Psych 7A Study Guide
Each of our _______ consists of tightly coiled DNA. A) chromosomes B) cell proteins C) nucleotides D) amino acids
A) chromosomes
Factors that affect how our genes are expressed are involved primarily in the scientific study of A) epigenetics. B) clinical psychology. C) psychoneuroimmunology. D) phylogenetics.
A) epigenetics.
Before scientists fully understood the cause of PKU, infants with the disorder often developed A) mental impairment. C) somatosensory hallucinations. B) colorblindness. D) early-onset schizophrenia.
A) mental impairment.
Identical twins are called _______, while non-identical twins are called _______. A) monozygotic; dizygotic C) homozygotic; monozygotic B) monozygotic; heterozygotic D) dizygotic; heterozygotic
A) monozygotic; dizygotic
To learn more about the gaming habits of teenage boys, a professor randomly selected fifty boys from various high schools for a video game study. In this study, "all teenage boys" make up the A) population. B) representative sample. C) independent variable. D) control group.
A) population.
A punch is painful, while a hug is not, because a punch produces _______ action potentials from each sensory neuron. A) stronger B) more frequent C) faster-moving D) fewer
A) stronger
The primary type of neuron in neural networks is a A) motor neuron. B) interneuron. C) sensory neuron. D) afferent neuron
B) interneuron.
The molecule present in the chromosomes that "codes" hereditary information is called A) RNA. B) cyclic AMP. C) DNA. D) adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
C) DNA.
In the case of Deidre, a woman with epilepsy, doctors stimulated different regions of her brain to A) train her brain to transmit electrical signals normally. B) find the tumor causing her epilepsy. C) determine which brain functions were located in the area causing her seizures. D) cause her brain to produce higher levels of endorphins.
C) determine which brain functions were located in the area causing her seizures.
Which of the following conditions affects the appearance of the child's face and causes significant damage to the developing brain? A) Autism spectrum disorder C) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder B) Asperger's syndrome D) Fetal alcohol syndrome
D) Fetal alcohol syndrome
Which of the following are subunits of proteins? A) Genes B) Ribosomes C) Amino acids D) Nucleotides
D) Nucleotides
Genes with slightly different instructions for making the same protein are called A) nucleotides. B) recessives. C) mitochondria. D) alleles.
D) alleles.
The thyroid and the pituitary gland are part of the A) somatosensory cortex. B) limbic system. C) central nervous system. D) endocrine system
D) endocrine system
Refer to the graph below. Scores for Group 1 differ most dramatically from scores for Group 2 in their A) mean. B) mode. C) standard deviation. D) median
D) median
The first stage of neural development is _______, the continuous division of cells at a rate of up to 250,000 a minute. A) synaptogenesis B) cell migration C) differentiation D) neurogenesis
D) neurogenesis
The presence of adoring groupies at a small local club make a rock band confident they will become world famous. They should probably pay more attention to the importance of A) reliability. B) frequency distributions. C) effect size. D) representative samples.
D) representative samples.
All of the following are secondary sex characteristics except A) wide hips in females. C) beard growth in males. B) wide jaws in males. D) reproductive organs in females.
D) reproductive organs in females.
An empiricist believes that the only source of knowledge about the external world is A) logic. B) intuition. C) reason. D) sensory experience.
D) sensory experience.
_______ psychologists study how the mind and behavior progress as people age. A) Developmental B) Differential C) Adaptive D) Evolutionary
A) Developmental
In the homunculus that corresponds to the mapping of the somatosensory cortex, which body part occupies the largest area? A) Hand B) Trunk C) Nose D) Leg
A) Hand
Imagine that a single dysfunctional allele for a given gene could derail our ability to see at birth. How could two people who were blind for that reason have a child with normal vision? A) If the allele was recessive, the child could carry one dysfunctional and one functional allele. B) If the allele was dominant, the child could carry only a functional allele. C) If the child inherited only recessive alleles for that gene, the child would have normal vision. D) If the child inherited only dominant alleles for that gene, the child would have normal vision would.
A) If the allele was recessive, the child could carry one dysfunctional and one functional allele.
Which biological factor typically spares us from harm when we inherit a nonfunctional allele? A) The other allele in a pair C) The process of fertilization B) The copying of a genotype D) The presence of recessive traits
A) The other allele in a pair
What conclusion is consistent with the results of twin studies of schizophrenia? A) Though monozygotic twins are more concordant for schizophrenia than dizygotic twins, genes account for only about 10 percent of the differences. B) Differences in dizygotic genes account for about 90 percent of the instances of schizophrenia among family members. C) Differences in genes account for about 50 percent of the differences between people, in cases of schizophrenia. D) Differences in genes account for about 27 percent of the differences between people, in cases of schizophrenia.
A) Though monozygotic twins are more concordant for schizophrenia than dizygotic twins, genes account for only about 10 percent of the differences.
A meta-analysis is A) a combination of results from many related studies. B) an alternative to the strong inference approach. C) the most common analysis in correlational research. D) the most common analysis in experimental research.
A) a combination of results from many related studies.
A recessive allele affects an individual's phenotype only when it is present on A) both chromosomes. B) a single chromosome. C) the same chromosome as a dominant allele. D) a chromosome that is paired with one with a dominant allele.
A) both chromosomes.
Gene expression is the process by which a cell A) directs a gene to make its protein. B) extracts genes from DNA strands. C) assembles amino acids to form chromosomes. D) unpacks the DNA-making instructions in the genome.
A) directs a gene to make its protein.
Both parents of twins Mary and Shelly have schizophrenia. However, only Mary developed the disorder. This means that the twins are _______ for schizophrenia. A) discordant B) bisimilar C) concordant D) confounding
A) discordant
Though our brains are almost fully developed by the time we reach adolescence, enormous changes continue in the brain region called the _______ lobe. A) frontal B) parietal C) temporal D) occipital
A) frontal
Variations in eye color are the result of alleles that differ in terms of A) how much pigment they make. B) what pigment they make. C) how expression of the allele affects the ability of the iris to change when it encounters light. D) how much of a particular receptor will be expressed in the retina.
A) how much pigment they make.
Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because A) males receive only one allele (on the X chromosome) for that gene for color vision. B) females often do not experience the same gene-environment interactions as males. C) the gene for colorblindness is on the Y chromosome. D) the gene for red-green colorblindness is dominant.
A) males receive only one allele (on the X chromosome) for that gene for color vision.
The difference between a zygote and an embryo is that the embryo is A) more complex. B) unfertilized. C) more fragile. D) less developed
A) more complex.
A manager at a science museum wants to identify the most popular exhibits, so once every hour for six weeks she has volunteers count the number of people standing in front of each exhibit. This is an example of A) naturalistic observation. B) correlational research. C) case study research. D) experimental research.
A) naturalistic observation.
Complex behavior is controlled by A) neural networks. B) sensory neurons. C) the mind, rather than the brain. D) degradative enzymes.
A) neural networks.
A child has an eight-ounce cup full of juice. While he watches, you pour the juice from the cup into a quart jar. He gets upset, because he thinks he now has less juice. The child is most likely in Piaget's _______ stage of cognitive development. A) preoperational B) concrete operational C) formal operational D) sensorimotor
A) preoperational
Developing a sense of morality is one of the toughest challenges for adolescents because it A) requires higher-order thought processes and conflicting information. B) happens just as a child is preparing to leave home and become independent. C) is a major step in letting go of the innocence of childhood. D) means going against many generally accepted behaviors.
A) requires higher-order thought processes and conflicting information.
All of the following activities have been shown to prevent the development of Alzheimer's disease except A) resting the brain by avoiding complex cognitive tasks. B) engaging daily in mild physical exercise. C) engaging in intellectual activities such as daily crossword puzzles. D) regular participation in social activities.
A) resting the brain by avoiding complex cognitive tasks.
Evan has developed articulate verbal skills, often rattling off the details of the workings of his various toys. However, Evan finds it very difficult to understand what other people think and feel. As a result, he has trouble forming relationships with other children at school. Evan likely has A) severe autism. B) schizophrenia. C) Asperger's syndrome. D) ADHD.
A) severe autism.
Mary Ainsworth found that infants vary in their attachment styles by using an experimental procedure called the A) strange situation task. B) visual cliff test. C) habituation technique. D) preferential looking task
A) strange situation task.
The final stage of brain development that facilitates neuronal communication is called A) synapse rearrangement. B) synaptogenesis. C) cell migration. D) differentiation.
A) synapse rearrangement.
Erikson describes each of the various stages of psychosocial development as being characterized by A) tension. B) harmony. C) balance. D) aggression.
A) tension.
The corpus callosum is directly responsible for A) transferring information between the left and right hemispheres. B) controlling the pituitary gland. C) triggering movement. D) activating the autonomic nervous system.
A) transferring information between the left and right hemispheres.
Cooper and Zubek (1958) showed that gene-environment interactions were at play in a study by illustrating that A) "Maze-bright" rats raised in "impoverished" environments were always better at navigating mazes than "mazebright" rats raised in "enriched" environments. B) "Maze-dull" rats raised in "enriched" environments eventually learned to navigate mazes as well as "maze-bright" rats raised in "enriched" environments. C) "Maze-bright" rats raised in "impoverished" environments were worse at navigating mazes than "maze-dull" rats raised in "impoverished" environments. D) "Maze-dull" rats raised in "impoverished" environments were always worse at navigating mazes than "mazebright" rats raised in "impoverished" environments.
B) "Maze-dull" rats raised in "enriched" environments eventually learned to navigate mazes as well as "maze-bright" rats raised in "enriched" environments.
Jessica's parents are devout Christians, but she identifies more with agnostic views. When asked about her views on religion, however, she is tentative and reluctant to discuss the issue. Based on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, Jessica is about what age? A) 12 B) 17 C) 28 D) 45
B) 17
A 70-year-old woman who is given a touch-screen tablet becomes hopelessly frustrated when she tries to use it. Which of the following best explains her lack of success? A) A decline in crystallized intelligence makes it difficult for her to apply previous knowledge to a new situation. B) A decline in fluid intelligence keeps her from reasoning abstractly when confronted with an unfamiliar object. C) The similarity between her laptop computer and the tablet causes confusion between crystallized and fluid intelligence. D) The unfamiliarity of the tablet's technology causes a breakdown of her crystallized intelligence
B) A decline in fluid intelligence keeps her from reasoning abstractly when confronted with an unfamiliar object.
Which statement best captures the concept of a sensitive period? A) Children under age five are overly sensitive to criticism by their parents and should not be scolded. B) A parent should be patient with a child who is learning to read. C) Events that take place early in life have little effect on development. D) Some abilities, such as 3-D vision, will not develop if a child does not have proper sensory input early in life.
B) A parent should be patient with a child who is learning to read.
A researcher claims that the same area of the brain is active when we feel physical pain as when we feel hurt by social rejection. Which of the following would support her claims? A) PET scan results showing strong activation in the amygdala during social rejection B) An fMRI scan showing intense blood flow in the limbic system during social rejection C) PET scans showing activity in the sensory cortex when the researcher says hurtful things to the participants D) Images from fMRI scans that look similar for subjects experiencing physical pain and subjects experiencing social rejection
B) An fMRI scan showing intense blood flow in the limbic system during social rejection
Based on the information in the table, which is a valid conclusion to make about Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? A) In later stages of life, relationships with other people become less and less important. B) As people go through their lives, their social spheres tend to expand. C) Stagnation is inevitable once one's personal life goals have been achieved. D) As people go through their lives, their success becomes more and more dependent on the actions of others.
B) As people go through their lives, their social spheres tend to expand.
What can be concluded from developmental studies of children in daycare? A) Children in low-quality daycare do not develop attachment styles. B) Children in high-quality daycare tend to perform better academically. C) Children raised by their grandparents tend to show greater levels of secure attachment. D) There is little relationship between the quality of daycare and social or academic success
B) Children in high-quality daycare tend to perform better academically.
Which result provides evidence that genes play a role in schizophrenia? A) Only about 1 percent of the population displays schizophrenia. B) Children of identical twins, one of whom had schizophrenia, are more likely to develop the disorder, regardless of whether their parent was the twin with schizophrenia or the twin without it. C) Identical twins are more likely to be discordant for schizophrenia than non-identical twins are. D) Parents of identical twins with schizophrenia are more likely to show symptoms of the disorder, even after their children's symptoms are in remission.
B) Children of identical twins, one of whom had schizophrenia, are more likely to develop the disorder, regardless of whether their parent was the twin with schizophrenia or the twin without it.
Which environmental influence is most closely linked with the development of schizophrenia in children who inherit genes for the disorder? A) Exposure to a family member with the disorder C) Extreme pressure to achieve B) Complications during birth D) Poor performance in school
B) Complications during birth
_______ intelligence is the ability to reason abstractly and solve novel problems, and _______ intelligence is the accumulation of facts, experience, and historical references. A) Crystallized; fluid B) Fluid; crystallized C) Adaptive; creative D) Creative; adaptive
B) Fluid; crystallized
Your uncle has been stricken by delusions and is displaying strange, sweeping, involuntary movements of his arms and legs. He is most likely suffering from A) schizophrenia. B) Huntington's disease. C) Phenylketonuria (PKU). D) Alzheimer's disease.
B) Huntington's disease.
A researcher is interested in understanding how the physical structure of the corpus callosum changes from childhood to adulthood. Which of the following would be the most useful brain imaging technique? A) Electroencephalography (EEG) C) Positron emission tomography (PET) B) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
B) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Juan is thirteen months old and is no longer surprised when his mother hides his toy train, only to reveal it again in a different position in front of him. What cognitive milestone is Juan displaying? A) Concrete operations B) Object permanence C) Conservation D) Object recognition
B) Object permanence
What does it mean to say that schizophrenia is heritable? A) People who inherit the genes for schizophrenia will always present symptoms of the disorder. B) People with close blood relatives with schizophrenia are more likely to develop symptoms than the general population. C) One percent of the population will inherit schizophrenia. D) People with close blood relatives with schizophrenia are immune to the disorder.
B) People with close blood relatives with schizophrenia are more likely to develop symptoms than the general population.
The foundations of psychology are most closely related to which of the following disciplines? A) Chemistry B) Philosophy C) Political science D) Astrology
B) Philosophy
Children's theory of mind can be assessed with the A) strange situation task. B) Sally and Anne test. C) preferential looking task. D) conservation test
B) Sally and Anne test.
During which stage of neural development do the neurons begin to branch out to form connections with one another? A) Neurogenesis B) Synaptogenesis C) Cell migration D) Synapse rearrangement
B) Synaptogenesis
What was Kohlberg most interested in when examining people's responses to the fictional story of Heinz stealing a drug for his ailing wife? A) Whether they said it was okay for Heinz to steal the drug B) The nature of their reasoning about their choice C) The number of times they asked about Heinz's age D) Whether or not they mentioned Heinz's wife when responding
B) The nature of their reasoning about their choice
In general, it is easier for psychologists and biologists to determine the influence of genes on behavior when the underlying cause of that behavior can be attributed to A) chance, rather than genetics. C) multiple related genes, rather than a single gene. B) a single gene rather than multiple genes. D) the workings of multiple unrelated genes.
B) a single gene rather than multiple genes.
In order to fit a growing number of synapses into the skull, a human brain A) decreases in overall size and function. C) sheds neurons and supports more glial cells. B) becomes increasingly wrinkled. D) loses a third of its original weight.
B) becomes increasingly wrinkled.
During cell migration, neurons A) differentiate to perform different functions. B) clump together to form various brain structures. C) begin to connect with other neurons for communication. D) are pruned to reduce their numbers.
B) clump together to form various brain structures.
The modern treatment for PKU is an example of a gene-environment interaction because it involves A) altering the genome of the mother before fertilization. B) control of the amount of phenylalanine in the child's diet. C) surgical intervention before birth. D) control of the type of mating behavior the child can have after puberty
B) control of the amount of phenylalanine in the child's diet.
Compared to computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans A) tend to pose greater risks to patients. B) generally provide more detailed structural information. C) are usually less informative about blood flow and oxygen flow. D) tend to be less reliable for measuring electrical activity.
B) generally provide more detailed structural information.
Estimates of the heritability of risk-taking, parental warmth, and openness are between 38 and 57 percent. This implies that A) most of the behaviors we present are caused by our genes. B) genes account for some of the variation in those traits, but experience is also important. C) experience accounts for the majority of the variation in those traits. D) it is not possible to measure how much of the variation in those traits is due to the environment.
B) genes account for some of the variation in those traits, but experience is also important.
The belief that genes determine everything about us, including our behavior, is referred to as A) nature-nurture theory. B) genetic determinism. C) psychological relativism. D) gene therapy
B) genetic determinism.
The key difference between twin studies and adoption studies is that in adoption studies A) the adopted siblings are treated as twins. B) identical twins are separated at birth and raised apart. C) adoptive parents do not know whether their adopted children are twins. D) nothing is known about the genetic makeup of the biological parents
B) identical twins are separated at birth and raised apart.
Baby chicks born on a farm will often follow the human that they first see when they hatch. This is a result of _______, the innate process of learning to recognizing a parent. A) attachment B) imprinting C) stranger anxiety D) implicit learning
B) imprinting
Brain plasticity A) is the ability of the brain to fully repair its damaged areas. B) involves changes in the brain connected with storing memories. C) is present only through the teen years. D) disappears around age 40
B) involves changes in the brain connected with storing memories.
An infant's vision improves from about 20/120 to about 20/30 by approximately eight months of age because the A) eyes grow in size and can detect more visual stimuli. B) neurons connecting the retinas and the brain mature. C) initial connections between the retinas and the brain are pruned. D) eyes are able to open wider as the infant's face develops
B) neurons connecting the retinas and the brain mature.
The part of the cell that contains chromosomes is called the A) DNA. B) nucleus. C) mitochondria. D) endoplasmic reticulum
B) nucleus.
Regardless of what your current _______ displays, your _______ never changes. A) genotype; phenotype B) phenotype; genotype C) prototype; phenotype D) prototype; genotype
B) phenotype; genotype
When a touch to the cheek elicits a turn of an infant's head, the infant is displaying a simple reflex called A) grasping. B) rooting. C) sucking. D) conserving
B) rooting.
Genes regulate protein synthesis by A) coding for the arrangement of ribosomes on DNA molecules. B) specifying which amino acids will be joined together, and in what order. C) regulating the influx of ions like sodium and potassium, which code for proteins. D) setting the cell's biological clock and controlling how and when a cell divides.
B) specifying which amino acids will be joined together, and in what order.
One of the best methods of determining the influence of confounding variables on the heritability of human traits is to conduct a A) cross-sectional study. B) study of identical twins. C) case study. D) study of fraternal twins.
B) study of identical twins.
Imagine that humans could be born with either pinkish or brownish fingernails, and that there is a different allele for each fingernail color. If your father had brownish fingernails, your mother had pinkish fingernails, and you were born with brownish fingernails, that means that A) fingernail color is determined by your sex. C) the allele for pinkish fingernails is recessive. B) the allele for brownish fingernails is dominant. D) the allele for brownish fingernails is recessive.
B) the allele for brownish fingernails is dominant.
According to the process of natural selection, a mutation A) will disappear from the genomes of future generations if it improves survival and reproduction. B) will accumulate in the genomes of future generations if it improves survival and reproduction. C) will accumulate in the genomes of future generations if it improves survival, but not reproduction. D) can never be fully incorporated into the genomes of future generations.
B) will accumulate in the genomes of future generations if it improves survival and reproduction.
Based on the conclusions from the Walker and Lewine (1990) study of home movies, what signs might one look for in an infant who may eventually develop schizophrenia? A) Abnormal hair growth C) Abnormal crawling behavior B) Well-developed social skills D) High birth weight
C) Abnormal crawling behavior
Which statement provides the most accurate description of Alzheimer's disease? A) A normal slowing of cognition due to rapid aging of the frontal cortex B) Damage caused by random cell death primarily in the temporal lobe C) Dementia caused by the build-up of amyloid inside and outside of acetylcholine neurons D) A condition associated with diets high in fat in which the brain slowly disintegrates
C) Dementia caused by the build-up of amyloid inside and outside of acetylcholine neurons
Which development is likely to result in decreased expression of some genes by a cell? A) Significant events that alter an individual's genotype B) Biological events that cause the cell to multiply rapidly C) Environmental changes that reduce the need for those genes to make particular proteins D) Environmental changes that accelerate other vital cell processes over a short timespan
C) Environmental changes that reduce the need for those genes to make particular proteins
Which term refers to specific lengths of DNA that carry information needed to make the proteins that are required for proper bodily functioning? A) Ribosomes B) RNA C) Genes D) Amino acids
C) Genes
Which is most consistent with the textbook's characterization of how nurture influences behavior? A) Nurture provides all of the necessary elements for determining our behaviors. B) Genes activate our behaviors. C) Learning experiences and social interactions affect how we use the genes that we inherited. D) We learn most of our behaviors from social interactions.
C) Learning experiences and social interactions affect how we use the genes that we inherited.
Which of the following is true regarding normal neuronal cell death? A) Neurons normally continue to die until adolescence. B) We form just over half of our neurons before we are born. C) Nearly half of the neurons that develop prenatally die before we are born. D) Loss of neurons indicates that something in the aging process has gone wrong.
C) Nearly half of the neurons that develop prenatally die before we are born.
Which area of the brain does Huntington's disease damage the most? A) Frontal cortex B) Cerebellum C) Striatum D) Brain stem
C) Striatum
Which reflex helps the infant feed on breast milk? A) Grasping B) Simple C) Sucking D) Conserving
C) Sucking
All of the following statements regarding gene-environment interactions is true except A) Genes determine whether an environmental factor will affect behavior. B) Genes influence every human behavior, but no gene determines behavior. C) The environment has the same effect on behavior regardless of genes. D) The environment determines whether a gene will affect behavior
C) The environment has the same effect on behavior regardless of genes.
Why is it difficult for psychologists to define the specific genes involved in disorders like depression and schizophrenia? A) The specific gene that causes each disorder is usually the same. B) A person with a disorder like depression or schizophrenia tends to have a much higher number of genes than a person without such a disorder. C) There are likely numerous genes that influence the various symptoms of each disorder. D) It is difficult to distinguish a depressed person from a person who is schizophrenic
C) There are likely numerous genes that influence the various symptoms of each disorder.
Any substance that disrupts the flow of nutrients to the brain, or in any way harms the fetus, is called A) a synapse. B) differentiation. C) a teratogen. D) migration.
C) a teratogen.
Adolescents are in the fifth stage of psychosocial development, and according to Erikson, are most concerned with developing A) initiative. B) intimacy. C) an identity. D) a sense of purpose.
C) an identity.
The cognitive theory that states that children adapt to the world by actively building and organizing their experiences is called A) theory of mind. B) assimilation. C) constructivism. D) accommodation
C) constructivism.
A friend asks you to help him steal a car so he can drive his roommate to a doctor's appointment. You refuse, reasoning that laws and rules are a part of society for a reason and you do not want to disrupt the status quo. According to Kohlberg's theory, you are using _______ reasoning. A) preconventional B) postconventional C) conventional D) hindsight
C) conventional
An allele is _______ when it affects an individual's phenotype, regardless of what other allele the individual carries for that gene. A) recessive B) mediating C) dominant D) subdominant
C) dominant
Your first cell began making proteins when your father's sperm fused with your mother's egg in the process of A) natural selection. B) epigenetics. C) fertilization. D) spermatization.
C) fertilization.
Sensory experience from behavior is an especially important factor in gene-environment interaction because A) many sensory traits are related to dominant alleles. B) many genes are adaptive for coping with the environment. C) levels of activity in neurons influence gene expression. D) extreme hardship can accelerate genetic mutation.
C) levels of activity in neurons influence gene expression.
Infants progressively show more complex motor behaviors, which is primarily the result of A) strengthening of muscles. C) maturation of the brain. B) fine-tuning of sensory systems. D) modeling by adults.
C) maturation of the brain.
Both the spinal cord and the brain develop from the fetal structure called the A) placenta. B) inner cell mass. C) neural tube. D) teratogen.
C) neural tube.
A person who has PKU should avoid all food containing A) phenobarbital. B) lactobacillus. C) phenylalanine. D) phenylephrine.
C) phenylalanine.
The _______, formed when the cells in the outer layer of the embryo divide, provides oxygen and nutrients to the embryo. A) inner cell mass B) fetus C) placenta D) neural tube
C) placenta
The landmark in development when an individual becomes capable of reproduction is called A) adolescence. B) adulthood. C) puberty. D) menarche
C) puberty.
Treatment-outcome researchers attempt to prevent initial differences between treatment and control groups by using A) statistical inference. B) placebo controls. C) randomization. D) double blinding.
C) randomization.
A warm and nurturing home environment could affect the future of a baby with a family history of schizophrenia by A) teaching him that he is safe and secure, even when he is not. B) leaving him alone to teach him independence at a very early age. C) reducing or eliminating controllable sources of stress. D) modeling "normal" behavior so he will not develop schizophrenia.
C) reducing or eliminating controllable sources of stress.
A friend is concerned because her brother has started to tell the family that he believes he talks directly to God. He is also becoming emotionally withdrawn. You recommend sending him to a psychiatrist because he might be showing signs of A) depression. B) generalized anxiety disorder. C) schizophrenia. D) bipolar disorder
C) schizophrenia.
Gina is very attached to her father, who is her primary caregiver. She is usually upset when he leaves her with her grandmother to go to work, but Gina is always happy when he returns in the evening. Gina is displaying A) disorganized attachment. B) ambivalent attachment. C) secure attachment. D) avoidant attachment.
C) secure attachment.
Psychologists now believe that subliminal advertising A) is a powerful influence on consumers that should be regulated by government. B) is effective only on young people, whose brains are still developing. C) succeeds because the messages register unconsciously. D) has a weak effect on consumers, if any at all.
C) succeeds because the messages register unconsciously.
Researchers can tell if an infant prefers a visual stimulus, such as a face, to another stimulus by A) observing the infant's crawling behavior. B) counting how many seconds it takes for the infant to smile at each one. C) tracking how long an infant looks at each stimulus. D) asking the infant's mother to read the child's facial expression
C) tracking how long an infant looks at each stimulus.
