Psych 210 Exam 3

Five fundamental personality traits from the big 5 model

openness, conscientiousness, Extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

When the task is difficult when individual contributions are identified when the work is perceived as valuable when they work with people they know

stop loafing

-use a facilitator to remind people of the rules and stay on task -encourage rest periods following intense efforts -begin with members independently writing ideas -embed independent diversity of viewpoints

successful brainstorming

You don't need to feel guilty taking resources if you....

"Deserve" it

The prejudiced personality that would join the Nazi party and believe it's propaganda

"kiss up" "kiss down"

The currently popular scale of authoritarian personality is hampered by a biased title ____________ and ______________ That include more than one basic idea that makes it difficult to know how to respond to if a person agrees with one idea but not the other idea

"right-wing authoritarianism" ; Double barreled items

validate our perception of ourselves in flattering and useful ways

"us vs them" groups

submits to legitimate authority disciplines those who defy authority Conforms to conventional beliefs

3 Authoritarian Behavioral tendencies

they have a basic instinct to categorize they preferred to live in groups Culture teaches the next generation how to think about groups

3 characteristics of people

The stereotypical male oriented pattern of behavior emphasizing assertiveness, competitiveness, and dominance

Agency

Cooperation and compassion

Agreeableness

Involves flexibility, cooperation, and pleasing others

Agreeableness

Positively correlated with helping

Agreeableness

groups must be equal in power members must know each other individually Authority figures must be supportive of positive change Groups must work together towards a common goal

Allport's 4 criteria to decrease prejudice

Group approach to problem-solving that emphasizes non-evaluative creative thinking

Brainstorming

Groupthink and the spiral of silence require a....

Brave person willing to speak their mind

social loafing increases when there is a _________ which is when each individual feels less responsible for the outcome when they think "I don't need to take care of it... someone else will"

Diffusion of responsibility

Refusing to board an airplane with anyone perceived to be Muslim

Discrimination

Unfair behavior toward a particular group or members of a group

Discrimination

Someone with a prejudice personality will have a general tendency to.....

Dislike any out groups across the board

Selfish loners would die out and generous altruists' genes would....

Dominate the gene pool

involves convincing ourselves that a group is wonderful in order to avoid the dissonance of putting in a lot of effort and wasting time to join a boring group

Effort justification/initiation affect

Actions are motivated by self interest and selfishness

Egoistic altruism

Proposes that feelings of compassion create a purely altruistic motivation to help; we see someone who needs help, put ourselves in their shoes, and feel compassion

Empathy altruism hypothesis

be capable of helping Perceive that the help will benefit the person Perceive our help is more beneficial than someone else's help

Empathy is not enough; people must also:

Envy and jealousy

Envious prejudice

Posits that we worry about being judged badly, so performance goes up because of our need to be accepted and liked

Evaluation apprehension hypothesis

Discrimination is.....

Everywhere

Sociability and energy

Extraversion

Quality friendships reduce prejudice among people from ........

Extremely different backgrounds

Being religious because of social and practical rewards, which is correlated with prejudice

Extrinsic religiosity

embarrassing initiations lead to...

Fascination

Even in modern computer games with strangers, humans have an instinct to

Flock together

Less likely to help strangers More likely to help family

Focusing on the good of the group

People who gained more benefits from the group than they contribute to the group

Free riders

Individual, positive, and personal interactions, reduce prejudice among students

Friendship contacts

proposes that when things aren't going our way, due to poor economic conditions, failures, or losses, we become frustrated, which builds tension that must be released, and the outlet is aggression

Frustration aggression theory

Form of religiosity in which people believe their chosen faith is the only truth faith, Religious text should be taken literally, forces of evil are everywhere; positively correlated with prejudice

Fundamentalism

Students put into small expert groups Study specific aspect of a lesson New groups are formed with an expert from each previous group They rely on each other for knowledge Prejudice goes away as they work on a superordinate goal

Jigsaw classroom technique

Some stereotypes can at least be somewhat true

Kernel of truth theory

Refers to the revolutionary urge to favor those with closer genetic relatedness

Kinship selection

Chased by a man and stabbed twice scream for help; the attacks took place over half an hour she died an hour later According to the New York Times, 37 people heard her screams and no one called the police Although that NYT account turned out being wrong, it inspired social psychologist to scientifically study helping

Kitty Genovese

What led to a faster recovery for pre-surgery bypass patients in the study?

Knowledgeable roommates

Described three leader ship types, including autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire

Kurt Lewin

notice the event interpret as an emergency take responsibility know how to help implement the decision to help

Latane and Darnley's 5-Step Model of Helping

Many groups nowadays are....

Legally protected

Explicit prejudice is....

Less socially acceptable

What demonstrated group cohesiveness?

Lewis and Clark expedition

After the American Civil War, many whites were financially devastated; as the price of cotton went down, the number of.....

Lynchings went up

Stood up to the Taliban and risked her life several times to help girls everywhere have access to education

Malala Yousafzai

Happens when hazing elicits social dependency that promotes allegiance to the group

Maltreatment effects

Example of modern symbolic prejudice

Men's rights movement

argues that simply having other people in the room will increase physiological arousal; that arousal helps on easy tasks and hinders on difficult tasks

Mere presence hypothesis

Can enhance performance even without a sense of competition

Mere presence of others..

Groups are based on meaningless categories to study inter-group dynamics, leading to the promotion of the in group and denigration of the outgroup

Minimal group paradigm

Friendship contact reduced prejudice of the majority group member more than it did for the

Minority group member

When participants were threatened with electric shock, they clustered together; Frightened people cluster together

Misery loves company

Avoids being too distinct and being isolated versus being too anonymous and losing individuality

Moderate level of distinctiveness

People who like to think that they value equality and respect but who simultaneously oppose social change that would allow equality engage in

Modern symbolic prejudice

most forms of prejudice and discrimination don't exist or are rare Differences in income are due to lack of effort their anger and discrimination claims are not justified they seek special favors They get more than they deserve

Modern symbolic prejudice characteristic beliefs

The motivation to appear moral while avoiding the cost of behaving morally

Moral hypocrisy

The motivation to actually live up to one's own standards of morality and ethics

Moral integrity

People are high in need for approval and empathy are......

More likely to help

-lent $30 to 42 oppressed basket weavers, helping the women's small businesses that pulled them out of poverty -Started Grameen Bank to support small business owners -Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 and Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009

Muhammad Yunus

to find their sense of individual identity, researchers asked to them to rate their own ability, others ability, and how they thought others would rate them (reflected appraisal) to find this identity

Musicians

Other examples of difficult groups to join

Navy seals and political parties

seeing another person in need causes us emotional distress and helping decreases those negative emotions

Negative State relief model

Anxiety and social insecurity

Neuroticism

Obvious, overt prejudice that is considered inappropriate by most social contemporary social standards

Old fashioned prejudice

Subtle forms have replaced.....

Old fashioned prejudice

In an urban vs rural helping study, about half of the people in small towns helped someone in pain compared to........

Only 15% in large cities

Enjoyment of adventure and curiosity

Openness to experience

Proposes that people can simultaneously achieve the advantages of being seen as unique and being a member of a small, elite group

Optimal distinctiveness theory

Groups in which we are not members; everyone else

Out groups

The perception that all members of a particular outgroup are exactly the same because we don't get to know them

Outgroup homogeneity

pity and sympathy

Paternalistic prejudice

against social equality more likely to make an ethical decisions Resent others who claim discrimination, but support in group members who claim it

People high in SDO

tend to have prejudice against African-Americans, gay people, overweight people, and immigrants Support racial profiling in restrictions of civil liberties in violations of human rights as part of the war on terror

People with high scores on the right wing authoritarianism scale

Refers to a general tendency to exhibit outgroup prejudice; Preference for social hierarchies in a clear understanding of which groups do and don't possess power

Social dominance orientation (SDO)

Refers to the evolution of prosocial trading that strengthens the group

Social exchange

Refers to improved effort and individual performance in the presence of others

Social facilitation

The idea that we have an automatic tendency to categorize each other

Social identity theory

Focuses on the people involved, which is important when cooperative teamwork is required

Social leader

Stereotypes are passed from generation to generation as explained by ___________ Which argues that individuals gain rewards by observing and copying social agents

Social learning theory

Occurs when people working in a group reduce their individual level of effort

Social loafing

Have devoted decades towards reducing stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

Social psychologists

The idea that each individual has a duty to improve the world by helping those in need; must balance helping others with only helping those who actually deserve help

Social responsibility

Argues that stereotypes form when people observe the roles different kinds of people occupy and assume they are well-suited to those roles

Social role theory

Media portrayals of overweight people Refusing services to customers who religious practices do not align Believing that being overweight or gay is a choice seems to justify prejudice

Some prejudices are more excepted than others

Involves a fear of rejection leading people to keep silent, misperceive a louder opinion as majority opinion, and therefore become even less likely to expressed their private opinion

Spiral of silence

Proposes 2 categories of judgment; warmth and competence -this leads to a 2x2 matrix of prejudice based on warmth (low, high) and competence (low, high)

Stereotype content model

Belief that men wearing any kind of headscarf are Muslim

Stereotype example

Occurs when an individual feels at risk for confirming a negative stereotype about his or her group; the anxiety can lead to distraction and confirm the stereotype

Stereotype threat

A belief that all members of a group have the same characteristics

Stereotyping

Victims of hate crimes experience....

Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

occurs when hostages develop affection for their captors: 1973 Stockholm, Sweden bank robbery 1974 Patty Hearst kidnapping

Stockholm syndrome

In one study, participants volunteered, for no compensation, to take the place of a........

Stranger who was receiving shocks

People are more likely to help friends and family vs........

Strangers

anxious people cluster with _____________ vs with other anxious people

calm people

Lead to more prosocial behaviors than individualistic cultures, especially towards their own group

collectivistic cultures

Striving for achievement, attention to detail, and responsibility

conscientiousness

loafing is less likely for people high in _______ and ________

conscientiousness; agreeableness

to minimize group think,....

consult with outsiders

tension, violence, reconciliation, attention, and apologies

cycle of abuse

it doesn't take much to form a garage band but joining fraternities and sororities sometimes require humiliating public rituals, therefore some groups are _______ to join and others are more ________

easy; difficult

Involves increasing our commitment to a failing situation to justify previous investments of time, effort, or resources

escalation trap/Sunken cost fallacy

how likely people will socially interact due to physical constraints such as geography or architecture

functional distance

Establishes the expected patterns of behavior deemed appropriate for men and women

gender socialization

roaches performed better when running a simple maze but poor when running a complex maze in the presence of other roaches

groups can hurt

if membership is exclusive, it must be wonderful

heuristic

What showed how architectural features of buildings influence cohesiveness which led to social support?

housing projects

Refers to the idea that it's easy for us to see the diversity within in group members because we get to know them

in group heterogeneity

Groups in which we are members such as race, sex, sexual orientation and chosen groups like college or sports teams

in groups

In a study, pre-surgery bypass patients who were prepping for surgery preferred roommates who were already in recovery versus roommates who were also prepping

information over empathy

apply superordinate goals in the classroom

jigsaw classrooms

people who are low in _______, Which describes people who are manipulative, discharge for, and egocentric

machiavellianism

true or false: Anyone can apply this lesson of friendship contacts in their own life

true

Belief in a just world social responsibility

two social norms

Refers to using the collective insights of many people to test, develop, and refine new ideas, products, and services

wisdom of crowds or "crowd sourcing"

Occurs in the same part of the brain

social and physical pain

Because culture is simply part of people's existence,....

It's not noticed

A 2010 study showed citizens of Poland and Ukraine display higher discrimination against.....

Jewish people during economic deprivation

Argues that the instinct to group and label arose because it was a survival benefit -People are cognitive misers who adopt mental shortcuts to simplify the world -They rely on obvious external characteristics and make very fast decisions

Adaptive categorization

Pride and admiration

Admiration prejudice

Behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself

Altruism

Involves viewing good women from a benevolent perspective and being hostile towards woman who failed to meet those standards

Ambivalent sexism

Scores of ambivalent sexism were significantly strong predictors of whether people intended to vote for Hillary Clinton

Ambivalent sexism example

Generalizes prejudices across many different groups using a structure of authority and order as a foundation

Authoritarian Personality

experiencing self gratification for the success of someone with whom one is associated with

Basking in reflected glory

Evaluations, judgments, and feelings that is explained by four major theories

Beliefs often morph into...

Social support, identity, safety and security, and meaningful information

Benefits of cohesiveness:

The perception that members of certain groups have positive qualities that should be praised and valued

Benevolent prejudice

Refers to the chance of helping in an emergency decreasing as the number of people who witnessed that emergency increases

Bystander effect

Managers are more likely to report fraud when they alone have the information Negative correlation to intervene in cyber bullying and number of witnesses Less helping behavior after playing a multiplayer video game than a single player video game

Bystander effect examples

Participating in groups and making social comparison can help us figure out a...

Career path

Most religions encourage.....

Charity and altruism

Allow individuals and sub groups to specialize, define social roles, develop an identity, share information, and provide a safe environment

Cohesive groups

Justify taking land from natives who are "savages" practicing the wrong religion or needing to be civilized

Colonizers

Stereotypically female oriented pattern emphasizing being friendly, other oriented, and emotionally expressive

Communion

Research indicates women are perceived to be maintaining high.......

Communion while increasing agency

Compares human social behavior with nonhuman animals

Comparative social psychology

Negative moods do not increase helping, but sadness and guilt increase......

