PSYCH 245 chapters 3 & 5

Dr. Ellison finds a relation between the amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association? a. Negative association b. Positive association c. Zero association d. Curvilinear association e. There is not enough information to answer this question

b. Positive association

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first—watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? a. The rule of covariance b. The rule of temporal precedence c. The third-variable rule d. All of the above rules e. None of the above rules

b. The rule of temporal precedence

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the predictive validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non-gamblers. Which of the following options below does he need to do in addition to get evidence for predictive validity? a. Give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings b. Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently c. Ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid d. Give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients e. None of the above

b. Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently

Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? a. A measure of blood pressure b. A measure of the number of seizures a person has per week c. A measure of religiosity d. A measure of obesity e. All of the above

c. A measure of religiosity

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 above to answer the following question. In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? a. A constant b. A variable's level c. A measured variable d. A manipulated variable e. None of the above

c. A measured variable

Why do we normally consider statistical validity when interrogating association claims but not when interrogating frequency claims? a. Because association claims involve numbers b. Because association claims involve more participants c. Because researchers use statistical techniques to analyze association claims d. Both a and c e. All of the above

c. Because researchers use statistical techniques to analyze association claims

Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for her research methods class. This is an example of what type of measurement? a. Self-report measurement b. Observational measurement c. Physiological measurement d. Archival measurement e. All of the above are variables

a. Self-report measurement

Which of the following is the difference between anecdotal claims and frequency claims? a. Anecdotal claims involve a single variable, but frequency claims involve two variables. b. Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies, but frequency claims are. c. Anecdotal claims are less interesting than frequency claims. d. Anecdotal claims appear in newspapers, but frequency claims appear in journals. e. None of the above are true.

b. Anecdotal claims are not based on scientific studies, but frequency claims are.

How many subcategories of quantitative variables exist? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five e. Six

b. Three

Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following? a. A concrete construct b. A behavior that is directly observable c. Physical measurements (e.g., length) d. An abstract concept e. All of the above

d. An abstract concept

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. 26. Refer to Research Study 3.4 above to answer the following question. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? a. Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another. b. Dr. Kang used a distractor task. c. The study was conducted at a university. d. The study was conducted by a professor. e. All of the above make Dr. Kang's study an experiment.

a. Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another.

An independent variable is one that: a. Is manipulated b. Is measured c. Is kept constant d. Has one level e. None of the above

a. Is manipulated

Who is responsible for deciding which validity is prioritized in a study? a. The researcher b. The participants c. The peer reviewer d. The journal editor e. The journalist

a. The researcher

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? a. The time spent solving a math problem b. The type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle) c. Whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem d. The report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver e. All of the above are quantitative ways of operationalizing caffeine consumption

a. The time spent solving a math problem

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r ? -0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r ? 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? a. There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. b. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction. c. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than between Questions 1 and 3. d. The negative correlation between Question 1 and Question 2 is bad for Dr. Valencia. e. All of the above are true.

a. There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 above to answer the following question. How many variables are mentioned in this study/headline? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five e. Six

a. Two

Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse."Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making? a. Anecdotal claim b. Association claim c. Causal claim d. Frequency claim e. It is unclear which type of claim she is making

b. Association claim

Why are convergent and discriminant validity often evaluated together? a. Because both terms mean the same thing b. Because both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest c. Because both must be established before examining predictive and concurrent validity d. Because both require the use of scatterplots e. Because both have to be determined by a panel of experts

b. Because both involve collecting information from a lot of psychological measures of theoretical interest

Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: a. Ensure validity b. Cancel out random errors c. Make sure participants pay attention d. Allow participants to skip questions e. Make a better scatterplot

b. Cancel out random errors

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to completeDr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? a. Face validity b. Content validity c. Predictive validity d. Concurrent validity e. Discriminant validity

b. Content validity

A dependent variable is one that: a. Is manipulated b. Is measured c. Is kept constant d. Has one level e. None of the above

b. Is measured

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in GA and another group in AA. He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a: a. Test-retest paradigm b. Known-groups paradigm c. Prediction paradigm d. Group evaluation paradigm e. None of the above

b. Known-groups paradigm

Felipe plans to watch how positively or negatively teachers treat children in their classrooms who have ADHD for his research methods class. This is an example of what type of measurement? a. Self-report measurement b. Observational measurement c. Physiological measurement d. Archival measurement e. All of the above are variables

b. Observational measurement

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2 Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." 13. Refer to Research Study 3.2 above to answer the following question. Which type of claim is Dr. Ramon making? a. Anecdotal claim b. Association claim c. Causal claim d. Frequency claim e. It is unclear which type of claim she is making

c. Causal claim

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? a. Predictive validity b. Content validity c. Face validity d. Discriminant validity e. Concurrent validity

c. Face validity

Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement? a. Measurements of hormones in the bloodstream b. Blood pressure measurements c. Number of panic attacks a patient reports d. A brain scan made using an fMRI e. All of the above are examples of physiological measurement

c. Number of panic attacks a patient reports

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? a. Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing. b. Popular press descriptions of research usually refer to the operational definitions. c. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others. d. Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined. e. Operational definitions answer the question "Why did the researchers measure this variable?"

c. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others.

