Psych 4 Quiz 1
The ecological-systems approach was proposed by _____.
Bronfenbrenner
Which developmentalist was the first to emphasize the role of context on development?
Bronfenbrenner
Which example clearly illustrates a critical period?
a fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero
Dr. Hernandez predicts that a certain drug will help patients with schizophrenia. Her prediction is called _____.
a hypothesis
To determine if vitamin D consumption causes the progress of multiple sclerosis to slow, a researcher would most likely use _____.
a laboratory experiment
According to the text, race is _____.
a social construction
The general term for a concept that is created by society is _____.
a social construction
Which of these is an example of plasticity?
a teenager who spends a summer in Chile and learns to speak Spanish
Bettie belongs to one cohort; Zahara belongs to another. The only required difference between these two women is _____.
age
What is the only research method that can establish a cause-and-effect relationship?
an experiment
An example of the "difference-equals-deficit error" is _____.
assuming that children who are hearing impaired cannot communicate as well as children who can hear
If a researcher finds that there is a correlation between secondhand smoke and children's asthma, he knows for SURE that _____.
asthma and secondhand smoke have some connection
In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the _____ group.
experimental
An example of a behavior by a researcher that would be considered unethical is _____.
falsifying the data to support the hypothesis
Dr. Kilbey is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of these would she be most interested in examining?
medical centers and religious institutions
One historical example of the "difference-equals-deficit error" is _____.
men perceiving women as intellectually inferior
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, the _____ refers to the interactions among systems.
mesosystem
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems model, family and peers are part of a person's _____.
microsystem
Which term is associated with Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach?
microsystems
Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of
nature and nurture acting together
The more Hank eats, the less hungry he feels. The correlation that exists between Hank's food intake and his hunger is _____.
negative
An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.
neighborhood
The term for all the environmental influences that affect development after conception is _____.
nurture
Empirical evidence is based on _____.
observation, experience, or experiment
An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____.
occupation
A correlation is considered to be negative if _____.
one variable increases while the other variable decreases
Genes alone do not determine development, but rather environmental forces also shape development, which has led to the understanding that many human characteristics are _____.
plastic
A person's macrosystem includes _____.
political processes
What is a researcher's first step when designing a research study on children's language acquisition?
pose a research question about language acquisition
Plasticity refers to the _____.
potential for human traits to be molded during development but also to remain durable
The _____ domain includes development of emotions, temperament, and social skills.
psychosocial
A correlation does not indicate that one variable causes the other to occur; rather, it indicates that there is a _____ between the two variables.
relationship
In the science of human development, "nature" refers to _____.
the genes that people inherit
What is plasticity?
the idea that human traits may change or stay the same over time
A correlation is considered to be zero if _____.
there is no connection between the variables
IRB stands for _____.
Institutional Review Board
Which statement about scientific observation is true?
It involves recording behavior systematically and objectively.
What is a dependent variable?
It is the measured variable that may change depending on manipulation of an independent variable.
What is an independent variable?
It is the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
Which example clearly illustrates a sensitive period?
a child learning to speak a second language
The human fetus develops fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days after conception but cannot develop fingers and toes before or after that time. This is an example of _____.
a critical period
Dr. Janney recognizes that developmental milestones rely on factors from all three domains of human development. Dr. Janney most clearly follows the _____ perspective.
biopsychosocial
The _____ domain includes all the growth and change that occur in a person's body and the genetic, nutritional, and health factors that affect that growth and change.
biosocial
Dr. Devalle is conducting interviews, collecting background information, and running a series of tests on a single individual over several years. She is conducting a(n) _____.
case study
Which factor is a problem with longitudinal research?
changing historical context
When children are involved in research participation, the ethical standard is for _____.
children to consent to the research participation (when they are able to consent)
Dorothy was born during the Great Depression. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, knowing this fact allows one to know about her _____.
chronosystem
What term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's development?
chronosystem
Within Bronfenbrenner's ecological-systems approach, he called the historical context that affects other systems the _____.
