Psych 303 Exam

Instead of no treatment, one group would get another level of treatment

Comparison condition

Mental definitions of properties of events of objects that can vary Often expressed in general, theoretical, subjective, or qualitative terms.

Conceptual Variable

individuals who seem to be participants but in reality are part of the research team.

Confederate

What is an uncontrolled variable that provides an alternative explanation for the observed data pattern

Confound

extraneous variable whose presence affects the variables being studied so that the results you get do not reflect the actual relationship between the variables under investigation.

Confounding variable

If you feel the operationalization of a variable leaves out important qualities of the intended meaning, you are criticizing this form of validity.

Construct validity

Challenges of descriptive research?

Construct validity External validity

Tells you what would happen to dependent variable without your intervention

Control condition

method that relies on data collection from population members who are conveniently available to participate in study

Convenience sampling

study determines whether or not two variables are correlated.

Correlational study

A critical thinking attitude that involves considering alternatives and searching for evidence before accepting that a belief or claim is true

Cultivate Skepticism

Theory-Data Babies bond with caregivers

Cupboard theory Contact Comfort Theory

What influences how we evaluate and search for new evidence? why?

Current beliefs critical of disconfirming evidence formulate questions to confirm confidence prevent alternative views

What is the criteria for causal claims?

two variables are associated causal variable came first No other explanation

If the relationship is nonlinear, what correlation does it produce?

zero

A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

Hypothesis

This term refers to a researcher's expectation for the results of her study

Hypothesis

Variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment.

Independent Variable

T-test, ANOVA, correlation used in what claims?

Inferential

Voluntary agreement to participate in research. It is not merely a form that is signed but is a process, in which the subject has an understanding of the research and its risks

Informed Consent

Appropriately constituted group that has been formally designated to review and monitor biomedical research involving human subjects.

Institutional Review board

Different types of categories within the variable

Levels

Internal validity casual claims=experiment

Manipulate causal variable Random assignment to each level Measure "effect" variable hold all other factors constant

Measure used to determined whether an independent variable in a social science study varies in ways researchers expect,

Manipulation check

Advantages of Research over Experience

Manipulation/measurement of variables Control group Fasifiability of claims

Expresses the maximum expected difference between the true population parameter and a sample estimate of that parameter

Margin of error

What does bivariate association claims involve?

Measurement of two variables relationship between those two variables symmetrical predictive interference

quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research

Meta-analysis

Each subject gets each treatment, and serves as his or own control. Use if possible, less variance and need fewer subjects

Within-subjects design

Points are too spread out, so that low scores on one variable are related to both low and high scores on the other variable

Zero correlation

A statement of the procedures or ways in which a researcher is going to measure behaviors or qualities.

Operational Definition

an extreme value that has a disproportionate effect (leverage) on the correlation, especially when sample is small.

Outlier

Probability that the apparent effect is due simply to chance

P-value

Consistency and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored.

Standardization

Strata are formed based on members' shared attributes or characteristics. Sample randomly within each category, in order to achieve target proportions

Stratified random sampling

Results of the was Hembrooke & Gay study

Students with closed laptops got higher scores. Null hypothesis was falsified

Sources of Error- behavioral measures

Subject Bias Demand Characteristics Reactivity Observer Bias

Sources of Error- self-report

Subject bias Demand Characteristics Retrospective bias

Learning about the world through careful observation

Systematic empiricism

What test is usually used for one categorical, one quantitative (Histogram)?

T-test

Different people in the groups, and each group gets different levels of the independent variable

Between subjects design

"Using the internet during lecture causes lower scores"

Causal claim

process of establishing that the cause did indeed happen before the effect

Temporal precendence

What does descriptive research tell us? Is it hypothesis-driven?

How many How big/intense How variable Relationships among groups No

Histogram Categorical Variables? Quantitative Variables?

1 categorical, 1 quantitative

Frequency table Categorical Variables? Quantitative Variables?

2 categorical

Scatterplot Categorical Variables? Quantitative Variables?

2 quantitative

style is most frequently used within the social sciences, in order to cite various sources

APA

Construct validity in surveys

Accuracy of responding Question wording

Claim - two variables correlated with each other - symmetrical relationship

Association Claim

"More frequent internet use is related to lower scores"

Association claim

researcher explains the purpose of the study, explains the use of deception (if any was used), encourages the participant to ask questions about the study, and allows the researcher to address any harm to the participant that may have resulted from their participation in the study.

Debrief

Misleading or tricking participants about the purpose or direction of the study.

Deception

Variable whose value depends on that of another.

Dependent Variable

Mean, median, standard dev, scatter-plot used in what claims?

Descriptive

What is construct validity?

Do the variables have good operational definitions that allow for accurate measurement

Within-Participant Association Worry/not worry about

Each participant in one condition Determine whether degree of participation relates to dependent measure self-selection order

Within-Participant Experimental Designs Worry/not worry about?

Each participant serves as his/her own control, because everyone participates in both control and experimental design Order Participant variables

Based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.

Empirical

research article that reports the results of a study that uses data derived from actual observation or experimentation

Empirical journal article

What is the most important source for novel research?

Empirical journal articles

Question about the way the world actually is that can be answered by making systematic observations

Empirically testable question

A test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, to examine the validity of a hypothesis, or to determine the efficacy of something previously untried.

Experiment

Internal validity of casual claims

Experiment Temporal precedence No confounds

Peer Review Cycle

Expert Scrutiny Gatekeeper Correct flaws or exaggerations in presentation of research

Would you find the same results if you measured the dependent variables differently?

External validity

Claim - Descriptive - Rate/level of behavior within population

Frequency Claim

"Social media was the most common use of the internet"

Frequency claim

Claim depends on design Non-comparative- Experimental- Non-Experimental-

Frequency, Causal, Association

Process of subjecting an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field, before a paper describing this work is published in a journal or as a book.

Peer review

Beliefs come from intuitions What are these intuitions based on?

Pop-up principle of memory Current beliefs Making sense

The target group across whom claims generalize

Population

Influences on test results when a test is taken more than once.

Practice effects

Ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and well-considered procedures are administered fairly — the fair distribution of costs and benefits to potential research participants — and equally.

Principle of Justice

The philosophy of "Do no harm" while maximizing benefits for the research project and minimizing risks to the research subjects

Principle of beneficence

Detailed descriptions of research that are available to other researchers and the general public

Public Knowledge

use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group

Random Assignment

Refers to the practice of using chance methods (random number tables, flipping a coin, etc.) to assign subjects to treatments.

Randomization

Protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent. Researchers must be truthful and conduct no deception;

Respect for persons

summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic surveys and summarizes previously published studies, rather than reporting new facts or analysis.

Review journal article

What is the latin square technique?

Rotate which comes first, sequence stays the same

Participants who provided responses in the dataset

Sample

a graph in which the values of two variables are plotted along two axes, the pattern of the resulting points revealing any correlation present.

Scatter plot

Sample is only those who respond- Which bias?

Self-selection bias

researchers but not the subjects know which subjects are receiving the active medication or treatment and which are not

Single-blind design

A canon of science suggests that we should prefer studies with findings fitting into this larger explanatory framework.

Theory

It's a set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena and is based on empirical data from multiple studies.

Theory

Behavioral Measures

Trace Observation Choices

Sampling for observation? Random sampling and self-selection bias

Truly random sampling not possible Avoid self-selection bias

Statistical validity

Type 1 and Type 2 errors

Decide there is an association or causal relationship when in fact there is not

Type 1 error

Decide there is no relationship, when in fact there is one

Type 2 error

Test's ability to measure what it is supposed to measure

Validity

Something that can take on more than one value.

Variable

What is the Pop-up Principle (Availability Heuristic)?

Vivid, recent and memorable experiences play a disproportionately large role in guiding our beliefs

What is external validity?

What are the limits on generalization of this finding

What did the Ravizza study measure? What kind of correlation?

internet use during class and final exam grades Negative correlation

What is counterbalancing?

make sure equal number of participants experience each event in opposite order and sequence

What is the correlation statistic?

r

What do you use to estimate the percentage of variability due to correlation What value should you look at for behavioral studies?

r^2, r>.30