Psych 211 Exam #3 (Study questions)
The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery
is based on spatial or language mechanisms
The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as ___________
method of loci
Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)
novel object
Utility refers to
outcomes that achieve a person's goals
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving
reorganization or restructuring
The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate
representation and restructuring
Coherence refers to the
representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text
The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well‐learned, it may prevent us from
seeing more efficient solutions to the problem
The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more
slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words
Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ________ representations.
spatial
People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on
structural features
In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.
target; source
According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is
the falsification principle
The conjunction rule states that
the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone
Syntax is
the rules for combining words into sentences
A phoneme refers to
the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them
Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?
words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"
Mental-scanning experiments found
a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image
In the phonemic restoration effect, participants "fill in" the missing phoneme based on all of the following EXCEPT
a mental "skimming" of the lexicon to find likely words
"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of
a permission schema
Imagery neurons respond to
an actual visual image as well as imaging that same image
The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the
availability heuristic
The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the
belief bias
The typical purpose of subgoals is to
bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state
Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?
communication
Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to
demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non‐insight problems
Mental imagery involves
experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input
Experts categorize problems based on
general principles that problems share
Noam Chomsky proposed that
humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language
Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms
Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _______ reasoning.
inductive
In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the____state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.
initial
Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they
invent a sign language themselves