chronosystem
The _____ domain includes all the mental processes that a person uses to obtain knowledge or to think about the environment.
cognitive
High school classmates are part of the same _____.
cohort
When doing research with anyone under the age of 18, which of the following must be obtained?
consent from the parents and children (if children are able to consent)
A woman in Honduras worked in a field treated with pesticides during her pregnancy. When her son was born, she was horrified to find that he had no limbs. Her pesticide exposure must have occurred during a(n) _____ period of prenatal development.
critical
Between 1957 and 1961, many pregnant women took thalidomide to alleviate morning sickness; this drug disrupted a(n) _____ period of prenatal development.
critical
Dr. Bloom wanted to learn if ice cream preferences are different at different stages of development. For her study, she conducted a one-time assessment in which she asked a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 15-year-olds, and a group of 30-year-olds to identify their favorite ice cream. Dr. Bloom conducted a _____.
cross-sectional study
Which type of research design combines the cross-sectional design with the longitudinal research design?
cross-sequential
A system of shared beliefs, conventions, norms, behaviors, expectations, and symbolic representations is the definition of _____.
culture
The people in which of the following groups are DEFINITELY members of the same cohort?
current middle school students
Experiments allow researchers to _____.
determine a cause-and-effect relationship
After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method _____
develops a hypothesis
Even though Aaron eats well and exercises regularly, by age 70 he developed Type II diabetes. Clement, on the other hand, eats fast food regularly and rarely exercises. At 70 years of age, his blood sugar levels remain in the normal range. What might account for the differences in their outcomes?
differential susceptibility
The idea that human development is an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the body, mind, and every aspect of the environment is known as the _____.
dynamic-systems approach
Susie, who is 5 years old, is the tallest person in her kindergarten class. When her teacher asked her how she got so tall she said proudly, "My mom and dad are tall and I eat good food!" Susie's statement reflects that she understands that human development comes from _____
environment and heredity combined
In the science of human development, "nurture" refers to _____.
environmental influences
People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who usually share the same language and religion are called a(n) _____.
ethnic group
When a researcher wants to determine the cause of a particular behavior, the appropriate research method to use is a(n) _____.
experiment
Dr. Furth wonders if a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a large dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth's question demonstrates the _____ step in the scientific method.
first
If a researcher finds a positive correlation between school grades and school attendance, one can conclude that _____.
high attendance and high grades occur together
Participants in a research study must understand and agree to the research procedures and also be made aware of any potential risks associated with the research participation. This process is known as _____.
informed consent
An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be _____.
level of depression
Differential susceptibility means that certain people have genes that _____
make them more vulnerable to particular experiences
Differential susceptibility means that certain people have genes that _____.
make them more vulnerable to particular experiences
Dr. Seldor does a study in which she finds that alcohol consumption is correlated with an increased risk of diabetes. She publishes her results, and Dr. Al-Jaher reads the report about the study. Then Dr. Al-Jaher does the same study using different participants in another nation. Dr. Al-Jaher's work is an example of _____.
replication
The final step in the five steps of the scientific method is to _____.
report the results
If a researcher watches 1-week-old babies and records how many times they open and close their eyes while lying in their cribs, he is most likely using _____.
scientific observation
Some social scientists believe that _____ terms exaggerate minor differences between people.
skin color
Social scientists are convinced, based on genetic analysis, that race is a(n) _____.
social construction
Jameel has a college degree, lives in a nice neighborhood, and earns more than $50,000 a year. This information defines his _____.
socioeconomic status
Scientific observation allows for the _____.
study of individuals' behaviors in a systematic and objective manner
The fourth step in the scientific method involves _____.
supporting or refuting a hypothesis
A researcher designed and conducted an experiment to determine whether 350 mg of a certain drug would help patients with bipolar disorder. By designing and conducting this experiment, the researcher was able to _____.
test the hypothesis
Dr. Henderson is curious to know more about how children develop over time. To avoid relying on opinion or personal bias, Dr. Henderson should _____.
use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts
