psych

Which of the following is a response acquired through classical conditioning? A A woman's stomach growls when she looks at the clock and sees it is almost lunchtime. B A dog salivates at the taste of food. C A man pulls his hand away from a hot burner on the stove. D A child cleans his room more often when he is rewarded for doing so. E A driver stops speeding after receiving a ticket.

A. A woman's stomach growls when she looks at the clock and sees it is almost lunchtime.

For every twenty cell phones that Tom sells, he will get a $50 bonus. The bonuses are an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules? A Fixed ratio B Fixed interval C Variable ratio D Variable interval E Continuous

A. Fixed ratio

Madeline wants her son to be well-behaved when they go to church. For every five minutes he sits still, she gives him a piece of candy. What type of learning is Madeline employing?

A. Operant conditioning

Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario? A The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator. B The next day, her boss said Janice could take some time off work. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator. C The next day, Janice's coworker cleaned out the office refrigerator. As a result, now everyone in the office takes turn cleaning out the refrigerator. D The next day, her boss reprimanded Janice loudly in front of everyone. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again. E The next day, her boss took away some of Janice's vacation time. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again.

A. The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

Firefighters are often required to walk through local buildings and drive trucks around the areas they serve as part of their training. The most likely purpose of this type of training is to develop A a cognitive map B a prototype C an algorithm D a mental set E functional fixedness

A. a cognitive map

The study most directly explores the concept of A learned helplessness B social facilitation C retrograde amnesia D the mere-exposure effect E regression to the mean

A. learned helplessness

Which of the following structures is part of the vestibular system? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

B. B

John moves to a new job in a large urban area. For the first few days, John is continuously distracted by the sounds of traffic and street noise. By the end of the first week, John barely notices the sounds of the city. Which of the following has occurred? A Sensitization B Habituation C Accommodation D Signal detection E Conduction deafness

B. Habituation

Steve's cat used to run away from loud music. Over time the cat stopped running away from the sound. Which of the following processes has occurred? A Classical conditioning B Habituation C Generalization D Operant conditioning E Sensitization

B. Habituation

Hyrum is at a concert when a flute player hits a very high note at the end of a song. Which of the following best explains why the pitch of the note sounds so high? A It has a long wavelength and high frequency. B It has a short wavelength and high frequency. C It has a long wavelength and low frequency. D It has a large amplitude. E It has a small amplitude.

B. It has a short wavelength and high frequency.

Which of the following statements about the perception of taste is true? A Infants are not able to perceive taste differences until they are at least twelve months old. B Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food. C The basilar membrane is responsible for sending messages about tastes from the tongue to the brain. D The five primary taste qualities are spicy, sour, salty, bitter, and sweet. E Taste receptors are located exclusively on the tip of the tongue.

B. Older adults frequently experience decreases in the sense of smell that make it more difficult to perceive the flavor of food.

The use of tokens in token economies is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement? A Primary B Secondary C Negative D Vicarious E Aversive

B. Secondary

Carlos sees the figure above as six unified columns, not four unified rows. Which of the following Gestalt principles is operating most strongly? A Proximity B Similarity C Closure D Good continuation E Common fate

B. Similarity

Which of the following is NOT a product of learning? A Slowing down to avoid getting a ticket B Squinting in bright light C Doing chores in order to receive money D Getting acclimated to the frequent sound of trains going past one's house E Becoming afraid of dogs after being bitten by a dog

B. Squinting in bright light

The graph above depicts the results of an experiment in which rats learned to navigate a maze in one of three conditions. According to the results, the food reward given to group C revealed A higher-order conditioning B cognitive mapping C secondary reinforcement D observational learning E assimilation

B. cognitive mapping

Eleanor Gibson and her colleagues have used the visual cliff to measure an infant's ability to perceive A patterns B depth C size constancy D shape constancy E different hues

B. depth

Samuel became ill after eating pepperoni pizza and refuses to eat it now. However, he still enjoys plain pizza. Samuel's eating behavior illustrates A negative reinforcement B discrimination C shaping D generalization E chaining

B. discrimination

A subliminal stimulus is a stimulus that A can be detected 5 percent of the time B falls below the threshold for conscious detection C activates unconscious associations that affect perceptions, memories, and responses D has been transformed into neural impulses E triggers a diminished response due to constant activation

B. falls below the threshold for conscious detection

Andrene is having difficulties with her roommate. A problem-focused coping strategy for Andrene would be A learning to meditate so she can relax when her roommate is annoying her B going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out C feeling like she is powerless in the situation because she grew up with a sister that was mean to her D thinking she has to rely on luck to work things out with her roommate E waiting until her lease runs out to move in order to save money, even though she wants to move right away