Which scenario best illustrates generativity? A) A man bounces around from job to job, trying to find one that best satisfies him. B) A woman looks back on her life and makes peace with her regrets and the mistakes she has made over the years. C) A child suddenly becomes extremely willful and difficult for his parents to handle. D) A well-established IT professional gives back to her community by mentoring high school students interested in computer science.
D) A well-established IT professional gives back to her community by mentoring high school students interested in computer science.
Use the following to answer questions 43-47: Refer to the table below. 43. At what stage in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development do relationships with peers first begin to become important? A) Toddler B) Preschooler C) Preadolescent D) Adolescent
D) Adolescent
Which function is most directly controlled by the brainstem? A) Memory formation B) Balance C) Language D) Breathing
D) Breathing
After surgery to control epilepsy, Miguel could understand people but lost his ability to speak. It is most likely that the surgery impacted his A) basal ganglia. B) somatosensory cortex. C) cerebellum. D) Broca's area.
D) Broca's area.
Which situation might increase the risk of a child succumbing to sudden infant death syndrome? A) A six-month-old begins to roll from his back to his belly. B) An infant is put to bed on her back instead of on her belly. C) Family pets sleep in the same room as a new baby. D) Caregivers of an infant in full-time daycare are cigarette smokers
D) Caregivers of an infant in full-time daycare are cigarette smokers
Which of the following may indicate that someone you know might be considering suicide? A) He has recently given up drinking, saying it leaves him depressed. B) He mentions that he has been searching online for a handgun. C) He is often tired, though he sleeps seven or eight hours a night. D) His relationships with his parents are deteriorating.
D) His relationships with his parents are deteriorating.
Refer to the figure below. This mean difference image shows the most active brain areas across participants when they are completing a specific task. If lighter areas mean greater brain activity, what task were participants most likely completing? A) Speaking B) Listening to music C) Touching something with a rough texture D) Looking at an image
D) Looking at an image
A certain flower has a genotype with an allele for yellow petals and an allele for blue petals, but it grows only blue petals. Which statement could be true? A) Both alleles are recessive. C) Only the allele for blue petals is recessive. B) Both alleles are dominant. D) Only the allele for yellow petals is recessive
D) Only the allele for yellow petals is recessive
When a researcher looks at her personality questionnaire data from 75 participants, she notices limited variance in scores, except for one score falling 4 standard deviations above the mean. This score is A) outside the sampling frame. B) evidence of negative skew. C) invalid. D) an outlier.
D) an outlier.
The rod-shaped cellular structures that contain human DNA are called A) lipids. B) ribosomes. C) mitochondria. D) chromosomes
D) chromosomes
Refer to the figure below. The numerals 1, 2, 3, and 4 refer to the _______, respectively. A) corpus callosum, pituitary, cerebellum, and thalamus B) cerebellum, nucleus, amygdala, and brainstem C) limbic system, thalamus, corpus callosum, and cerebellum D) corpus callosum, thalamus, pituitary, and cerebellum
D) corpus callosum, thalamus, pituitary, and cerebellum
Your friend has a twin brother who bears very little resemblance to her. They are most likely _______ twins. A) monozygotic B) identical C) heterozygotic D) dizygotic
D) dizygotic
Many people over age forty develop presbyopia, a condition in which it becomes difficult to A) hear high-pitched sounds. C) react quickly to moving objects. B) fend off infections such as pneumonia. D) focus on nearby objects.
D) focus on nearby objects.
All of the following are nucleotides that make up DNA except A) adenine. B) thymine. C) cytosine. D) glutamine
D) glutamine
The endocrine system controls A) sensation and perception. C) neurotransmitter production. B) neurotransmitter breakdown and reuptake. D) hormone production and release
D) hormone production and release
The expression of genes A) is fully dictated by your phenotype. B) is the same in different parts of your body. C) is in proportion to the number of genes inherited by a particular cell. D) is constantly changing in response to the environment.
D) is constantly changing in response to the environment.
By asking participants to find images on a page and then compare them quickly and accurately, researchers can measure the aspect of cognition known as A) crystallized intelligence. B) fluid intelligence. C) visual acuity. D) perceptual speed
D) perceptual speed
Harmful dominant alleles, like those for the huntingtin gene, are not common because in most cases A) the brain does not make very many of them. B) the carrier can only pass on the allele to another dominant carrier. C) the body tends to suppress the action of dominant genes until adulthood. D) the carrier does not survive long enough to pass on the allele via reproduction
D) the carrier does not survive long enough to pass on the allele via reproduction
Benedict was paralyzed from the waist down in a car accident. His injury was most likely located in his _______ system. A) central nervous B) sympathetic nervous C) parasympathetic nervous D) somatic nervous
A) central nervous
John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B. F. Skinner would have agreed that psychology is the study of A) behavior. B) the mind. C) conscious experience. D) mental processes.
A) behavior.
Research that involves intentional manipulation of variables is called _______ research. A) correlational B) case study C) descriptive D) experimental
D) experimental
Which of the following quotes best represents the position of a cognitive psychologist? A) "People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking." B) "Give me a child and I will shape him into anything." C) "Psychology is a purely objective, experimental branch of natural science that requires no more introspection than do the sciences of chemistry and physics." D) "When properly used, positive reinforcement is extremely powerful."
A) "People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking."
How is natural selection related to psychology? A) All organisms have been shown to be capable of learning. B) Humans behave as they do in part because that behavior promotes survival. C) Survival depends on environment just as much as it depends on genes. D) Animals share many genes with human beings.
A) All organisms have been shown to be capable of learning.
Which of the following research methods would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between political orientation and belief in climate change? A) Survey research B) Case study research C) Naturalistic observation D) Experimental research
A) Survey research
The key role of the central nervous system is to A) analyze sensory information and control behavior. C) activate the fight-or-flight response. B) transport sensory information to the spinal cord. D) gather information about internal processes.
A) analyze sensory information and control behavior.
Refer to the figure below. The numerals 1, 2, 3, and 4 refer to _______, respectively. A) dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals B) basal ganglia, cell body, axon, and axon terminals C) dendrites, interneuron, cell body, and axon terminals D) axon terminals, cell body, interneuron, and synapses
A) dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals
In an experiment, the variable that is expected to differ across the experimental and control groups is the _______ variable. A) dependent B) independent C) experimental D) confounding
A) dependent
In a depression-treatment study, neither the participants nor the researcher know who is taking medication and who is taking a sugar pill. This is an example of a A) double-blind trial. C) research design with low validity. B) confound. D) research design with low reliability
A) double-blind trial.
Debi just ran a marathon in less than four hours and felt no pain during the run. Her lack of pain was most likely due to A) endorphins. B) serotonin. C) acetylcholine. D) GABA.
A) endorphins.
To test the impact of mood on generosity, a researcher has half of his participants watch a depressing movie and half watch a comedy. Then the researcher asks all participants for help moving boxes to another room. In this study, mood is the A) independent variable. B) dependent variable. C) confound. D) covariant
A) independent variable.
One of the goals of studying psychology is to A) learn to sort out fact from fiction about ideas in popular psychology. B) completely understand and predict human behavior. C) learn how to become happy. D) find the answers to all of life's questions.
A) learn to sort out fact from fiction about ideas in popular psychology.
Otto Loewi electrically stimulated a nerve in a frog heart. He then applied fluid surrounding that heart to a second heart. In this experiment, he found evidence that A) neurons communicate chemically. B) neurons communicate electrically. C) the speed of neural transmission differs across species. D) his theory of saltatory conduction was correct
A) neurons communicate chemically.
Cognitive psychologists became interested in how processing was done inside the brain, which led directly to the development of A) neuroscience. B) Gestalt psychology. C) behaviorism. D) functionalism.
A) neuroscience.
Your brain's _______ lobe is most involved in allowing you to feel an annoying pebble in your shoe. A) parietal B) temporal C) occipital D) frontal
A) parietal
To decide whether first-year students given study skills training have a better grade point average (GPA) at the end of the year than students without training, researchers will need to determine the _______ of GPA differences between the two groups. A) statistical significance B) standard deviation C) variance D) frequency distribution
A) statistical significance
A behaviorist is helping a special-needs child complete a number of target behaviors. These behaviors may include all of the following except A) understanding the value of coins. B) pointing to the correct algebraic formula. C) increasing the number of times the child raises her hand in class. D) independently operating a microwave oven.
A) understanding the value of coins.
Which of the following is an empirical statement? A) The temperature right now is higher than it was 24 hours ago. B) The 1927 New York Yankees are the greatest baseball team of all time. C) The social construction of gender in modern society imposes penalties on both men and women. D) Women are naturally better parents than men; it is just part of their nature.
A?) The temperature right now is higher than it was 24 hours ago
As you and your roommate watch a news report about a big fight that broke out at a local club, he turns to you and says, "I'm not surprised. It's a full moon, after all. People always go crazy around the full moon." As a student of psychology, your response should be: A) "Is it a full moon tonight? No wonder I was feeling so weird!" B) "When you look at police records, the actual data do not really support that idea." C) "Well, people tend to be more accident-prone around the full moon, but the crime rate doesn't really go up." D) "I don't think the moon has anything to do with this. It's too cloudy. You can't even see the moon tonight."
B) "When you look at police records, the actual data do not really support that idea."
Which side effect is most likely following the removal of a large tumor from a patient's cerebellum? A) Problems with memory formation C) Poor language comprehension B) Difficulty with balance and motor coordination D) Impaired visual perception
B) Difficulty with balance and motor coordination
_______ temporarily disrupts brain activity. A) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) C) Computed tomography (CT) B) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) D) Positron emission tomography (PET)
B) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Your psychology professor tells the class, "Experience cannot be analyzed successfully into its elements." Your professor is most likely A) a behaviorist. B) a Gestalt psychologist. C) a structuralist. D) an empiricist.
B) a Gestalt psychologist.
Professor Durkin predicts that because we attribute positive qualities to attractive people, attractive children get away with misbehaving more often than unattractive children do. This is an example of A) a theory. B) a hypothesis. C) Occam's razor. D) a spurious correlation.
B) a hypothesis.
Cici is trying to overcome her heroin addiction. She takes a daily medication that keeps her from getting high, even if she uses heroin. This medication is most likely A) an endorphin agonist. B) an endorphin antagonist. C) causing depolarization of neurons in the frontal lobe. D) causing hyperpolarization of sensory neurons.
B) an endorphin antagonist.
The technique that detects voltage changes in the brain is A) computed tomography (CT). C) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). B) electroencephalography (EEG). D) positron emission tomography (PET).
B) electroencephalography (EEG).
A research psychologist is most interested in discovering the answers to questions like, "Why is empathy helpful to people?" and "How does education contribute to social stability?" This approach is most consistent with the _______ perspective. A) structuralist B) functionalist C) empiricist D) behaviorist
B) functionalist
In a psychology experiment, subjects listen to a variety of tones presented at different frequencies and then reflect on the experience, describing what they heard as precisely as possible. These individuals would have been using a process called A) behaviorism. B) introspection. C) hypnosis. D) Gestalt therapy.
B) introspection.
A recent study found that married people are less likely to have personality disorders than unmarried people. The news reporter covering the study advised people to get married to improve their personalities. You know this recommendation is not warranted because A) correlational research is invalid. B) it is possible that personality disorders keep people from marrying. C) these findings are unlikely to be replicated. D) Occam's razor rules out a relationship between marriage and personality disorders.
B) it is possible that personality disorders keep people from marrying.
Jake has recently developed a disease that causes him to release too much testosterone. Compared with his behavior prior to developing the disease, his behavior now is likely to be A) more reserved and thoughtful. B) more irritable and aggressive. C) unchanged, as enzymes break neurotransmitters down quickly. D) unchanged, as testosterone does not affect brain functioning.
B) more irritable and aggressive.
The key purpose of myelin is to A) activate the sympathetic nervous system. C) trigger muscle cells to fire. B) provide electrical insulation. D) facilitate the reuptake of neurotransmitters
B) provide electrical insulation.
Ethical principles require researchers to A) explain the hypothesis they will be testing before participants begin a study. B) provide information about potential risks to participants before they begin a study. C) refrain from conducting research on animals. D) have their research design approved by a group of people similar to the proposed participants.
B) provide information about potential risks to participants before they begin a study.
If heavy snowfall in Alaska has a correlation of -0.78 with the consumption of ice cream and a correlation of +0.78 with the sale of boots, you can predict that for a snowy January in Alaska, the store will A) sell more boots, but ice cream sales will be unchanged. B) sell more boots and ice cream sales will be lower. C) sell slightly more ice cream and significantly more boots. D) see equal increases in sales for both ice cream and boots
B) sell more boots and ice cream sales will be lower.
A cross-country runner wants to know how consistent her race times have been this season. The most useful measure of her race times would be the A) range. B) standard deviation. C) mode. D) difference between the median and the mode
B) standard deviation.
To identify the most popular exhibits at a science museum, every day for six weeks all visitors were asked to rate how much they enjoyed each exhibit. The data were analyzed to look for age and sex differences in exhibit preferences. This was an example of A) naturalistic observation. B) survey research. C) case study research. D) experimental research.
B) survey research.
Although very few people would admit to a belief that men make better hires than women, several experiments show that men are more likely to be hired than women with identical résumés. This is an example of A) explicit bias. B) unconscious bias. C) poor validity. D) negative skew.
B) unconscious bias.
Plato's cave analogy illustrates that A) our nervous system operates much like a machine. B) we cannot necessarily rely on our senses to learn the truth. C) objective reality can be perceived only through logic. D) animal behavior is very similar to human behavior.
B) we cannot necessarily rely on our senses to learn the truth.
Which statement about information transmission between neurons is correct? A) Neurons send electrical messages across the synaptic cleft. B) Most neurons receive information from only one or two other neurons. C) Information between two neurons passes in only one direction at the synapse. D) Glial cells are responsible for information transmission outside the brain.
C) Information between two neurons passes in only one direction at the synapse.
Which accurately reflects the path of information flow that takes place when child jerks his hand away from a hot pan? A) Spinal interneurons parietal cortex motor neurons B) Sensory neurons sensory cortex spinal interneurons C) Sensory neurons spinal interneurons motor neurons D) Sensory neurons cerebellum motor neurons
C) Sensory neurons spinal interneurons motor neurons
Which of the following statements best differentiates structuralism from functionalism? A) Structuralism was interested in observable behavior only, while functionalism was interested in the mental process. B) Structuralism was more scientific in its approach, while functionalism was more philosophical. C) Structuralism asked what happens when an organism does something, while functionalism asked how and why. D) Structuralism was interested in the practical consequences of behavior, while functionalism was interested in describing experience in its most basic terms.
C) Structuralism asked what happens when an organism does something, while functionalism asked how and why.
A research team is investigating the impact of stereotypes on performance. In one group, women read an article about why the structure of men's brains makes them better at math. In the second group, women read an article saying there are no biological differences in the mathematical abilities of men and women. Then all women in the study take a challenging math test. Researchers time the test and score the number of items women answered correctly. In this study, which of the following is the independent variable? A) Women's scores on the math test B) Women's beliefs about their math abilities C) Which article the women read D) How long it takes women to complete the math test
C) Which article the women read
Which of the following would be evidence against the social brain hypothesis? A) Students working in a group are better able to grasp a subject than students working individually. B) A quiet co-worker prefers to eat lunch at his desk every day instead of socializing with others in the company cafeteria. C) Your sister is clearly able to engage in meaningful social interactions with all of her 500 friends on Tumblr. D) You regularly strike up friendly conversations with the cashiers at your local grocery store
C) Your sister is clearly able to engage in meaningful social interactions with all of her 500 friends on Tumblr.
Excitatory synapses A) force negatively charged ions into neurons. C) bring neurons closer to the firing threshold. B) exist only outside the brain. D) hyperpolarize neurons.
C) bring neurons closer to the firing threshold.
You are trying to overcome your fear of snakes. Inspired by the work of Mary Cover Jones, your therapist first shows you some pictures of snakes. Then she tells you that there is a small snake in a cage in the next room. She asks you to observe the live snake from a distance, and continues this process until your fear is conquered. Your therapist is using the technique called A) acceptance therapy. B) extinction. C) desensitization. D) Gestalt therapy
C) desensitization.
A research team wants to know if sugar consumption is related to hyperactivity. Researchers give fifty children cupcakes made with real sugar and another fifty children cupcakes made with zero-calorie sugar substitutes. They then observe each child individually to assess his or her level of activity after eating the cupcakes. This is an example of A) a case study. B) naturalistic observation. C) experimental research. D) correlational research.
C) experimental research.
The goal of psychology is to A) develop ways to treat the mentally ill. C) explain human thought and behavior. B) control human behavior. D) determine the causes of mental illness.
C) explain human thought and behavior.
Scientific investigation of Clever Hans revealed that A) Hans's owner was a con artist. B) Occam's razor is far from infallible. C) horses respond to unintended cues from their owners. D) horses are capable of simple arithmetic
C) horses respond to unintended cues from their owners.
According to the information in the graph, A) in 2012, more than 70 percent of American women were studying psychology. B) since 1976, gender discrimination has virtually disappeared on American college campuses. C) in 2012, more than two-thirds of psychology PhDs awarded in the United States were earned by women. D) between 1976 and 2012, the percentage of PhDs in psychology awarded in the United States more than doubled.
C) in 2012, more than two-thirds of psychology PhDs awarded in the United States were earned by women.
In a phobia treatment study, the participants spend three hours facing their fears. Post-treatment scores show significant improvement in overall distress levels when handling the feared objects, so the treatment is judged as effective by the researcher. To improve the study's design, the researcher can A) increase the length of time for the treatment component. B) repeat the study with a new set of participants for a more representative sample. C) include a control group, which would receive some supportive counseling but not the actual treatment. D) change to a correlational design since it is unethical to have participants experience fear as part of a study.
C) include a control group, which would receive some supportive counseling but not the actual treatment.
Refer to the set of numbers below. 2, 8, 3, 4, 8, 10, 0 In the set of numbers, the median is _______ than the mean and _______than the mode. A) greater; greater B) greater; less C) less; less D) less; greater
C) less; less
A patient has a dangerously low heart rate and is having difficulty breathing. The neurotransmitter that would be most helpful to him is A) acetylcholine. B) serotonin. C) norepinephrine. D) GABA
C) norepinephrine.
Scientific investigation has revealed that the "Mozart Effect" (the notion that children become smarter from listening to the music of Mozart) is A) a question that cannot be answered through science. B) dependent on the gender of the child. C) not substantiated through research. D) supported by findings from numerous studies
C) not substantiated through research.
A measure of conscientiousness produces very similar scores each time a person repeats the exercise, but it doesn't predict whether a person is reliable in everyday life. This measure appears to be A) reliable and valid. B) valid but not reliable. C) reliable but not valid. D) neither reliable nor valid.
C) reliable but not valid.
The Tuskegee syphilis study is famous because A) it was the first use of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled research. B) it demonstrated the psychological effects of syphilis infection. C) researchers failed to inform participants that they had a treatable disease. D) measures were so low in reliability and validity that the data had no value
C) researchers failed to inform participants that they had a treatable disease.
Results from a recent experiment are consistent with a researcher's expectation that exposing people to unfamiliar groups reduces prejudice. This means that the researcher A) has proven her theory. C) should retain her hypothesis for now. B) has proven her hypothesis. D) needs to follow up with correlational studies.
C) should retain her hypothesis for now.
