Chapter 22: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? Differentiation of plasma cells Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells Immature B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes
Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells
Fever
Elevation of body temp. that accelerates tissue metabolism and body defenses
What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response? Helper T cells produce and secrete antibodies. Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells. Helper T cells directly kill infected host cells. Helper T cells phagocytize bacteria and viruses.
Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria? All the foreign cells or bacteria are marked with opsonins that the phagocytes recognize. The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells. Phagocytes recognize a specific antigen on the cell surface. The phagocytes look for the absence of "self" proteins.
The phagocytes recognize molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells.
In order for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen, the antigen must bind to the DNA of the lymphocyte. depolarize the lymphocyte. be phagocytized by the lymphocyte. bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface. enter the cytoplasm of the lymphocyte.
bind to specific receptors on the lymphocyte surface.
The release of endogenous pyrogen (or interleukin-1) by active macrophages would opsonize pathogens. cause inflammation. produce a fever. activate complement. activate antibodies.
produce a fever.
Leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. This would indicate that the lymph nodes are actively producing phagocytes. the lymph nodes have increased their secretion of thymosin. the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes. lymph is not flowing consistently through these lymph nodes. the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes.
the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells. suppressor T helper T B cytotoxic T NK
B
Physical Barrier
Keep hazardous organisms and materials out of body
Which of these is NOT a lymphoid organ? spleen lymph node thymus liver
Liver
Conor caught a cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus, and was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? Antibodies that are "left over" from the last infection Dendritic cells Plasma cells Memory B cells
Memory B cells
Lymphatic organs differ from lymphatic tissues in what way? They occur throughout the body except in the head. They are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax. They cannot produce antibodies, whereas lymphatic tissues can. They contain T lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not. They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.
They are surrounded by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.
The cells directly responsible for cellular immunity are the ________ cells. helper T cytotoxic T plasma suppressor T B
cytotoxic T
Stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the thymus. red bone marrow. yellow marrow. spleen. circulation.
red bone marrow.
Lymphatic tissue is found in the greatest quantity in: the adult thymus. the tonsils. Peyer's patches. bone marrow. the adult spleen.
the adult spleen.
Which of the following areas in a secondary lymphoid organ allows intimate contact between blood and the lymphocytes? Hassall's corpuscles of the thymus white pulp of the spleen red pulp of the spleen germinal centers of the lymph nodes
white pulp of the spleen
Lymph nodes range in diameter from 1 cm to 25 cm. 1 mm to 25 mm. 1 cm to 1 inch. 1 nm to 10 nm. 1 inch to 2 inches.
1 mm to 25 mm.
Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur: 1.Endosome fuses with lysozome 2.Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus 3.Epitopes are attached to MHC-II 4.Digestion of the Rhinovirus 5.MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell 2,4,1,3,5 1,2,4,3,5 2,1,4,3,5 2,1,3,4,5
2,1,4,3,5
What is the correct sequence in the activation of natural killer cells and how they kill their cellular targets. 1. Secretion of Perforin 2.Recognition and Adhesion 3. Realignment of Golgi Apparatus 4. Lysis of Abnormal Cell 1,3,2,4 2,3,1,4 2,1,3,4 1,2,3,4
2,3,1,4
Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity: 1.The Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2.The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell 3.The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis 4.The helper T cell activates the Tc cell 4,2,1,3 2,1,3,4 2,4,1,3 1,2,4,3
2,4,1,3
Which of the following statements is true? Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen. Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only. Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthly. Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity
Characteristics of adaptive defenses include versatility. specificity. tolerance. memory. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include mucus. epithelia. sebaceous glands. epidermal layers. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Inflammation produces localized swelling. pain. heat. redness. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Innate defenses include phagocytic cells. inflammation. interferons. physical barriers. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
Lymphocyte production and maturation involves thymus tissue. bone marrow. stem cells. peripheral lymphatic tissues. All of the answers are correct.
All of the answers are correct.
What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell? An activated B cell will kill infected host cells. An activated B cell will engulf and digest anything foreign. An activated B cell will immediately begin to produce antibodies. An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells
An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells
Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? CD4 and MHC-II BCR and TCR BCR and epitope CD8 and MHC-I
BCR and TCR
Which of the following is true of both lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries? Both types have a diameter of approximately 8 micrometers. Both types form continuous tubes. Both types are composed of endothelium. Both types allow the free entry of viruses and proteins.
Both types are composed of endothelium.
A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count? Clonal expansion and antibody production Clonal selection of B cells Apoptosis of infected host cells Activation of cytotoxic T cells
Clonal selection of B cells
Which class of antibody forms a five-antibody starburst? IgA IgE IgM IgG
IgM
Which class of the five classes of antibodies is the first to be secreted during the primary response after the initial exposure to the antigen? IgG IgA IgM IgD
IgM
During a primary immune response, the IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer. IgG titer is initially higher than the IgM titer. only the IgM titer is affected. IgM titer and the IgG titer rise in parallel.
IgM titer is initially higher than the IgG titer.
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells. plasma suppressor T NK helper T B
NK
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells? NK cells attack infected or cancerous cells. NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane. NK cells induce the target cell to undergo "apoptosis" (cell suicide). NK cells attack transplanted organs.
NK cells recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane.
Collections of lymphoid tissues, called MALT, are strategically placed throughout the respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary systems. Which one of these is located at the end of the small intestine? Peyer's patches appendix tonsils
Peyer's patches
________ are clusters of lymphatic nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine. Adenoids Lymph glands Tonsils Pirate's patches Peyer's patches Immune complexes
Peyer's patches
Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR Secretion of granzyme Secretion of perforin Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein
Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein
If the thymus shrank and stopped making thymosins, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of red blood cells. B lymphocytes. NK cells. neutrophils. T cells.
T cells.
________ are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx. Tonsils Peyer's patches Immune complexes Spleens Pirate's patches Lymph nodes
Tonsils
The term lymphadenopathy refers to increased numbers of circulating lymphocytes. a congenital lack or malformation of lymph nodes. accumulations of lymph in the tissue space. a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes. the lack of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation.
a chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes.
All of the following are true of the thymus gland except that it involutes after puberty. produces T cells. reaches its greatest relative size during the second year of life. activates B cells. lies in the anterior mediastinum.
activates B cells.
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to the plasma membrane of bacteria. the cell wall of bacteria. an antibody attached to an antigen. a cell surface antigen. a plasma protein.
an antibody attached to an antigen.
Which of these is NOT one of the nonspecific defenses? antibodies interferons neutrophils histamine
antibodies
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis? interferons T cells antibodies and complement proteins natural killer (NK) cells
antibodies and complement proteins
The body's innate defenses include all of the following except antibodies. inflammation. complement. interferon. the skin.
antibodies.
A vaccine is an example of which type of adaptive immunity? artificially induced passive immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially induced active immunity naturally acquired active immunity
artificially induced active immunity
Which of the following about MHC proteins is false? are found on all nucleated cells allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells function in antigen presentation fall into two major classes bind complement
bind complement
In passive immunity, the body receives antibodies produced by other humans. immune system attacks normal body cells. body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal. body receives antibodies produced by an animal. body is deliberately exposed to an antigen.
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.
Which of the following are primary lymphoid organs? appendix and spleen lymph nodes and tonsils bone marrow and thymus spleen and thymus
bone marrow and thymus
Microphages include monocytes. eosinophils. neutrophils. Kupffer cells. both neutrophils and eosinophils.
both neutrophils and eosinophils.
Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space. heat of the inflamed tissue. chemotaxis of phagocytes. redness of the inflamed tissue. swelling of the inflamed tissue.
chemotaxis of phagocytes.
complement
circumlocution of proteins hat assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis? natural killer (NK) cells interferons cytokines complement proteins
complement proteins
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except complement. secretions. basement membranes. epithelium. body hair.
complement.
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells. suppressor T cytotoxic T B plasma helper T
cytotoxic T
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells. cytoxic; helper suppressor; cytoxic NK; cytoxic plasma; NK helper; suppressor
cytoxic; helper
Where in the lymph node do the T cells first encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells? deep in the cortex medullary cords in the medulla lymphoid follicles of the outer cortex germinal centers of the cortex
deep in the cortex
The primary function of the lymphatic system is defending the body against both external and internal threats. the production and distribution of plasma proteins. the production and maturation of leukocytes. the transport of hormones. circulation of nutrients and dissolved gases.
defending the body against both external and internal threats.
Antigen-presenting cells located in the epithelia of the skin are called Merkel cells. keratinocytes. squamous macrophages. germinative cells. dendritic cells.
dendritic cells.
Immune surveillace
destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues
Phagocytes
engulf pathogens and debris
T cells and B cells can be activated only by disease-causing agents. cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells. pathogens. exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane. interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors.
exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.
Activated macrophages release endogenous pyrogens that cause __________. histamine release swelling fever pain
fever
Which one of Sam's symptoms is an example of an innate defense mechanism? fever loss of appetite lethargy blister
fever
Which class of cells is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen? neutrophils. B lymphocytes. Natural Killer cells. free and fixed macrophages. T lymphocytes.
free and fixed macrophages.
Lymphocytes provide an adaptive or specific defense known as the inflammation of tissues. adaptive defense. lymphocytic response. immune response. phagocytic response.
immune response.
The term ________ refers to antibodies found in body fluids. immunoglobulins cytosolic factors interferons interleukins plasma proteins
immunoglobulins
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when plasma cells are releasing antibodies. when cytotoxic T cells are inhibited. when NK cells are activated. in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes. during infections.
in antigen-presenting cells and lymphocytes.
Suppressor T cells act to limit antigen proliferation. erase memory T cells. suppress antigens. produce antibodies involved in autoimmunity. inhibit T and B cell activities.
inhibit T and B cell activities.
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity. active passive natural passive innate auto
innate
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication? phagocytes complement proteins interferons T lymphocytes
interferons
Which of the following descriptions is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity? specificity memory intolerance versatility
intolerance
All of the following are true of the primary response of humoral immunity except that circulating antibodies undergo a gradual, sustained rise. it depends on antigen triggering the appropriate B cell. it is delayed by the memory cell stage. it requires B cell differentiation into plasma cells. it peaks 1 to 2 weeks after the initial exposure.
it is delayed by the memory cell stage.
Microglia are to the CNS as Kupffer cells are to the lungs. pancreas. liver. thymus. spleen.
liver
Inflammation
localized, tissue level response that limits spread of injury or infection
Lymphatic vessels provide a conduit for metastasizing cancer cells. Ideally, such cells are removed and destroyed by what structure, which thus prevents the spread of cancer? spleen tonsils lymph nodes All of the listed choices are corre
lymph nodes
Which cell type is essential to the immune response? keratinocytes lymphocytes fibrocytes hepatocytes
lymphocytes
Adaptive defenses depend on the activities of monocytes. lymphocytes. agranulocytes. leukocytes. erythrocytes.
lymphocytes.
The white pulp of the spleen is populated by veins. lymphocytes. arteries. trabeculae. fibrous connective tissue.
lymphocytes.
An inflammatory response is triggered when red blood cells release pyrogens. T cells release interferon. mast cells release histamine and heparin. neutrophils phagocytize bacteria. blood flow to an area increases
mast cells release histamine and heparin.
Fixed macrophages that are found in the central nervous system are called oligodendrocytes. ventricular macrophages. astrocytes. Kupffer cells. microglia.
microglia.
The phagocytic antigen-presenting cells belong to the ________ group. complement tumor-suppressing interferon lymphatic monocyte-macrophage
monocyte-macrophage
Various types of macrophages are derived from basophils. monocytes. lymphocytes. eosinophils. neutrophils.
monocytes.
Plasma contains ________ special proteins that form the complement system. more than 30 about 3 exactly 25 roughly 18 exactly 10
more than 30
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. naturally acquired passive innate passively acquired automatically acquired actively acquired
naturally acquired passive
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the thymus. spleen. kidneys. liver. red bone marrow.
red bone marrow.
Lymphocytes are primarily found in red bone marrow. respond to antigens. destroy red blood cells. are actively phagocytic. decrease in number during infection.
respond to antigens.
The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following regions except the right knee. right knee and the right breast. pelvic viscera. right breast. left arm and shoulder.
right breast.
Interleukins do all of the following except elevate body temperature. stimulate inflammation. increase T-cell sensitivity to antigens exposed on macrophage membranes. stimulate collagen synthesis. stimulate B-cell activity, plasma cell formation, and antibody production.
stimulate collagen synthesis.
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably interstitial. tears. lymph. Anton's sweat blood. serum.
tears.
T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except lymph node organs. the thymus. the brain. the spleen. lymphatic nodules.
the brain.
Now that Anton has been infected with the chickenpox virus, what is the first step in the immune response that helps her fight off the virus? T cell activation and division to produce both active cytotoxic T cells and memory T cells antigen recognition by CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells the display of antigenic fragments in Class I and II MHC proteins in the plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells activation of B cells, which divide to produce memory B cells and plasma cells that secrete antibodies
the display of antigenic fragments in Class I and II MHC proteins in the plasma membranes of antigen-presenting cells
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except lymphatic vessels. lymph nodes. lymph. the venae cavae. the spleen.
the venae cavae.
Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the hepatic portal vein. dural sinus. cisterna chyli. right lymphatic duct. thoracic duct.
thoracic duct
There is a decrease in our ability to fight infection as we age. Which lymphoid organ may have a role in this decline? spleen lymph nodes thymus
thymus
T is to ________ as B is to ________. non-thymus-dependent; bottom-located top-located; bottom-located trabeculae-descended; bursa-origin thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived thyroid-drawn; bowel-developed
thymus-dependent; bone marrow-derived
An infection and inflammation of the aggregated lymphatic nodules in the pharynx is called indigestion. lymph edema. lymphosis. laryngitis. tonsillitis
tonsillitis
The lymphatic system does all of the following except helps maintain normal blood volume. eliminates variations in the composition of interstitial fluid. transports gases to and away from lymph nodes. transports lipids from the digestive tract. fights infection.
transports gases to and away from lymph nodes.
All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity except that it weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two. depends on memory B cells. results in much higher antibody titers than in the primary response. produces more effective antibodies. results in much quicker rise in antibody titers.
weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.