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia gives the measure to a group of students on Tuesday. She gives the measure to them again on Thursday. She then compares the scores between the two days. This is a test of which of the following? a. Interrater reliability b. Internal reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability e. None of the above

c. Test-retest reliability

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." 11. Refer to Research Study 5.1 above to answer the following question. Dr. Valencia is concerned whether her measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale's ____________. a. Conceptual definition b. Operational definition c. Validity d. Reliability e. Convenience

c. Validity

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees that the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? a. Negative association b. Positive association c. Zero association d. Curvilinear association e. There is not enough information to answer this question

c. Zero association

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? a. The statistical validity of the study b. The internal validity of the study c. The construct validity of the study d. The external validity of the study e. He is not prioritizing any of the validities

d. The external validity of the study

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. .Refer to Research Study 3.1 above to answer the following question. Which of the following is a variable in this study/headline? a. The sex of the participants b. The major of the participants c. The math test d. The sex of the role model e. All of the above are variables

d. The sex of the role model

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. Why did Dr. Sheffield do this? a. To obtain evidence for face validity b. To obtain evidence for content validity c. To obtain evidence for convergent validity d. To obtain evidence for concurrent validity e. To obtain evidence for internal validity

d. To obtain evidence for concurrent validity

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? a. The number of glasses of soda consumed in a day b. The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study c. The frequency of buying coffee drinks d. Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study e. All of the above are categorical ways of operationalizing caffeine consumption

d. Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? a. r = 1.0 b. r = -1.0 c. r = 0.83 d. r = -0.18 e. Any of the above would be acceptable

d. r = -0.18

Todd is also studying the effect of popularity on academic success for his research methods project. He decides to measure popularity by asking each elementary school student to tell him how many friends he or she has. He assumes that more friends means the student is more popular. Which of the following best describes this variable? a. A ratio scale of measurement b. A quantitative variable c. A self-report measure d. Both b and c e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following is possible? a. A measure is neither reliable nor valid. b. A measure is both valid and reliable. c. A measure is reliable but not very valid. d. Only a and b are possible. e. All of the above are possible.

e. All of the above are possible.

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? a. There are multiple operational definitions that are possible for any one conceptual definition. b. The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process. c. Operational definitions are created after conceptual definitions are determined. d. Both a and b are true. e. All of the above are true.

e. All of the above are true.

What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? a. A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not. b. An interval scale of measurement is a type of measurement used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements. c. An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not. d. A ratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (e.g., Phillip is twice as fast). e. There is no difference between the two scales of measurement.

a. A ratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something," but an interval scale does not.

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You are curious as to whether peer pressure is really to blame (peer pressure encourages you to watch television and peer pressure encourages you to be aggressive). You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? a. The rule of covariance b. The rule of temporal precedence c. The third-variable rule d. All of the above rules e. None of the above rules

c. The third-variable rule

In which of the following ways are content and face validity similar? a. Both involve subjective judgments. b. Both involve judgments based on experts. c. Both are preferred by psychologists. d. Both a and b are true. e. All of the above are true.

d. Both a and b are true.

Which of the following allow us to make better predictions using association claims? a. Strong zero associations b. Strong positive associations c. Strong negative associations d. Both b and c e. All of the above

d. Both b and c

Which of the following phrases would indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? a. Curbs b. Seems to decrease c. Suggests a change d. Enhances e. All of the above would indicate a causal claim

e. All of the above would indicate a causal claim

Another word for discriminant validity is ___________ validity. a. Convergent b. Asymmetrical c. Predictive d. Multiple e. None of the above

e. None of the above

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia gives the measure to a group of students on Tuesday. She gives the measure to them again on Thursday. Dr. Valencia is examining the scatterplot of the data she collected on Day 1 and Day 2. On the scatterplot, she sees that the dots are very close to the line. This indicates which of the following? a. A strong relationship b. A negative relationship c. A nonrelationship d. A valid finding e. A reliable finding

a. A strong relationship

To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities? a. Construct validity and external validity b. External validity and construct validity c. Statistical validity and external validity d. Internal validity and external validity e. Internal validity and construct validity

a. Construct validity and external validity

A correlation-based statistic called __________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. a. Cronbach's alpha b. Kappa c. A scatterplot d. Pearson's r e. None of the above

a. Cronbach's alpha

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 above to answer the following question. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline? a. The sex of the participants b. The effort on math problems c. The sex of the role model d. The number of researchers e. All of the above are constants

a. The sex of the participants

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following is the dependent variable in Dr. Kang's study? a. The length of the distractor task b. The number of words remembered c. The emotional or neutral word list d. The number of words on the list e. None of the above are dependent variables

b. The number of words remembered

Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? a. The study's operational validity b. The study's statistical validity c. The study's internal validity d. The study's external validity e. The study's construct validity

d. The study's external validity

Which of the following is true of scatterplots? a. They can be used to examine interrater reliability. b. They can be used to examine internal reliability. c. They are a less common way to examine test-retest reliability compared with correlation coefficients. d. Both a and b are true. e. All of the above are true.

e. All of the above are true.

