Psych 303 Exam
Instead of no treatment, one group would get another level of treatment
Comparison condition
Mental definitions of properties of events of objects that can vary Often expressed in general, theoretical, subjective, or qualitative terms.
Conceptual Variable
individuals who seem to be participants but in reality are part of the research team.
Confederate
What is an uncontrolled variable that provides an alternative explanation for the observed data pattern
Confound
extraneous variable whose presence affects the variables being studied so that the results you get do not reflect the actual relationship between the variables under investigation.
Confounding variable
If you feel the operationalization of a variable leaves out important qualities of the intended meaning, you are criticizing this form of validity.
Construct validity
Challenges of descriptive research?
Construct validity External validity
Tells you what would happen to dependent variable without your intervention
Control condition
method that relies on data collection from population members who are conveniently available to participate in study
Convenience sampling
study determines whether or not two variables are correlated.
Correlational study
A critical thinking attitude that involves considering alternatives and searching for evidence before accepting that a belief or claim is true
Cultivate Skepticism
Theory-Data Babies bond with caregivers
Cupboard theory Contact Comfort Theory
What influences how we evaluate and search for new evidence? why?
Current beliefs critical of disconfirming evidence formulate questions to confirm confidence prevent alternative views
What is the criteria for causal claims?
two variables are associated causal variable came first No other explanation
If the relationship is nonlinear, what correlation does it produce?
zero
A supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
Hypothesis
This term refers to a researcher's expectation for the results of her study
Hypothesis
Variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment.
Independent Variable
T-test, ANOVA, correlation used in what claims?
Inferential
Voluntary agreement to participate in research. It is not merely a form that is signed but is a process, in which the subject has an understanding of the research and its risks
Informed Consent
Appropriately constituted group that has been formally designated to review and monitor biomedical research involving human subjects.
Institutional Review board
Different types of categories within the variable
Levels
Internal validity casual claims=experiment
Manipulate causal variable Random assignment to each level Measure "effect" variable hold all other factors constant
Measure used to determined whether an independent variable in a social science study varies in ways researchers expect,
Manipulation check
Advantages of Research over Experience
Manipulation/measurement of variables Control group Fasifiability of claims
Expresses the maximum expected difference between the true population parameter and a sample estimate of that parameter
Margin of error
What does bivariate association claims involve?
Measurement of two variables relationship between those two variables symmetrical predictive interference
quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research
Meta-analysis
Each subject gets each treatment, and serves as his or own control. Use if possible, less variance and need fewer subjects
Within-subjects design
Points are too spread out, so that low scores on one variable are related to both low and high scores on the other variable
Zero correlation
A statement of the procedures or ways in which a researcher is going to measure behaviors or qualities.
Operational Definition
an extreme value that has a disproportionate effect (leverage) on the correlation, especially when sample is small.
Outlier
Probability that the apparent effect is due simply to chance
P-value
Consistency and objectivity of how tests are administered and scored.
Standardization
Strata are formed based on members' shared attributes or characteristics. Sample randomly within each category, in order to achieve target proportions
Stratified random sampling
Results of the was Hembrooke & Gay study
Students with closed laptops got higher scores. Null hypothesis was falsified
Sources of Error- behavioral measures
Subject Bias Demand Characteristics Reactivity Observer Bias
Sources of Error- self-report
Subject bias Demand Characteristics Retrospective bias
Learning about the world through careful observation
Systematic empiricism
What test is usually used for one categorical, one quantitative (Histogram)?
T-test
Different people in the groups, and each group gets different levels of the independent variable
Between subjects design
"Using the internet during lecture causes lower scores"
Causal claim
process of establishing that the cause did indeed happen before the effect
Temporal precendence
What does descriptive research tell us? Is it hypothesis-driven?
How many How big/intense How variable Relationships among groups No
Histogram Categorical Variables? Quantitative Variables?
1 categorical, 1 quantitative
Frequency table Categorical Variables? Quantitative Variables?
2 categorical
Scatterplot Categorical Variables? Quantitative Variables?
2 quantitative
style is most frequently used within the social sciences, in order to cite various sources
APA
Construct validity in surveys
Accuracy of responding Question wording
Claim - two variables correlated with each other - symmetrical relationship
Association Claim
"More frequent internet use is related to lower scores"
Association claim
researcher explains the purpose of the study, explains the use of deception (if any was used), encourages the participant to ask questions about the study, and allows the researcher to address any harm to the participant that may have resulted from their participation in the study.
Debrief
Misleading or tricking participants about the purpose or direction of the study.
Deception
Variable whose value depends on that of another.
Dependent Variable
Mean, median, standard dev, scatter-plot used in what claims?
Descriptive
What is construct validity?
Do the variables have good operational definitions that allow for accurate measurement
Within-Participant Association Worry/not worry about
Each participant in one condition Determine whether degree of participation relates to dependent measure self-selection order
Within-Participant Experimental Designs Worry/not worry about?
Each participant serves as his/her own control, because everyone participates in both control and experimental design Order Participant variables
Based on, concerned with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic.
Empirical
research article that reports the results of a study that uses data derived from actual observation or experimentation
Empirical journal article
What is the most important source for novel research?
Empirical journal articles
Question about the way the world actually is that can be answered by making systematic observations
Empirically testable question
A test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, to examine the validity of a hypothesis, or to determine the efficacy of something previously untried.
Experiment
Internal validity of casual claims
Experiment Temporal precedence No confounds
Peer Review Cycle
Expert Scrutiny Gatekeeper Correct flaws or exaggerations in presentation of research
Would you find the same results if you measured the dependent variables differently?
External validity
Claim - Descriptive - Rate/level of behavior within population
Frequency Claim
"Social media was the most common use of the internet"
Frequency claim
Claim depends on design Non-comparative- Experimental- Non-Experimental-
Frequency, Causal, Association
Process of subjecting an author's scholarly work, research, or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field, before a paper describing this work is published in a journal or as a book.
Peer review
Beliefs come from intuitions What are these intuitions based on?
Pop-up principle of memory Current beliefs Making sense
The target group across whom claims generalize
Population
Influences on test results when a test is taken more than once.
Practice effects
Ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and well-considered procedures are administered fairly — the fair distribution of costs and benefits to potential research participants — and equally.
Principle of Justice
The philosophy of "Do no harm" while maximizing benefits for the research project and minimizing risks to the research subjects
Principle of beneficence
Detailed descriptions of research that are available to other researchers and the general public
Public Knowledge
use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group
Random Assignment
Refers to the practice of using chance methods (random number tables, flipping a coin, etc.) to assign subjects to treatments.
Randomization
Protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent. Researchers must be truthful and conduct no deception;
Respect for persons
summarizes the current state of understanding on a topic surveys and summarizes previously published studies, rather than reporting new facts or analysis.
Review journal article
What is the latin square technique?
Rotate which comes first, sequence stays the same
Participants who provided responses in the dataset
Sample
a graph in which the values of two variables are plotted along two axes, the pattern of the resulting points revealing any correlation present.
Scatter plot
Sample is only those who respond- Which bias?
Self-selection bias
researchers but not the subjects know which subjects are receiving the active medication or treatment and which are not
Single-blind design
A canon of science suggests that we should prefer studies with findings fitting into this larger explanatory framework.
Theory
It's a set of statements or principles devised to explain a group of facts or phenomena and is based on empirical data from multiple studies.
Theory
Behavioral Measures
Trace Observation Choices
Sampling for observation? Random sampling and self-selection bias
Truly random sampling not possible Avoid self-selection bias
Statistical validity
Type 1 and Type 2 errors
Decide there is an association or causal relationship when in fact there is not
Type 1 error
Decide there is no relationship, when in fact there is one
Type 2 error
Test's ability to measure what it is supposed to measure
Validity
Something that can take on more than one value.
Variable
What is the Pop-up Principle (Availability Heuristic)?
Vivid, recent and memorable experiences play a disproportionately large role in guiding our beliefs
What is external validity?
What are the limits on generalization of this finding
What did the Ravizza study measure? What kind of correlation?
internet use during class and final exam grades Negative correlation
What is counterbalancing?
make sure equal number of participants experience each event in opposite order and sequence
What is the correlation statistic?
r
What do you use to estimate the percentage of variability due to correlation What value should you look at for behavioral studies?
r^2, r>.30