Compliance when someone directly asks for help

Attention to detail and responsibility

Conscientiousness

Proposes that prejudice may be reduced by increasing contact or exposure to outgroups

Contact hypothesis

Disgust and resentment

Contemptuous prejudice

Posits that different situations call for different kinds of leaders

Contingency theory of leadership

Men and women select helping jobs that differ in terms of physical strength vs.....

Cooperation and nurturance

The advantages of sharing food led to other prosocial exchanges like.....

Cooperative hunting, mutual defense, and communal childcare

Occurs when lack of cooperation and communication weakens effectiveness

Coordination loss

Collection of shared beliefs that strengthens stereotype

Culture

French-Quebecer landlords in the 1980s would not rent to non French-Quebecers because they thought it would....

Devalue their property

Studying prosocial behavior in an experiment is.....

Difficult

Occurs when each person in our group feels less accountable to take action because there are other people who can do something

Diffusion of responsibility

Girls are rewarded for....

Gentleness and kindness

Due to diffusion of responsibility and evaluation apprehension, one studied showed that individual brainstorming was....

Greater than group brainstorming

The degree to which members of a group feel connected to one another

Group cohesiveness

Social roles, hierarchies, communication styles, and culture that naturally form when groups interact; leaders and followers emerge

Group dynamics

Occurs when a group makes more extreme decisions than the average of individual decisions

Group polarization

Occur when two or more individuals interact with one another or are joined by a common fate

Groups

Refers to the tendency for people in groups to minimize conflict by thinking alike and publicly agreeing with each other

Groupthink

Highly cohesive groups under stressful situations and a strong directive leader

Groupthink most likely in...

Predicts that helping will happen when the genetic relatedness of the helpee (r) multiplied by the benefits of the helping (b) is greater than the cost of the helping (c)

Hamiltons Inequality (r X b) > c

Occurs whenever members of a group establish arbitrary rituals for new members that may cause physical or emotional harm, including fraternities and sororities, athletic teams, military groups, college marching bands, and graduate schools

Hazing

Involves judging a woman who does not fit the benevolent stereotype of gentle, pretty, kind, polite, and pure

Hostile sexism

Poor performance evaluations at work Accepting of sexual harassment domestic violence More likely to blame rape victims

Hostile sexism examples

People oriented toward religion as a quest offered help only......

If the person wanted help

We are more likely to help people who we perceive to be in our.........

In group

Our self-esteem is tied to our....

In groups

Refers to the probability that our genetic heritage will be preserved in our relatives offspring

Inclusive fitness

Men are high in agency but not......

Increasing communion

Boys are rewarded for...

Independence and competitiveness

Focuses on the joint effects of personality and situation

Interactionist perspective

sincere belief in their faith's teaching and attempt to apply those principles to every day behaviors; they have low levels of prejudice if their religion teaches tolerance

Intrinsic religiosity

Why is hazing such an intimate part of social living?

It affirms the social hierarchy, values, and goals of a group

Authoritarianism social dominant orientation Religiosity

Personality constructs tied to prejudice

What 4 factors motivates some people to help and others to walk on by?

Personality, religious norms, gender, culture

Minority opinion remains silent party due to _______, The false impression that others do not share your private perspective, which sucks people deeper down into the spiral of silence

Pluralistic ignorance

A belief about a group that is in a favorable direction or valance; the content is favorable, but the outcome is not because it puts unfair expectations on people

Positive stereotype

Any emotion center judgment or evaluation about people based on their perceived membership in a particular group

Prejudice

Provides a mental shortcut that allows us to maintain a positive view of our self and our in groups

Prejudice

Negative emotions toward Muslims; judgment that they are all terrorist

Prejudice Example

Such as envy and fear of losing resources or being physically harmed,......

Prejudice is emotion based

the Lewinian equation: "P"rejudice

Prejudice personality

When the economy is bad and jobs are limited.....

Prejudice towards immigrants increase

When someone doesn't meet that prejudice, they are judged harshly still restricts what someone should be Condescending and paternalistic

Problems of benevolent prejudice

social loafing is a big contributor to ________ Which is a reduction in effort that comes from a lack of motivation

Process loss

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit another

Prosocial behavior

The ability to analyze moral dilemmas

Prosocial moral reasoning

US relative to Brazilian children got higher internalized moral reasoning score; cell focus concerns were negatively correlated with helpfulness; communal concerns or positively correlated with helpfulness in Germany and India, no differences and helping behavior, but different terms of motives across the culture In Spain and Turkey, Spanish students had high internalized scores, but more concerned with social approval