Which of the following is true of variables? a. Variables must have at least two levels. b. Some variables can only be measured. c. Some variables can be either manipulated or measured. d. All variables must have operational definitions. e. All of the above are true.

e. All of the above are true.

One problem with reading about psychological studies in the popular press is that the popular press often fails to provide information that allows you to interrogate the study's ______________ validity. a. Statistical b. Internal c. Construct d. External e. All of the above

d. External

Which of the following is an association claim? a. "Owning a dog related to higher life satisfaction" b. "A majority of Americans like dogs" c. "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners" d. "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time" e. None of the above are association claims

a. "Owning a dog related to higher life satisfaction"

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major.Refer to Research Study 3.1 above to answer the following question. In this study, the authors were interested in students' math effort. Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable operational definition of math effort? a. An earnest attempt to solve math problems b. The number of math classes taken in college c. A score on a standardized measure of math effort d. The number of math problems students answered correctly e. All of the above are conceptual definitions

a. An earnest attempt to solve math problems

Naomi is studying the effect of popularity on academic success for her research methods project. To do this, she has elementary school students rate how popular each member of their class is. She then uses this information to rank the students on popularity (e.g., John is the most popular, Vanessa is the second-most popular). Which of the following best describes this variable? a. An ordinal scale of measurement b. A self-report measurement c. A categorical measurement d. Both a and b e. Both b and c

a. An ordinal scale of measurement

Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse."Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims? a. Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim. b. Dr. LaSalle's claim goes further than Dr. Ramon's claim. c. Dr. LaSalle's claim is the same as Dr. Ramon's claim. d. Dr. Ramon's claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle's claim. e. None of the above are true.

a. Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim

Which of the following is true of the difference between predictive validity and concurrent validity? a. Predictive validity is supported when a measure predicts a future outcome rather than a current outcome. b. Concurrent validity is tested using a correlation coefficient rather than a scatterplot. c. Predictive validity is tested with Cronbach's alpha rather than kappa. d. Concurrent validity is tested after predictive validity is established. e. All of the above are differences between predictive validity and concurrent validity.

a. Predictive validity is supported when a measure predicts a future outcome rather than a current outcome.

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? a. Validity b. Reliability c. Conceptualization d. Operationalization e. None of the above

a. Validity

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time GA attendants complete his measure, and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? a. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees. b. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees, and they also score higher than a group of people attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings (who are addicted to something different). c. He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered.

b. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees, and they also score higher than a group of people attending Alcoholics Anonymous meetings (who are addicted to something different).

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks for the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? a. Interrater reliability b. Internal reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability e. None of the above

b. Internal reliability

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? a. Face validity b. Content validity c. Predictive validity d. Concurrent validity e. Discriminant validity

c. Predictive validity

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? a. The statistical validity of the study b. The internal validity of the study c. The construct validity of the study d. The external validity of the study e. He is questioning all of the validities

c. The construct validity of the study

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B.Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study? a. The length of the distractor task b. The number of words remembered c. The emotional or neutral word list d. The number of words on the list e. All of the above are independent variables

c. The emotional or neutral word list

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? a. The covariance of the study b. The temporal precedence of the study c. The internal validity of the study d. The external validity of the study e. The construct validity of the study

c. The internal validity of the study

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. If Dr. Kang decided against using random assignment, which of the following would be threatened? a. The covariance of the study b. The temporal precedence of the study c. The internal validity of the study d. The external validity of the study e. The construct validity of the study

c. The internal validity of the study

Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Dr. Kang can make a causal claim that "emotion enhances memory" because: a. There is a numeric difference between Groups A and B b. Reading the words occurred before recalling the words c. Dr. Kang treated Groups A and B identically except for the emotional word content d. All of the above allow him to make a causal claim e. He cannot make a causal claim based on his study

d. All of the above allow him to make a causal claim

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of his clients and at the same time measures how many times they have been gambling in the past month. He predicts that clients who score higher on his measure will also report gambling more times in the past month. This procedure is meant to provide evidence for which of the following? a. Face validity b. Content validity c. Predictive validity d. Concurrent validity e. Discriminant validity

d. Concurrent validity

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? a. He must make a frequency claim first. b. He must manipulate his two variables. c. He must measure his two variables. d. He must conduct an experiment. e. None of the above are necessary.

d. He must conduct an experiment.

RESEARCH STUDY 3.3 Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that a majority of middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced—I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Refer to Research Study 3.3 above to answer the following question. Clarissa's concern is addressing which of the following? a. The study's operational validity b. The study's statistical validity c. The study's internal validity d. The study's external validity e. The study's construct validity

e. The study's construct validity