Psych 210 Exam 3
Five fundamental personality traits from the big 5 model
openness, conscientiousness, Extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
When the task is difficult when individual contributions are identified when the work is perceived as valuable when they work with people they know
stop loafing
-use a facilitator to remind people of the rules and stay on task -encourage rest periods following intense efforts -begin with members independently writing ideas -embed independent diversity of viewpoints
successful brainstorming
You don't need to feel guilty taking resources if you....
"Deserve" it
The prejudiced personality that would join the Nazi party and believe it's propaganda
"kiss up" "kiss down"
The currently popular scale of authoritarian personality is hampered by a biased title ____________ and ______________ That include more than one basic idea that makes it difficult to know how to respond to if a person agrees with one idea but not the other idea
"right-wing authoritarianism" ; Double barreled items
validate our perception of ourselves in flattering and useful ways
"us vs them" groups
submits to legitimate authority disciplines those who defy authority Conforms to conventional beliefs
3 Authoritarian Behavioral tendencies
they have a basic instinct to categorize they preferred to live in groups Culture teaches the next generation how to think about groups
3 characteristics of people
The stereotypical male oriented pattern of behavior emphasizing assertiveness, competitiveness, and dominance
Agency
Cooperation and compassion
Agreeableness
Involves flexibility, cooperation, and pleasing others
Agreeableness
Positively correlated with helping
Agreeableness
groups must be equal in power members must know each other individually Authority figures must be supportive of positive change Groups must work together towards a common goal
Allport's 4 criteria to decrease prejudice
Group approach to problem-solving that emphasizes non-evaluative creative thinking
Brainstorming
Groupthink and the spiral of silence require a....
Brave person willing to speak their mind
social loafing increases when there is a _________ which is when each individual feels less responsible for the outcome when they think "I don't need to take care of it... someone else will"
Diffusion of responsibility
Refusing to board an airplane with anyone perceived to be Muslim
Discrimination
Unfair behavior toward a particular group or members of a group
Discrimination
Someone with a prejudice personality will have a general tendency to.....
Dislike any out groups across the board
Selfish loners would die out and generous altruists' genes would....
Dominate the gene pool
involves convincing ourselves that a group is wonderful in order to avoid the dissonance of putting in a lot of effort and wasting time to join a boring group
Effort justification/initiation affect
Actions are motivated by self interest and selfishness
Egoistic altruism
Proposes that feelings of compassion create a purely altruistic motivation to help; we see someone who needs help, put ourselves in their shoes, and feel compassion
Empathy altruism hypothesis
be capable of helping Perceive that the help will benefit the person Perceive our help is more beneficial than someone else's help
Empathy is not enough; people must also:
Envy and jealousy
Envious prejudice
Posits that we worry about being judged badly, so performance goes up because of our need to be accepted and liked
Evaluation apprehension hypothesis
Discrimination is.....
Everywhere
Sociability and energy
Extraversion
Quality friendships reduce prejudice among people from ........
Extremely different backgrounds
Being religious because of social and practical rewards, which is correlated with prejudice
Extrinsic religiosity
embarrassing initiations lead to...
Fascination
Even in modern computer games with strangers, humans have an instinct to
Flock together
Less likely to help strangers More likely to help family
Focusing on the good of the group
People who gained more benefits from the group than they contribute to the group
Free riders
Individual, positive, and personal interactions, reduce prejudice among students
Friendship contacts
proposes that when things aren't going our way, due to poor economic conditions, failures, or losses, we become frustrated, which builds tension that must be released, and the outlet is aggression
Frustration aggression theory
Form of religiosity in which people believe their chosen faith is the only truth faith, Religious text should be taken literally, forces of evil are everywhere; positively correlated with prejudice
Fundamentalism
Students put into small expert groups Study specific aspect of a lesson New groups are formed with an expert from each previous group They rely on each other for knowledge Prejudice goes away as they work on a superordinate goal
Jigsaw classroom technique
Some stereotypes can at least be somewhat true
Kernel of truth theory
Refers to the revolutionary urge to favor those with closer genetic relatedness
Kinship selection
Chased by a man and stabbed twice scream for help; the attacks took place over half an hour she died an hour later According to the New York Times, 37 people heard her screams and no one called the police Although that NYT account turned out being wrong, it inspired social psychologist to scientifically study helping
Kitty Genovese
What led to a faster recovery for pre-surgery bypass patients in the study?
Knowledgeable roommates
Described three leader ship types, including autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire
Kurt Lewin
notice the event interpret as an emergency take responsibility know how to help implement the decision to help
Latane and Darnley's 5-Step Model of Helping
Many groups nowadays are....
Legally protected
Explicit prejudice is....
Less socially acceptable
What demonstrated group cohesiveness?
Lewis and Clark expedition
After the American Civil War, many whites were financially devastated; as the price of cotton went down, the number of.....
Lynchings went up
Stood up to the Taliban and risked her life several times to help girls everywhere have access to education
Malala Yousafzai
Happens when hazing elicits social dependency that promotes allegiance to the group
Maltreatment effects
Example of modern symbolic prejudice
Men's rights movement
argues that simply having other people in the room will increase physiological arousal; that arousal helps on easy tasks and hinders on difficult tasks
Mere presence hypothesis
Can enhance performance even without a sense of competition
Mere presence of others..
Groups are based on meaningless categories to study inter-group dynamics, leading to the promotion of the in group and denigration of the outgroup
Minimal group paradigm
Friendship contact reduced prejudice of the majority group member more than it did for the
Minority group member
When participants were threatened with electric shock, they clustered together; Frightened people cluster together
Misery loves company
Avoids being too distinct and being isolated versus being too anonymous and losing individuality
Moderate level of distinctiveness
People who like to think that they value equality and respect but who simultaneously oppose social change that would allow equality engage in
Modern symbolic prejudice
most forms of prejudice and discrimination don't exist or are rare Differences in income are due to lack of effort their anger and discrimination claims are not justified they seek special favors They get more than they deserve
Modern symbolic prejudice characteristic beliefs
The motivation to appear moral while avoiding the cost of behaving morally
Moral hypocrisy
The motivation to actually live up to one's own standards of morality and ethics
Moral integrity
People are high in need for approval and empathy are......
More likely to help
-lent $30 to 42 oppressed basket weavers, helping the women's small businesses that pulled them out of poverty -Started Grameen Bank to support small business owners -Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 and Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009
Muhammad Yunus
to find their sense of individual identity, researchers asked to them to rate their own ability, others ability, and how they thought others would rate them (reflected appraisal) to find this identity
Musicians
Other examples of difficult groups to join
Navy seals and political parties
seeing another person in need causes us emotional distress and helping decreases those negative emotions
Negative State relief model
Anxiety and social insecurity
Neuroticism
Obvious, overt prejudice that is considered inappropriate by most social contemporary social standards
Old fashioned prejudice
Subtle forms have replaced.....
Old fashioned prejudice
In an urban vs rural helping study, about half of the people in small towns helped someone in pain compared to........
Only 15% in large cities
Enjoyment of adventure and curiosity
Openness to experience
Proposes that people can simultaneously achieve the advantages of being seen as unique and being a member of a small, elite group
Optimal distinctiveness theory
Groups in which we are not members; everyone else
Out groups
The perception that all members of a particular outgroup are exactly the same because we don't get to know them
Outgroup homogeneity
pity and sympathy
Paternalistic prejudice
against social equality more likely to make an ethical decisions Resent others who claim discrimination, but support in group members who claim it
People high in SDO
tend to have prejudice against African-Americans, gay people, overweight people, and immigrants Support racial profiling in restrictions of civil liberties in violations of human rights as part of the war on terror
People with high scores on the right wing authoritarianism scale
Refers to a general tendency to exhibit outgroup prejudice; Preference for social hierarchies in a clear understanding of which groups do and don't possess power
Social dominance orientation (SDO)
Refers to the evolution of prosocial trading that strengthens the group
Social exchange
Refers to improved effort and individual performance in the presence of others
Social facilitation
The idea that we have an automatic tendency to categorize each other
Social identity theory
Focuses on the people involved, which is important when cooperative teamwork is required
Social leader
Stereotypes are passed from generation to generation as explained by ___________ Which argues that individuals gain rewards by observing and copying social agents
Social learning theory
Occurs when people working in a group reduce their individual level of effort
Social loafing
Have devoted decades towards reducing stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
Social psychologists
The idea that each individual has a duty to improve the world by helping those in need; must balance helping others with only helping those who actually deserve help
Social responsibility
Argues that stereotypes form when people observe the roles different kinds of people occupy and assume they are well-suited to those roles
Social role theory
Media portrayals of overweight people Refusing services to customers who religious practices do not align Believing that being overweight or gay is a choice seems to justify prejudice
Some prejudices are more excepted than others
Involves a fear of rejection leading people to keep silent, misperceive a louder opinion as majority opinion, and therefore become even less likely to expressed their private opinion
Spiral of silence
Proposes 2 categories of judgment; warmth and competence -this leads to a 2x2 matrix of prejudice based on warmth (low, high) and competence (low, high)
Stereotype content model
Belief that men wearing any kind of headscarf are Muslim
Stereotype example
Occurs when an individual feels at risk for confirming a negative stereotype about his or her group; the anxiety can lead to distraction and confirm the stereotype
Stereotype threat
A belief that all members of a group have the same characteristics
Stereotyping
Victims of hate crimes experience....
Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination
occurs when hostages develop affection for their captors: 1973 Stockholm, Sweden bank robbery 1974 Patty Hearst kidnapping
Stockholm syndrome
In one study, participants volunteered, for no compensation, to take the place of a........
Stranger who was receiving shocks
People are more likely to help friends and family vs........
Strangers
anxious people cluster with _____________ vs with other anxious people
calm people
Lead to more prosocial behaviors than individualistic cultures, especially towards their own group
collectivistic cultures
Striving for achievement, attention to detail, and responsibility
conscientiousness
loafing is less likely for people high in _______ and ________
conscientiousness; agreeableness
to minimize group think,....
consult with outsiders
tension, violence, reconciliation, attention, and apologies
cycle of abuse
it doesn't take much to form a garage band but joining fraternities and sororities sometimes require humiliating public rituals, therefore some groups are _______ to join and others are more ________
easy; difficult
Involves increasing our commitment to a failing situation to justify previous investments of time, effort, or resources
escalation trap/Sunken cost fallacy
how likely people will socially interact due to physical constraints such as geography or architecture
functional distance
Establishes the expected patterns of behavior deemed appropriate for men and women
gender socialization
roaches performed better when running a simple maze but poor when running a complex maze in the presence of other roaches
groups can hurt
if membership is exclusive, it must be wonderful
heuristic
What showed how architectural features of buildings influence cohesiveness which led to social support?
housing projects
Refers to the idea that it's easy for us to see the diversity within in group members because we get to know them
in group heterogeneity
Groups in which we are members such as race, sex, sexual orientation and chosen groups like college or sports teams
in groups
In a study, pre-surgery bypass patients who were prepping for surgery preferred roommates who were already in recovery versus roommates who were also prepping
information over empathy
apply superordinate goals in the classroom
jigsaw classrooms
people who are low in _______, Which describes people who are manipulative, discharge for, and egocentric
machiavellianism
true or false: Anyone can apply this lesson of friendship contacts in their own life
true
Belief in a just world social responsibility
two social norms
Refers to using the collective insights of many people to test, develop, and refine new ideas, products, and services
wisdom of crowds or "crowd sourcing"
Occurs in the same part of the brain
social and physical pain
Because culture is simply part of people's existence,....
It's not noticed
A 2010 study showed citizens of Poland and Ukraine display higher discrimination against.....
Jewish people during economic deprivation
Argues that the instinct to group and label arose because it was a survival benefit -People are cognitive misers who adopt mental shortcuts to simplify the world -They rely on obvious external characteristics and make very fast decisions
Adaptive categorization
Pride and admiration
Admiration prejudice
Behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself
Altruism
Involves viewing good women from a benevolent perspective and being hostile towards woman who failed to meet those standards
Ambivalent sexism
Scores of ambivalent sexism were significantly strong predictors of whether people intended to vote for Hillary Clinton
Ambivalent sexism example
Generalizes prejudices across many different groups using a structure of authority and order as a foundation
Authoritarian Personality
experiencing self gratification for the success of someone with whom one is associated with
Basking in reflected glory
Evaluations, judgments, and feelings that is explained by four major theories
Beliefs often morph into...
Social support, identity, safety and security, and meaningful information
Benefits of cohesiveness:
The perception that members of certain groups have positive qualities that should be praised and valued
Benevolent prejudice
Refers to the chance of helping in an emergency decreasing as the number of people who witnessed that emergency increases
Bystander effect
Managers are more likely to report fraud when they alone have the information Negative correlation to intervene in cyber bullying and number of witnesses Less helping behavior after playing a multiplayer video game than a single player video game
Bystander effect examples
Participating in groups and making social comparison can help us figure out a...
Career path
Most religions encourage.....
Charity and altruism
Allow individuals and sub groups to specialize, define social roles, develop an identity, share information, and provide a safe environment
Cohesive groups
Justify taking land from natives who are "savages" practicing the wrong religion or needing to be civilized
Colonizers
Stereotypically female oriented pattern emphasizing being friendly, other oriented, and emotionally expressive
Communion
Research indicates women are perceived to be maintaining high.......
Communion while increasing agency
Compares human social behavior with nonhuman animals
Comparative social psychology
Negative moods do not increase helping, but sadness and guilt increase......
Compliance when someone directly asks for help
Attention to detail and responsibility
Conscientiousness
Proposes that prejudice may be reduced by increasing contact or exposure to outgroups
Contact hypothesis
Disgust and resentment
Contemptuous prejudice
Posits that different situations call for different kinds of leaders
Contingency theory of leadership
Men and women select helping jobs that differ in terms of physical strength vs.....
Cooperation and nurturance
The advantages of sharing food led to other prosocial exchanges like.....
Cooperative hunting, mutual defense, and communal childcare
Occurs when lack of cooperation and communication weakens effectiveness
Coordination loss
Collection of shared beliefs that strengthens stereotype
Culture
French-Quebecer landlords in the 1980s would not rent to non French-Quebecers because they thought it would....
Devalue their property
Studying prosocial behavior in an experiment is.....
Difficult
Occurs when each person in our group feels less accountable to take action because there are other people who can do something
Diffusion of responsibility
Girls are rewarded for....
Gentleness and kindness
Due to diffusion of responsibility and evaluation apprehension, one studied showed that individual brainstorming was....
Greater than group brainstorming
The degree to which members of a group feel connected to one another
Group cohesiveness
Social roles, hierarchies, communication styles, and culture that naturally form when groups interact; leaders and followers emerge
Group dynamics
Occurs when a group makes more extreme decisions than the average of individual decisions
Group polarization
Occur when two or more individuals interact with one another or are joined by a common fate
Groups
Refers to the tendency for people in groups to minimize conflict by thinking alike and publicly agreeing with each other
Groupthink
Highly cohesive groups under stressful situations and a strong directive leader
Groupthink most likely in...
Predicts that helping will happen when the genetic relatedness of the helpee (r) multiplied by the benefits of the helping (b) is greater than the cost of the helping (c)
Hamiltons Inequality (r X b) > c
Occurs whenever members of a group establish arbitrary rituals for new members that may cause physical or emotional harm, including fraternities and sororities, athletic teams, military groups, college marching bands, and graduate schools
Hazing
Involves judging a woman who does not fit the benevolent stereotype of gentle, pretty, kind, polite, and pure
Hostile sexism
Poor performance evaluations at work Accepting of sexual harassment domestic violence More likely to blame rape victims
Hostile sexism examples
People oriented toward religion as a quest offered help only......
If the person wanted help
We are more likely to help people who we perceive to be in our.........
In group
Our self-esteem is tied to our....
In groups
Refers to the probability that our genetic heritage will be preserved in our relatives offspring
Inclusive fitness
Men are high in agency but not......
Increasing communion
Boys are rewarded for...
Independence and competitiveness
Focuses on the joint effects of personality and situation
Interactionist perspective
sincere belief in their faith's teaching and attempt to apply those principles to every day behaviors; they have low levels of prejudice if their religion teaches tolerance
Intrinsic religiosity
Why is hazing such an intimate part of social living?
It affirms the social hierarchy, values, and goals of a group
Authoritarianism social dominant orientation Religiosity
Personality constructs tied to prejudice
What 4 factors motivates some people to help and others to walk on by?
Personality, religious norms, gender, culture
Minority opinion remains silent party due to _______, The false impression that others do not share your private perspective, which sucks people deeper down into the spiral of silence
Pluralistic ignorance
A belief about a group that is in a favorable direction or valance; the content is favorable, but the outcome is not because it puts unfair expectations on people
Positive stereotype
Any emotion center judgment or evaluation about people based on their perceived membership in a particular group
Prejudice
Provides a mental shortcut that allows us to maintain a positive view of our self and our in groups
Prejudice
Negative emotions toward Muslims; judgment that they are all terrorist
Prejudice Example
Such as envy and fear of losing resources or being physically harmed,......
Prejudice is emotion based
the Lewinian equation: "P"rejudice
Prejudice personality
When the economy is bad and jobs are limited.....
Prejudice towards immigrants increase
When someone doesn't meet that prejudice, they are judged harshly still restricts what someone should be Condescending and paternalistic
Problems of benevolent prejudice
social loafing is a big contributor to ________ Which is a reduction in effort that comes from a lack of motivation
Process loss
Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another
Prosocial behavior
The ability to analyze moral dilemmas
Prosocial moral reasoning
US relative to Brazilian children got higher internalized moral reasoning score; cell focus concerns were negatively correlated with helpfulness; communal concerns or positively correlated with helpfulness in Germany and India, no differences and helping behavior, but different terms of motives across the culture In Spain and Turkey, Spanish students had high internalized scores, but more concerned with social approval
Prosocial moral reasoning examples
people who endorse a _______________ values discipline, honoring commitments, and doing a good job are less likely to loaf
Protestant work ethic
Sherif invited highly similar boys to robbers cave and split them into 2 camps ended up competing over everything attempts to bring them together made the prejudice stronger
Rattlers and Eagles Study
Proposes that prejudice results from the justifications we create to determine that our in group should receive an unfair amount of limited resources
Realistic conflict theory
the expectation that our helpfulness now will be returned in the future
Reciprocal altruism
because of _____________ which is fear of social rejection and ostracism, group norms are powerful influences
Rejection sensitivity
The degree to which one is religious and why
Religiosity
The tendency of groups to make riskier or more daring decisions than the average of individuals
Risky shift
Drug dealers lived with their mothers, and the mothers shared and maximized resources, working together to keep their children safe
Robert Taylor Homes housing project
The idea that prejudice is the result of one group blaming another innocent group for its problems such as the Nazi party blaming Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and other groups
Scapegoat theory
What is conformed most closely to reflected appraisals?
Self appraisals
Bullies tend to have high.....
Self-esteem
Both girl and boy rewards lead to a....
Self-fulfilling prophecy in adulthood
Behaviors that appear to be pure altruism are really done for......
Selfish reasons
Impression of how we uniquely fit into a larger group
Sense of individual identity
What revolutionary advantages do groups provide us?
Sharing food and shelter
fix a broken waterline Push a vehicle stuck in the mud Pool their money to rent a movie
Sherif's solution included making the boys work together to:
We are more likely to provide money to someone wearing.......
Similar clothing
Provide the advantages of groups in general but members maintain individuality and a sense of importance
Small, elite groups
Prejudice hasn't gone away, it's just.....
Sneakier
Parents, the media, and other sending messages about cultural beliefs and expectations
Social agents
Prejudice is not on the decline and discrimination is not a thing of the past, it has just become more....
Subtle and surreptitious
Same-sex marriage legalized more woman than men enroll in College More African-American college presidents
Sudden social changes
Objectives that neither group could achieve without the others cooperation
Superordinate goals
How do groups provide cognitive clarity?
Supplying meaningful information
Being in a group helps us define our own...
Talents and purpose
Focuses on completing assignments which is important in emergency situations
Task leader
by the end of the third week of sheriff's experiment......
The boys were friends and enjoyed the camp
People made small sacrifices and helped one another during......
The bus boycott began by Rosa parks
40 Princeton seminary students passed a confederate posing in a doorway coughing and groaning students were asked to deliver a speech on helping others or a career for ministers They were also in no hurry, somewhat in a hurry or in a big hurry Only 40% stopped to help the groaning man Preparing a speech to help others did not matter in terms of stopping to help, and they were much less likely to help when they were in a hurry
The good Samaritan study
In a study of guilty, lying participants and honest participants
The lyiny helped for an hour and honest helped for two minutes
The harder it is to join...
The more we want to join
When people with high self-esteem since a threat,....
They protect their self image by putting others down
Use rewards and punishments to motivate a group members and are useful in maintaining the status quo
Transactional leaders
Use inspiration and group cohesiveness to motivate group members and are useful in challenging established rules and procedures
Transformational leaders
"two heads are better than one" "Too many cooks spoil the broth"
Two-sided mystery
Stereotypes are a basic human instinct that may be.....
Unavoidable
Posits that people and cities avoid social interactions with strangers simply because they are overwhelmed by the number of people they encounter each day
Urban overload hypothesis
Weaker targets that can somehow be tied to the problem
We aggress against...
Cohesiveness evolved not by personality but by functional distance; New mothers supported one another in raising children
Westgate housing project
The belief in a just world involves people who help others and believe.....
What comes around goes around
Culture shifts lessons and trains boys and girls for rules they are expected to fill later in life
When a stereotype arises...
A study showed people with intrinsic religiosity offered help....
Whether or not it was welcome
Being a member of a dominant group has the privilege of being oblivious to social power
White privilege
best example of wisdom of crowds: -originally maintained by experts -any person can contribute -Top 10 visited sites and 800 new articles a day
Wikipedia
Behave with greater social and ethical sensitivity A higher degree of nurturance Less combativeness
Women more than men across cultures tend to:
groups can lead to ______ and also _________
bad decisions; ground-breaking innovation
Quality is more important than.....
quantity
survival need to belong self-esteem need for control sense of existence
rejection threatens:
Emphasized asking questions, skepticism and doubt are welcomed, and prejudice tends to be low
religion as quest
We are more likely to help someone up who is a fellow fan vs a........
rival team