Prosocial moral reasoning examples

people who endorse a _______________ values discipline, honoring commitments, and doing a good job are less likely to loaf

Protestant work ethic

Sherif invited highly similar boys to robbers cave and split them into 2 camps ended up competing over everything attempts to bring them together made the prejudice stronger

Rattlers and Eagles Study

Proposes that prejudice results from the justifications we create to determine that our in group should receive an unfair amount of limited resources

Realistic conflict theory

the expectation that our helpfulness now will be returned in the future

Reciprocal altruism

because of _____________ which is fear of social rejection and ostracism, group norms are powerful influences

Rejection sensitivity

The degree to which one is religious and why

Religiosity

The tendency of groups to make riskier or more daring decisions than the average of individuals

Risky shift

Drug dealers lived with their mothers, and the mothers shared and maximized resources, working together to keep their children safe

Robert Taylor Homes housing project

The idea that prejudice is the result of one group blaming another innocent group for its problems such as the Nazi party blaming Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and other groups

Scapegoat theory

What is conformed most closely to reflected appraisals?

Self appraisals

Bullies tend to have high.....

Self-esteem

Both girl and boy rewards lead to a....

Self-fulfilling prophecy in adulthood

Behaviors that appear to be pure altruism are really done for......

Selfish reasons

Impression of how we uniquely fit into a larger group

Sense of individual identity

What revolutionary advantages do groups provide us?

Sharing food and shelter

fix a broken waterline Push a vehicle stuck in the mud Pool their money to rent a movie

Sherif's solution included making the boys work together to:

We are more likely to provide money to someone wearing.......

Similar clothing

Provide the advantages of groups in general but members maintain individuality and a sense of importance

Small, elite groups

Prejudice hasn't gone away, it's just.....

Sneakier

Parents, the media, and other sending messages about cultural beliefs and expectations

Social agents

Prejudice is not on the decline and discrimination is not a thing of the past, it has just become more....

Subtle and surreptitious

Same-sex marriage legalized more woman than men enroll in College More African-American college presidents

Sudden social changes

Objectives that neither group could achieve without the others cooperation

Superordinate goals

How do groups provide cognitive clarity?

Supplying meaningful information

Being in a group helps us define our own...

Talents and purpose

Focuses on completing assignments which is important in emergency situations

Task leader

by the end of the third week of sheriff's experiment......

The boys were friends and enjoyed the camp

People made small sacrifices and helped one another during......

The bus boycott began by Rosa parks

40 Princeton seminary students passed a confederate posing in a doorway coughing and groaning students were asked to deliver a speech on helping others or a career for ministers They were also in no hurry, somewhat in a hurry or in a big hurry Only 40% stopped to help the groaning man Preparing a speech to help others did not matter in terms of stopping to help, and they were much less likely to help when they were in a hurry

The good Samaritan study

In a study of guilty, lying participants and honest participants

The lyiny helped for an hour and honest helped for two minutes

The harder it is to join...

The more we want to join

When people with high self-esteem since a threat,....

They protect their self image by putting others down

Use rewards and punishments to motivate a group members and are useful in maintaining the status quo

Transactional leaders

Use inspiration and group cohesiveness to motivate group members and are useful in challenging established rules and procedures

Transformational leaders

"two heads are better than one" "Too many cooks spoil the broth"

Two-sided mystery

Stereotypes are a basic human instinct that may be.....

Unavoidable

Posits that people and cities avoid social interactions with strangers simply because they are overwhelmed by the number of people they encounter each day

Urban overload hypothesis

Weaker targets that can somehow be tied to the problem

We aggress against...

Cohesiveness evolved not by personality but by functional distance; New mothers supported one another in raising children

Westgate housing project

The belief in a just world involves people who help others and believe.....

What comes around goes around

Culture shifts lessons and trains boys and girls for rules they are expected to fill later in life

When a stereotype arises...

A study showed people with intrinsic religiosity offered help....

Whether or not it was welcome

Being a member of a dominant group has the privilege of being oblivious to social power

White privilege

best example of wisdom of crowds: -originally maintained by experts -any person can contribute -Top 10 visited sites and 800 new articles a day

Wikipedia

Behave with greater social and ethical sensitivity A higher degree of nurturance Less combativeness

Women more than men across cultures tend to:

groups can lead to ______ and also _________

bad decisions; ground-breaking innovation

Quality is more important than.....

quantity

survival need to belong self-esteem need for control sense of existence

rejection threatens:

Emphasized asking questions, skepticism and doubt are welcomed, and prejudice tends to be low

religion as quest

We are more likely to help someone up who is a fellow fan vs a........

rival team