Psych 211 Exam #3 (Study questions)

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanisms

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as ___________

method of loci

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goals

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well‐learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ________ representations.

spatial

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on

structural features

In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.

target; source

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone

Syntax is

the rules for combining words into sentences

A phoneme refers to

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

Mental-scanning experiments found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT

a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of

a permission schema

Imagery neurons respond to

an actual visual image as well as imaging that same image

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the

belief bias

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

communication

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non‐insight problems

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _______ reasoning.

inductive

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the____state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.

initial

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves