PSYCH 221 (Ch.11 Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination)

Generalizations about groups that are often applied to individual group members are called what?

stereotypes

Which of the following statements about stereotyping are accurate?

Accurate A stereotype involves projecting what you think you know about a group onto your expectations about members of that group. A stereotype involves thinking about people in a particular group not as individuals, but as members of that group. Not Accurate Stereotypes are always entirely false. Stereotypes can be negative, but not positive.

Which of the following statements about so-called positive or benevolent stereotypes and ambiguous "isms" (sexism, racism, ageism, heterosexism) are accurate?

Accurate A study found that benevolent sexism in individuals often exists alongside hostile sexism. Many people believe that as long as a stereotype isn't negative, it cannot be harmful. Not Accurate Ambivalent sexism, ambivalent racism (and any other ambivalent "ism") occurs when a person possess neither positive nor negative attitudes about these specific groups.

Which of the following statements about lessons learned from the Robbers Cave experiment are accurate?

Accurate Differences in background, appearance, or prior conflicts do not need to be present for intergroup conflict to arise. The tendency for groups to become more cohesive through competition from outsiders can be exploited by politicians to distract attention or solidify a group for a cause. Groups often become more connected when they compete with outsiders. When two groups compete to achieve a goal, conflicts arise. Not Accurate To reduce intergroup tensions, get groups to compete against each other.

Which of the following statements regarding the use of the economic, motivational, and cognitive perspectives to explain stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are accurate?

Accurate Elements from one perspective frequently influence elements from another perspective. The causes of each phenomenon are many and varied, and any valid account of them must incorporate numerous elements. The three perspectives are not competing accounts, but rather complementary elements of a more complete analysis. Not Accurate These perspectives are being used by psychologists to formulate a comprehensive theory for each type of intergroup tension.

Which of the following statements about the "jigsaw" classroom are accurate?

Accurate It is a cooperative learning environment that improves intergroup cooperation and academic performance. It unites students in a common goal of learning the content of a course. Not Accurate Groups are often unbalanced. A drawback is that students compete for grades.

Which of the following statements about realistic group conflict theory are accurate?

Accurate It predicts a rise in ethnocentrism will accompany conditions of economic difficulty. It predicts that prejudice and discrimination will increase under conditions of economic difficulty. It holds that prejudice and discrimination often arise from competition over limited resources. Not Accurate It predicts that groups that have little in common will work together to achieve the goa

Which of the following statements about outgroup homogeneity effect are accurate?

Accurate One likely cause is that we tend to have more contact with ingroup members than outgroup members. The more people think of outgroup members as homogeneous, the more likely they are to hold prejudices about them. People tend to think that outgroup members are far more similar to each other than members of their own group are. Not Accurate We tend to think of a fellow ingroup member as representative of our group, but of an outgroup member as an individual.

Which of the following statements about concepts related to faulty stereotyping and the difficulties in erasing them are accurate?

Accurate People abstractly encode positive evidence about ingroup members. Faulty stereotypes can be maintained through self-fulfilling prophecies. Subtyping is a technique people use to cling to their faulty stereotypes even in the face of evidence against them. Not Accurate Alternative construal is encoding events that fit one's stereotype.

Which of the following statements about how stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination relate to one another are accurate?

Accurate People are more inclined to injure (discriminate against) those they hold in low regard (believe negative stereotypes about or are prejudiced against). If someone discriminates, but claims to be doing so without prejudice, the person might be covering up underlying bigotry. Research suggests that it is possible to discriminate without being prejudiced. Not Accurate People can be prejudiced and not discriminate, but only in instances when an individual reaches the conclusion that discrimination is morally wrong.

Which of the following statements about stereotypes and the conservation of cognitive resources are accurate?

Accurate The use of stereotypes conserves cognitive energy. Encoding information using stereotypes furnishes extra cognitive resources we can apply to other mental tasks. People are more inclined to use stereotypes when they are overloaded, tired, or mentally taxed in some way. Not Accurate "Night people" are more prone to use stereotypes than "morning people."

Read the following scenario about a man taking part in a a priming procedure: Repeatedly, the man is first shown a picture (like the one under "PRIME" here), then showed a word ("dangerous," for example), and then asked to quickly indicate if it is a real word or not. priming figure Analysis of his response times shows that his average response time for a negative words like "dangerous" was less if the prime was a photo of a black person than if the prime was a photo of a white person. Which of the following statements about this scenario are accurate?

Accurate These results would be evidence that the individual has at least some negative associations with black people. The prime (the picture) was the stimulus used to activate the concept (negative stereotypes about black people) and thus make it accessible. Not Accurate These results would indicate that the person has negative feelings about black people and that he is conscious of those feelings.

Which of the following statements accurately describe how a comparison of the integration of the U.S. military and the mixing of majorities and minorities on U.S. college campuses reflect the results of the Robbers Cave experiment?

Accurate Unlike the military, groups on campus have not had an equivalent to the final step of the Robbers Cove experiment, in which a superordinate goal was introduced. Integration in the military has been more complete than on college campuses because members of the military have a common goal, whereas students compete against each other. Not Accurate There is no cause for the intergroup conflict aspect of Robbers Cave in the U.S. campus paradigm because students do not compete against each other. Like the fifth graders in the final phase of Robbers Cove, U.S. college students generally work collectively.

Complete the following passage about the cognitive perspective.

The cognitive perspective, the necessity of using categorization to take in and process the incredible volume of stimuli around us makes stereotyping a necessity in our lives. It is a natural result of the way our brains are wired to store and process information.

Complete the passage about the three general perspectives used to help analyze and understand the underlying causes of stereotyping and other intergroup tensions.

The economic perspective identifies the roots of much intergroup hostility in competing interests that can set groups apart from one another. The motivational perspective emphasizes the psychological needs that lead to intergroup conflict. The cognitive perspective traces the origin of stereotyping to the same processes that enable people to categorize, for instance, items of furniture into distinct classes of chairs, couches, and tables.

Complete the following passage about Crocker, Voelkl, Testa, & Major's 1991 study about flattering and unflattering feedback.

The findings of this study indicated that members of stigmatized groups live in a less certain world, as they do not know whether to attribute positive feedback to their own skill or to others' condescension and not knowing whether to attribute negative feedback to their own error or to others' prejudice.

Apply these concepts related to membership in stigmatized groups to these examples by matching each term with the correct example.

attributional ambiguity Correct label: Alan just got accepted to a top school. He wonders if he got in because he belongs to a minority. stereotype threat Correct label: As she's taking the SATs, Denise notices that she's one of the few women there. She gets nervous and does poorly on the math section. cost of concealment Correct label: Whenever his conservative co-workers try to set him up on dates with women, Gordon—who is gay and closeted—anxiously makes excuses to get out of them.

Match each of these examples with the aspect of motivational theory that best describes it.

basking in reflected glory Correct label: When a fellow Canadian is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, Jeff says it is a great achievement for all Canadians. Correct label: Eddie and Cady go to a football game. After their team scores they feel great and cheer, "We're number one!" boosting ingroup status Correct label: Laura is proud to be a member of her cooperative house, and devotes many hours to its upkeep. denigrating outgroups Correct label: Marcy gets a higher grade than Marian. Marian makes a derogatory comment to Lee about Marcy's sorority house.

Paul has been brought in by a struggling professional soccer team to act as its new manager. Match each of the following statements about Paul's thoughts and actions to the term that is the best description of it. Note: Make sure you read all the options carefully before answering

discrimination Correct label: Paul refuses to let Nick, the team's goalie, play because Nick is English. prejudice Correct label: Paul feels that Nick, the team's goalie, isn't up to the job because Nick is English. stereotyping Correct label: Paul believes that English people cannot be good goalies Correct label: Paul believes that Americans make the best goalies.

Match the terms relating to the economic perspective on intergroup tensions with their definitions.

ethnocentrism Correct label: the glorification of one's own group while vilifying other groups realistic group conflict theory Correct label: idea that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources superordinate goal Correct label: objective that transcends the interests of any one group and can be achieved more readily by two or more groups working together Robbers Cave experiment Correct label: classic social psychology study that involved 22 fifth-grade boys and explored intergroup conflict

Match each of these examples to the key element from the Robbers Cave experiment that best describes it.

ingroup unity Correct label: Adam frequently attends social events at the campus Catholic Center. He enjoys becoming closer to other Catholic members of his school community. Correct label: The members of Stella's sorority regularly participate in bonding exercises that bring them closer to each other. superordinate goals Correct label: Clint and Mike are the stars of their respective teams, which are bitter cross-town rivals, but they appear side by side at a "Christian Day at the Ballpark" event. Correct label: Brianne and Tess belong to rival high school cliques. Their cliques become friendlier after an event where they visit residents of a local nursing home together intergroup conflict Correct label: Diane complains to her friend that minority students get too many scholarships, leaving less money for "people like us." Correct label: Greg gets increasingly angry and bigoted as his restaurant is losing more and more business to the restaurant next to his that is owned by Muslims

Match each of the following concepts related to the motivational perspective with its definition.

minimal group paradigm Correct label: Researchers assemble arbitrary groups to study how the members behave toward one another. social identity theory Correct label: Individuals form their self-concepts and self-esteem based on both individual and group identities. basking in reflected glory Correct label: One takes pride in the accomplishments of others in one's group.

The owners the largest factory in a town with a significant Mexican-American minority is closed by its owners and moved to Mexico to reduce costs. Members of the majority population respond in a variety of ways described below. Decide which of these are consistent with the concept of ethnocentrism and which aren't.

not consistent Correct label: The local paper runs an editorial declaring that it was the greed of the American owners that doomed the factory, and that local Mexican-Americans are blameless. Correct label: A popular diner on Main Street puts out a sign that reads, "We Welcome Our Friends of Mexican Heritage!" consistent Correct label: A proliferation of American flags start appearing on the lawns of homes owned by members of the majority population. Correct label: A petition is started to bar Mexican-American children from the local schools—even though most are U.S. citizens.

Match each concept related to the cognitive perspective to the best description.

outgroup homogeneity effect Correct label: tendency to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for outgroups than for ingroups illusory correlation Correct label: seeing relationships between events, characteristics, or categories that are not actually related paired distinctiveness Correct label: coupling of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together subtyping Correct label: explaining away exceptions to a stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected

Match each of these examples to the concept that best describes them.

paired distinctiveness Correct label: Kim, who is Asian, wins a poker match on TV. A viewer concludes that Asian women must be really good at poker. outgroup homogeneity Correct label: Anne lives in New York City. She meets a man from Iowa and assumes he grew up on a farm. Correct label: Pearl is 78 and thinks that most gay men are hairdressers. She has known only two openly gay men and that's what they did for a living. ingroup similarity Correct label: Tony is an avid hunter, and he watches Fox News. He assumes that all of his fellow hunters watch Fox News as well. subtyping Correct label: Cyril thinks women aren't as risky as men. When a friend mentions Amy Winehouse, he says, "She's different. She was a rock star."

Being a member of a stigmatized group can result in several poor outcomes. Match each of the terms relating to this to the best definition.

stereotype threat Correct label: worry of performing according to stereotypical expectations when reminded of group status cost of concealment Correct label: creating further mental tolls when trying to hide part of one's true identity attributional ambiguity Correct label: uncertainty over how to attribute successes or failures

Complete the following passage about the motivational perspective.

According to the motivational perspective, poor intergroup relations and us/them opposition can result merely because two groups exist—even in the absence of competition. That occurs in the minimal group paradigm, where members of arbitrarily defined groups favor their fellow group members over members of the other group, showing the strength and pervasiveness of ingroup favoritism.

Which of the following statements accurately describe criticisms of the cognitive perspective on stereotypes?

Accurate A focus on a person's initial associations overlooks the human capacity to reason beyond immediate thoughts. Its emphasis on reaction times can distract from the causes and dangers of stereotyping. Not Accurate There's nothing to be gained from the knowledge that you harbor a stereotype you did not know you had. Nothing too bad can happen in the brief period between stereotypes coming to mind and reason overriding them.

Which of the following statements about the social identity theory are accurate?

Accurate People may be tempted to boost the statuses and fortunes of the groups to which they belong and of their fellow group members. People derive self-esteem not only from their own accomplishments but also from those of groups to which they belong. Criticizing another group make people feel better about their own group—and hence themselves. Not Accurate Its effects are only seen in situations where a strong economic motive for ingroup favoritism is present.

Which of the following statements about the minimal group paradigm are accurate?

Accurate Some aspects of the Robbers Cave experiment results reflect the paradigm. It shows that people have a strong willingness to adopt an "us versus them" mentality. There is a tendency for people to prefer a relative gain over a rival group to an absolute gain for their ingroup. Not Accurate Hostility between groups cannot develop in the absence of competition.

Which of the following statements about superordinate goals and the Robbers Cave experiment are accurate?

Accurate Superordinate goals transcend the interests of a single group. These goals cannot be achieved by one group alone, and require the cooperation of more than one group for accomplishment. Not Accurate Built-up hostility cannot be removed by working on superordinate goals.

Which of the following statements regarding the motivational perspective on stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are accurate?

Accurate The mere reason that there are two groups can result in an "us versus them" attitude and result in poor intergroup relations. Social identity theory explains that members of a group obtain their self-esteem from the group's performance. The minimal group paradigm explains that members of arbitrary groups prefer members of their own group to members of the other group. Not Accurate It calls into question, and in some cases refutes, core aspects of the economic and cognitive perspectives.

Which of the following statements regarding illusory correlations are accurate?

Accurate They are sometimes fueled by media depictions. They result from paired distinctiveness. They sometimes result from the way we process unusual events. Not Accurate They are a form of stereotyping that arises from a combination of motivational and cognitive influences.

The contact hypothesis—the idea that bringing together people of different races and ethnicities will lead to reduced prejudice and discrimination—does appear to have support, but only when certain conditions occur in addition to the straightforward bringing together of groups. Which of the following are among those conditions?

Conditions A community's broader social norms support intergroup contact. One-on-one interactions between members of different groups are encouraged. The different groups have a shared goal. Not a Condition One group has a higher status than the other.

Which of the following statements accurately describe why social psychologists use indirect measures of prejudice and stereotyping?

Correct Answer(s) Surveys of attitudes toward certain groups can't always be trusted because respondents may not think it's acceptable to express what they really feel. Given that so many forms of prejudice are ambivalent, uncertain, or hidden—even from the self—they're not likely to be revealed through self-report. Incorrect Answer(s) Surveys are less straightforward for assessing attitudes than methods such as IAT and priming.

Complete the following passage about a specific type of prejudice that exists alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs.

In many parts of the world, explicit racism has become relatively rare. But as this has happened, modern racism—whereby people consciously hold egalitarian views while unconsciously having negative attitudes and exhibiting more subtle forms of prejudice—has grown.

Complete the following passage describing the events that occurred in the classic 1954 Robbers Cave experiment conducted by Muzafer Sherif and his colleagues involving two groups of boys at a camp.

In the first phase, the two groups independently engaged in activities designed to promote ingroup unity. A consistent hierarchical structure emerged within each group: the effective initiators—those who made the most suggestions the others accepted—were rated most popular. In the second phase, the two groups were put into competition with each other leading to intergroup conflict. In the third phase, the two groups had to cooperate to achieve shared superordinate goals and hostility lessened.

Complete the following passage about the economic perspective to intergroup conflicts.

One version of the economic perspective is realistic group conflict theory, the idea that intergroup conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources.

Complete the following passage about stereotype threat.

Out of fear of stereotype threat, a person might experience a sense of increased arousal, which could distract them while working on complex tasks. The person may additionally focus more on avoiding failure rather than aiming for success.

Which of the following support the idea that even if increased intergroup contact were entirely effective in eliminating prejudice, it will likely always be the case that other prejudices and animosities are at risk of arising anew?

Support Resources are finite, and realistic conflict over who should get them guarantees that there will always be conflict between groups. One aspect of how the human mind works is that people categorize and make inferences in a way that sharpens distinctions between groups—heightening intergroup conflict. Intergroup relationships can be soured by our need to feel valued and have a sense of self-worth—which stems in part from the groups to which we belong. Do Not Support In spite of some encouraging individual efforts, there is little evidence that humans societies can work together to reduce prejudices.

Complete the following passage about the implicit association test (IAT).

The IAT is an indirect measure of prejudice and stereotyping. The technique measures nonconscious attitudes by comparing reaction times when outgroup words or pictures and positive items are in the same response category versus when outgroup words or pictures and negative items are in the same category.

Match each description below with the term that is the best fit for it.

prejudice Correct label: the attitudinal and affective component of negative intergroup relationships Correct label: a negative attitude or affective response toward a group and its individual members discrimination Correct label: unfair treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group Correct label: the behavioral component of negative intergroup relationships stereotyping Correct label: the belief component of negative intergroup relationships Correct label: believing that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group