The idea that children are born with no knowledge or "content" whatsoever and are "filled" by life experiences is called A) rationalism. B) determinism. C) tabula rasa. D) nature vs. nurture.
C) tabula rasa.
Key functions of the hypothalamus are A) attention and memory. C) the regulation of hunger and thirst. B) problem solving and planning. D) motor coordination and balance.
C) the regulation of hunger and thirst.
PET scans A) provide a less detailed image of the brain than does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). B) show brain structures but not areas of brain activity. C) track radioactive markers in the blood. D) require intense X-ray exposure.
C) track radioactive markers in the blood.
Researchers are testing the hypothesis that high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood trigger panic attacks. Half of the participants breathe carbon dioxide-enriched air, and the other half breathe normal air, then measured panic attack symptoms. In this study _______ is the independent variable and _______ is the dependent variable. A) carbon dioxide-enriched air; regular air C) type of air; panic attack symptoms B) regular air; carbon dioxide-enriched air D) panic attack symptoms; type of air
C) type of air; panic attack symptoms
Which of the following correlations has the strongest predictive value? A) +0.50 B) +0.30 C) 0.00 D) -0.75
D) -0.75
A researcher is testing the hypothesis that an herbal supplement improves concentration. Before taking a concentration test, the first group gets the supplement. Which of the following reflects the highest quality research design for this hypothesis? A) A second group gets nothing. A computer system tracks which participants get supplements. B) A second group gets nothing. The person giving the concentration test keeps track of which participants get supplements. C) A second group gets an identical pill but without the supplement. The person giving the concentration test keeps track of who gets which pill. D) A second group gets an identical pill but without the supplement. A computer system tracks who gets which pill
D) A second group gets an identical pill but without the supplement. A computer system tracks who gets which pill
All of the following are reasons action potentials are similar to toilet flushes except: A) Pushing the toilet lever harder does not produce a bigger flush, just like pushing a neuron beyond threshold does not increase the size of the action potential. B) Like after a flush, it takes a while before the neuron can fire again. C) Like the flush, the action potential travels in only one direction. D) Like the toilet outflow goes to a single sewer line, the action potential impacts only the next neuron in line.
D) Like the toilet outflow goes to a single sewer line, the action potential impacts only the next neuron in line.
A meta-analysis of published and unpublished tests of SSRI medications revealed that A) SSRIs are effective for all levels of depression. B) published and unpublished trials have similar findings. C) people in placebo groups became even more severely depressed. D) SSRIs beat placebos only for severe levels of depression.
D) SSRIs beat placebos only for severe levels of depression.
You accept a job selling high-end knives door-to-door on commission because you were informed that company employees, on average, earn $60,000 a year. After three months of making less than $1,000 a month, you learn that most other salespeople are making less than $20,000 a year. If the company has 20 sales people, two managers, and one president, how can the company's claim still be correct? A) The median salary is higher than the mean salary. B) The modal salary is higher than the mean salary. C) The median of all salaries is $60,000 because the managers and the president earn huge salaries. D) The mean of all salaries is $60,000 because the managers and president earn huge salaries.
D) The mean of all salaries is $60,000 because the managers and president earn huge salaries.
Which statement most accurately reflects the brain's hemispheric specialization? A) Left-handed people's brains are typically mirror images of right-handed people's brains. B) The left side of the brain specializes in emotional processing. C) The right side of the brain specializes in language processing. D) The right side of the brain plays a more significant role in spatial processing.
D) The right side of the brain plays a more significant role in spatial processing.
Axons differ from dendrites in that A) axons branch far more than dendrites. B) neurons typically have more axons than dendrites. C) axons are always much shorter than dendrites. D) axons transmit information and dendrites receive information.
D) axons transmit information and dendrites receive information.
To better understand aggressive behavior toward strangers, a psychologist gathers all available information about a man who threatened random people in a mall with an automatic weapon. This is an example of A) correlational research. B) experimental research. C) naturalistic observation. D) case study research
D) case study research
The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is responsible for all of the following except A) evaluating the rationale for a proposed study. B) ensuring researchers have minimized animal stress and pain. C) inspecting animal care facilities. D) collecting blood and tissue samples from research animals
D) collecting blood and tissue samples from research animals
Much of the information about psychology portrayed in the popular media is A) a close match to the findings of psychological researchers. B) not able to be studied empirically. C) just basic common sense. D) contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated.
D) contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated.
The main purpose of inferential statistics is to A) adjust analyses to improve validity. B) account for variability within a population. C) decide whether the standard deviation is skewed by outliers. D) estimate a characteristic of a population based on a sample.
D) estimate a characteristic of a population based on a sample.
Psychologists Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark found that doll tests A) demonstrated that observational learning can promote aggressive as well as nurturing behavior in children. B) showed that most people are willing to obey authority figures, even if those orders conflict with their own personal values. C) confirmed that behavior can be modified based on a system of positive or negative reinforcements. D) exposed internalized racism in African-American children, particularly among children attending segregated schools.
D) exposed internalized racism in African-American children, particularly among children attending segregated schools.
When he is in a casino, Albert is unable to control himself. He does not stop gambling until all of his money is gone. The _______ lobe of Albert's brain is most likely to be affecting this behavior. A) parietal B) occipital C) temporal D) frontal
D) frontal
In a test of a new medication for schizophrenia, doctors allow patients to decide if they want to take the new medication or stick with their current medication. This is problematic because it creates an issue with A) frequency distributions. B) effect size. C) informed consent. D) group equivalence.
D) group equivalence.
A researcher would be most likely to find a positive correlation between A) optimism and depression. C) illness and school attendance. B) ocean temperature and auto sales. D) height and weight.
D) height and weight.
Deception in psychological research A) has never been considered ethical. B) has not been allowed since the Tuskegee study. C) is not possible because it interferes with the legal requirement of informed consent. D) is occasionally allowed but must be followed by a thorough debriefing.
D) is occasionally allowed but must be followed by a thorough debriefing.
Messages from the central nervous system are carried to muscles by A) sensory neurons. B) the sympathetic nervous system. C) the hypothalamus. D) motor neurons.
D) motor neurons.
To demonstrate that brain stimulation can create visual illusions, a doctor would stimulate his patient's A) hypothalamus. B) frontal lobe. C) limbic system. D) occipital lobe.
D) occipital lobe.
White matter refers to A) brain regions filled with neuronal cell bodies. C) the part of an axon that contains sodium channels. B) depolarized areas of a neuron. D) parts of the brain filled with myelinated axons
D) parts of the brain filled with myelinated axons
"The death penalty is immoral" is a _______ hypothesis because it _______. A) good; has been shown that many people agree C) poor; is not true B) good; can be proven D) poor; is not testable
D) poor; is not testable
