Psych 4 Quiz 1

The ecological-systems approach was proposed by _____.

Bronfenbrenner

Which developmentalist was the first to emphasize the role of context on development?

Bronfenbrenner

Which example clearly illustrates a critical period?

a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero

Dr. Hernandez predicts that a certain drug will help patients with schizophrenia. Her prediction is called _____.

a hypothesis

To determine if vitamin D consumption causes the progress of multiple sclerosis to slow, a researcher would most likely use _____.

a laboratory experiment

According to the text, race is _____.

a social construction

The general term for a concept that is created by society is _____.

a social construction

Which of these is an example of plasticity?

a teenager who spends a summer in Chile and learns to speak Spanish

Bettie belongs to one cohort; Zahara belongs to another. The only required difference between these two women is _____.

age

What is the only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship?

an experiment

An example of the "difference-equals-deficit error" is _____.

assuming that children who are hearing impaired cannot communicate as well as children who can hear

If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he knows for SURE that _____.

asthma and secondhand smoke have some connection

In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the _____ group.

experimental

An example of a behavior by a researcher that would be considered unethical is _____.

falsifying the data to support the hypothesis

Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of these would she be most interested in examining?

medical centers and religious institutions

One historical example of the "difference-equals-deficit error" is _____.

men perceiving women as intellectually inferior

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, the _____ refers to the interactions among systems.

mesosystem

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, family and peers are part of a person's _____.

microsystem

Which term is associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach?

microsystems

Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of

nature and nurture acting together

The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between Hank's food intake and his hunger is _____.

negative

An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.

neighborhood

The term for all the environmental influences that affect development after conception is _____.

nurture

Empirical evidence is based on _____.

observation, experience, or experiment

An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.

occupation

A correlation is considered to be negative if _____.

one variable increases while the other variable decreases

Genes alone do not determine development, but rather environmental forces also shape development, which has led to the understanding that many human characteristics are _____.

plastic

A person's macrosystem includes _____.

political processes

What is a researcher's first step when designing a research study on children's language acquisition?

pose a research question about language acquisition

Plasticity refers to the _____.

potential for human traits to be molded during development but also to remain durable

The _____ domain includes development of emotions, temperament, and social skills.

psychosocial

A correlation does not indicate that one variable causes the other to occur; rather, it indicates that there is a _____ between the two variables.

relationship

In the science of human development, "nature" refers to _____.

the genes that people inherit

What is plasticity?

the idea that human traits may change or stay the same over time

A correlation is considered to be zero if _____.

there is no connection between the variables

IRB stands for _____.

Institutional Review Board

Which statement about scientific observation is true?

It involves recording behavior systematically and objectively.

What is a dependent variable?

It is the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an independent variable.

What is an independent variable?

It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.

Which example clearly illustrates a sensitive period?

a child learning to speak a second language

The human fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception but cannot develop fingers and toes before or after that time. This is an example of _____.

a critical period

Dr. Janney recognizes that developmental milestones rely on factors from all three domains of human development. Dr. Janney most clearly follows the _____ perspective.

biopsychosocial

The _____ domain includes all the growth and change that occur in a person's body and the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change.

biosocial

Dr. Devalle is conducting interviews, collecting background information, and running a series of tests on a single individual over several years. She is conducting a(n) _____.

case study

Which factor is a problem with longitudinal research?

changing historical context

When children are involved in research participation, the ethical standard is for _____.

children to consent to the research participation (when they are able to consent)

Dorothy was born during the Great Depression. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, knowing this fact allows one to know about her _____.

chronosystem

What term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's development?

chronosystem

Within Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, he called the historical context that affects other systems the _____.

chronosystem

The _____ domain includes all the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge or to think about the environment.

cognitive

High school classmates are part of the same _____.

cohort

When doing research with anyone under the age of 18, which of the following must be obtained?

consent from the parents and children (if children are able to consent)

A woman in Honduras worked in a field treated with pesticides during her pregnancy. When her son was born, she was horrified to find that he had no limbs. Her pesticide exposure must have occurred during a(n) _____ period of prenatal development.

critical

Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) _____ period of prenatal development.

critical

Dr. Bloom wanted to learn if ice cream preferences are different at different stages of development. For her study, she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 15-year-olds, and a group of 30-year-olds to identify their favorite ice cream. Dr. Bloom conducted a _____.

cross-sectional study

Which type of research design combines the cross-sectional design with the longitudinal research design?

cross-sequential

A system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic representations is the definition of _____.

culture

The people in which of the following groups are DEFINITELY members of the same cohort?

current middle school students

Experiments allow researchers to _____.

determine a cause-and-effect relationship

After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method _____

develops a hypothesis

Even though Aaron eats well and exercises regularly, by age 70 he developed Type II diabetes. Clement, on the other hand, eats fast food regularly and rarely exercises. At 70 years of age, his blood sugar levels remain in the normal range. What might account for the differences in their outcomes?

differential susceptibility

The idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body, mind, and every aspect of the environment is known as the _____.

dynamic-systems approach

Susie, who is 5 years old, is the tallest person in her kindergarten class. When her teacher asked her how she got so tall she said proudly, "My mom and dad are tall and I eat good food!" Susie's statement reflects that she understands that human development comes from _____

environment and heredity combined

In the science of human development, "nurture" refers to _____.

environmental influences

People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually share the same language and religion are called a(n) _____.

ethnic group

When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is a(n) _____.

experiment

Dr. Furth wonders if a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a large dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth's question demonstrates the _____ step in the scientific method.

first

If a researcher finds a positive correlation between school grades and school attendance, one can conclude that _____.

high attendance and high grades occur together

Participants in a research study must understand and agree to the research procedures and also be made aware of any potential risks associated with the research participation. This process is known as _____.

informed consent

An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be _____.

level of depression

Differential susceptibility means that certain people have genes that _____

make them more vulnerable to particular experiences

Differential susceptibility means that certain people have genes that _____.

make them more vulnerable to particular experiences

Dr. Seldor does a study in which she finds that alcohol consumption is correlated with an increased risk of diabetes. She publishes her results, and Dr. Al-Jaher reads the report about the study. Then Dr. Al-Jaher does the same study using different participants in another nation. Dr. Al-Jaher's work is an example of _____.

replication

The final step in the five steps of the scientific method is to _____.

report the results

If a researcher watches 1-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using _____.

scientific observation

Some social scientists believe that _____ terms exaggerate minor differences between people.

skin color

Social scientists are convinced, based on genetic analysis, that race is a(n) _____.

social construction

Jameel has a college degree, lives in a nice neighborhood, and earns more than $50,000 a year. This information defines his _____.

socioeconomic status

Scientific observation allows for the _____.

study of individuals' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner

The fourth step in the scientific method involves _____.

supporting or refuting a hypothesis

A researcher designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether 350 mg of a certain drug would help patients with bipolar disorder. By designing and conducting this experiment, the researcher was able to _____.

test the hypothesis

Dr. Henderson is curious to know more about how children develop over time. To avoid relying on opinion or personal bias, Dr. Henderson should _____.

use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts