relatively more knowledge about the message's topic B) we engage in less effortful processing when we lack ability or capacity for more careful processing C) we engage in less effortful processing when our attitudes and behaviors do not agree with each other D) we engage in more effortful processing when we are particularly concerned by the topic of the message E) we engage in more effortful processing when our attitudes and behaviors do not agree with each other

A

69) According to the elaboration-likelihood and the heuristic-systematic models of persuasion, the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's ________. A) capacity to process information and level of motivation B) desire to arrive at the best decision and personality characteristics C) level of motivation and concern for pleasing others D) general belief in oneself and concern for pleasing others E) level of physical attractiveness and general intellect

C

70) A campaign manager has advised the candidate he represents to make sure there is a "spontaneous" demonstration of support for him during the candidate's next major speech. Given that the candidate relies on his audience's peripheral processing of his emotion-laden persuasive messages, the demonstration is useful because ________. A) the distraction will allow the candidate to pose for the cameras while pausing in the speech B) the demonstration might create a "bandwagon effect" C) distractions can increase the persuasiveness of a speech D) such demonstrations are an expected part of the political process E) the distraction will allow the candidate to address his opposition directly

B

71) When heuristic processing is involved, the degree of persuasion ________. A) has no detectable effect on our behavior B) is not increased by strong arguments in the message C) is increased by large numbers of arguments in the message D) is increased by strong arguments in the message E) is unaffected by personal characteristics of the communicator

A

72) Jason has been listening to a talk show concerning animal rights. This is an issue that he cares deeply about and he is very knowledgeable about the topic. Jason is most likely to be persuaded by ________. A) strong, convincing arguments B) any message delivered by an attractive and competent speaker C) emotional appeals D) irrational arguments delivered by an attractive and competent speaker E) any message that challenges his knowledge

D

73) One reason that distractions may increase the persuasiveness of a message is because distractions ________. A) prevent heuristic processing from occurring B) enhance the appearance of humility in the person delivering the message C) enhance the apparent intelligence level of the person delivering the message D) prevent systematic processing of the message content E) enhance systematic processing of the message content

D

74) Experimenters gave people strong arguments to persuade them away from a belief. Some were given coffee, others a placebo. Some were given a high distraction, others a low one. In terms of attitude change, results showed that ________. A) high distraction showed no difference between the effects of coffee and placebo conditions B) low distraction resulted in no difference between the effects of coffee and placebo conditions C) high and low distraction conditions produced about the same effect overall D) low distraction produced a higher effect in the coffee compared to placebo condition E) the coffee condition generally produced a greater focus on peripheral aspects of the message

A

75) In the study involving the effects of caffeine and distraction on the effectiveness of persuasive messages, researchers found that ________ relevant to the arguments about the attitude object ________ in the ________ condition because ________. A) the number of thoughts; increased; caffeine; attentional focus was higher on the arguments B) number of thoughts; decreased; caffeine; participants focus was jangled by the effects of the caffeine C) the level of resistance; increased; placebo; participants thought more about counterarguments D) the number of peripheral cues; increased; caffeine; participants were distracted by them E) the number of thoughts; increased; placebo; participants could concentrate in a relaxed way on the arguments

D

76) ________ is our negative reaction to perceived threats to our personal freedom. A) Hypocrisy B) Trivialization C) Forewarning D) Reactance E) Avoidance

D

77) Emma is trying to convince her professor that he gave her an unfair grade. She continues to pester him for several days, as her arguments become ever more extreme. Ultimately, the professor tells Emma, "I will not change your grade; moreover, you should be thankful for the grade you received!" Emma's professor likely resisted changing her grade because ________. A) he perceived her as attempting to gain an unfair advantage relative to her classmates B) he saw her as being atypically confrontive and irritating relative to her classmates C) he became convinced she cared nothing for the class, but only cared about her image D) he felt strongly that he was being pushed to do something he didn't want to do, rather than being asked E) he found it impossible to admit to himself that he simply didn't like Emma

D

78) Bethany has been listening to a political speaker who is encouraging people to support a law that would require all people to recycle aluminum cans, and severely penalize those who do not recycle. The speaker is giving strong arguments in favor of this proposed law and is couching his appeal in moral and ethical language. As a result, Bethany is becoming increasingly annoyed and resentful of the speaker and his arguments. She may be experiencing ________. A) biased assimilation B) acceptance C) cognitive dissonance D) reactance E) counterfactual thinking

A

79) Being forewarned of the persuasive intent of a message will frequently help people to resist the effects of the message. This is because ________. A) forewarning allows us a greater opportunity to create counterarguments B) forewarning activates heuristic processes C) forewarning increases cognitive dissonance D) forewarning decreases the likelihood of reactance E) forewarning allows us to "tune out" the message completely

C

8) Assume you have a negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up." Given an IAT with photos labeled "fraternity member" or "independent, " and paired with the word "bad" or "good," your responses to the "fraternity member"/"bad" combination would likely be ________ than to "independent"/"bad" combinations. A) slower B) forced C) quicker D) mixed E) fakery

E

81) Selective avoidance is ________. A) our tendency to pay particular attention to information that challenges our attitudes B) our tendency to direct our attention away from information that requires effortful processing C) our tendency to direct our attention away from information that supports our attitudes D) our tendency to direct our attention away from speakers who exhibit undesirable physical characteristics E) our tendency to direct our attention away from information that challenges our attitudes

A

82) The fact that we tend to pay particular attention to information that supports our attitudes and to direct our attention away from information that is contrary to our attitudes is known as ________. A) selective exposure B) subliminal conditioning C) reactance D) more-is-less effect E) less-is-more effect

C

83) Tony disagrees with a certain political commercial. When the commercial comes on, he immediately switches the television channel. This is an example of ________. A) formulating counterarguments B) attitude polarization C) selective avoidance D) selective attention E) reactance

C

84) Counterarguments against a persuasive message are most likely to ________. A) increase the effectiveness of the message B) enhance the knowledge function of attitudes C) decrease the effectiveness of the message D) defeat the knowledge function of attitudes E) lead one to re-examine the basis for the counterarguments

A

85) Tina, who favors the death penalty, hears two different, though persuasive, messages: one favoring the death penalty and one against it. Tina will likely report ________ oppositional (than supportive) thoughts about the counterattitudinal message (the message arguing against her attitude), and ________ supportive (than oppositional) thoughts about the proattitudinal message (the message in line with her attitude). Because of this experience, she will be ________ able to resist counterattitudinal persuasion in the future on this topic. A) more; more; better B) fewer; fewer; better C) more; fewer; not as D) fewer; more; better E) more; fewer; better

A

86) People ________ techniques they use in order to resist attempts to persuade them. A) are aware of the B) are not aware of the C) don't let others know about the D) believe they are more resistant to persuasion attempts because of the E) Resistance techniques to persuasion generally don't work.

C

88) Cognitive dissonance is ________. A) the process involved in changing our attitudes to avoid unwanted views of ourselves B) the positive internal state that results from resolving conflicts between two or more of our attitudes C) the negative internal state that results from noticing differences between our attitudes and our behaviors D) the process used to overcome or avoid the effects of a strong argument when it is opposed to our strongest attitudes E) the process of creating weak counterarguments to a belief so we can ensure successful arguments opposing the counterarguments

B

89) Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________. A) focus more of our attention on the discrepancy to determine whether the attitude or the behavior is more important to us B) coming up with justifications in support of the behavior C) describing the dissonant attitude and behavior to a significant other person to seek their support D) modifying either the attitude or the behavior to be more extremely inconsistent with each other E) strengthening the attitude and the behavior and ignoring the discrepancy

D

9) If, as Arkes and Tetlock have speculated, Jesse Jackson were to "fail" an IAT that asks about his attitudes toward African Americans, it is because ________. A) he endorses negative stereotypes toward African Americans, but is nevertheless slower to respond to pairings of "African American" and "good" (than to African American and bad) B) although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in the culture, he is nevertheless slower to respond to pairings of "African American" and "bad" (than to African American and good) C) in attempting to fake his score, he may inadvertently show negative attitudes toward African Americans D) although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in the culture, he has good knowledge of those stereotypes E) stereotype threat may cause his anxiety in taking the test to result in faster responses to positive- word/African American pairings (than to negative-word/African American pairings)

A

90) Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________. A) trivializing the inconsistency by concluding that the attitude or the behavior is not important, so the inconsistency is also unimportant B) focus more of our attention on the discrepancy to determine whether the attitude or the behavior is more important to us C) strengthening the attitude and the behavior and ignoring the discrepancy D) modifying either the attitude or the behavior to be more extremely inconsistent with each other E) describe the dissonant attitude and behavior to a significant other person to seek their support

D

91) Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________. A) modifying either the attitude or the behavior to be more extremely inconsistent with each other B) focus more of our attention on the discrepancy to determine whether the attitude or the behavior is more important to us C) describe the dissonant attitude and behavior to a significant other person to seek their support D) using self-affirmation, whereby we restore positive self-evaluations by focusing our attention on positive self-attributes E) strengthening the attitude and the behavior and ignoring the discrepancy

A

92) In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic cognitive dissonance experiment, dissonance arises because the participant, having completed the behavior s/he's been induced to perform, feels he has ________ the behavior in the ________ condition, compared to the ________ condition. A) insufficient justification to warrant ; $ 1.00; $ 20.00 B) over justification to feel guilty enough; $ 1.00; $ 20.00 C) insufficient justification to warrant; $ 20.00; $ 1.00 D) was not bored enough by the task to justify; $ 1.00; $ 20.00 E) done everything he or she can to warrant; $ 20.00; $ 1.00

C

93) Arlene was always averse to physical contact with pigs, because she thought pigs were essentially dirty animals. Despite her concerns, she was induced to kiss a clean-looking pig on the snout for $ 2.00 while appearing on a television game show. As a result, Arlene has become a staunch advocate of pigs, and soon plans to have one as a pet. The most probable explanation for this change in attitude is ________. A) the more-leads-to-more effect B) the third-person trivialization effect C) the less-leads-to-more effect D) the elaboration likelihood model effect E) the attitude-to-behavior process effect

D

94) Which of the following is a condition that makes the less-leads-to-more effect likely to occur? A) People view the payment they receive for attitude-discrepant behavior as a bribe . B) People feel they had no choice but to perform the attitude-discrepant behavior. C) People feel no personal sense of responsibility for the negative consequences of the behavior. D) People feel personally responsible for the chosen course of action. E) People recognize that the chosen course of action has no negative impact on others.

D

95) Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ________. A) modifying the attitude and the behavior to be more extremely inconsistent with each other B) strengthening the attitude and the behavior and ignoring the discrepancy C) focusing more of our attention on the discrepancy to determine whether the attitude or the behavior is more important to us D) modifying either the attitude or the behavior to be more consistent with each other E) describe the dissonant attitude and behavior to a significant other person to seek their support

C

96) Small rewards produce greater attitude change than do large rewards when people believe they are personally responsible for the action and ________. A) when the behavior is relatively trivial B) that they are responsible for any positive effects the action produced C) that they are responsible for any negative effects the action produced D) when the justification for the behavior is large E) when there is little difference between the size of the rewards