B. going directly to her roommate to see if they can work things out

Because he is afraid of public speaking, Scott withdraws from a class that requires an oral presentation and enrolls in another class without a presentation requirement. He continues the pattern, switching classes each semester to avoid giving presentations. Scott's behavior has been A positively reinforced B negatively reinforced C punished D weakened E classically conditioned

B. negatively reinforced

Barney is a somewhat distractible second-grade student who finds schoolwork a bit boring. After a couple of minutes of working silently, Barney often starts to misbehave until his teacher, Ms. Skinner, calls his name and scolds him. However, he enjoys this attention from her and continues to misbehave. With respect to Barney's misbehavior, Ms. Skinner's attention serves as A punishment B positive reinforcement C negative reinforcement D differential reinforcement E primary reinforcement

B. positive reinforcement

While at a crowded gathering, Zach realized that his attention was being drawn away from his conversation every time a person nearby said the word "exactly." Zach's response is an example of A the Gestalt principle of closure B the cocktail party effect C sensory adaptation D bottom-up processing E the just-noticeable difference

B. the cocktail party effect

Which study is a researcher who wants to draw correct cause-and-effect conclusions about the sense of smell likely to conduct? A A case study in which the researcher records a person's facial expressions when the person encounters different smells and then determines that when a person smells a good smell, the person smiles. B A case study in which the researcher asks a person to name the smells the person is experiencing and then finds that the person has a hard time naming smells that are offensive. C A study in which 50 participants are asked to rate the degree to which different smells evoke happy memories. The researcher then determines which smells are associated with happy memories. D A study in which the researcher randomly selects two groups of 30 people and exposes one group to the smell of roses and the other group to the smell of gasoline to determine whether members of the group that smelled roses act nicer to one another afterward. E A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.

E. A study in which the researcher randomly assigns 50 people to a group that is exposed to a strong smell of roses and 50 people to a group that experiences an odor-free environment to see whether the group exposed to the strong smell of roses reports experiencing more memories.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates a context effect? A Carol performs better in her recital when she practices in short sessions, several times a day. B Edgar solves his jigsaw puzzles faster when he completes the edges first. C Rosemarie shoots more accurately at her archery competition when other people are around. D Vernon is more social at parties when he has had caffeine. E Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

E. Jeannette does better on her exam when she takes it in the same room where she studies.

Makayla and Noah are listening to a song that ends with all the instruments playing the same note. Makayla can distinguish the various instruments playing the note, while Noah cannot. Which of the following best explains their perceptual differences? A Makayla has synesthesia while Noah does not. B Makayla has a lower absolute threshold for sound than Noah. C Makayla has a higher difference threshold for sound than Noah. D Makayla is better at discriminating amplitude than Noah. E Makayla is better at discriminating timbre than Noah.

E. Makayla is better at discriminating timbre than Noah.

Which of the following phenomena can the opponent-process theory of color vision explain that the trichromatic theory cannot? A The presence of the blind spot B Accommodation of the lens C The detection of white light D Light and dark adaptation E Negative afterimages

E. Negative afterimages

Ana is instructed by her doctor to wear a patch over one eye while an infection heals. While wearing the patch, Ana will lose her ability to use which of the following depth perception cues? A Relative size B Interposition C Texture gradient D Linear perspective E Retinal disparity

E. Retinal disparity

When a child behaves well for an entire day, the child earns a star. After acquiring fifteen stars, the child is allowed to pick a prize from a toy chest. The star is best described as A an unconditioned stimulus B an unconditioned response C a conditioned response D a primary reinforcer E a secondary reinforcer

E. a secondary reinforcer

The fovea has the greatest visual acuity in bright light primarily because the fovea is A near the center of the visual field B close to the lens C not close to the blind spot D an extension of the frontal lobe E made up of only cones

E. made up of only cones

After Sharon stares at a patch of saturated green color for a brief period of time, she looks at a white surface and sees a red patch of color. This perceptual phenomenon is best explained by A retinal disparity B color constancy C selective attention D trichromatic theory E opponent-process theory

E. opponent-process theory

Being able to perform a task so well that the performance becomes automatic is most likely a result of A homeostasis B instinct C discriminative learning D self-efficacy E overlearning

E. overlearning

An individual's ability to focus on a particular conversation in a noisy and crowded room is called A auditory localization B dichotic listening C deep processing D divided attention E selective attention

E. selective attention

In classical conditioning, repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus lead to A acquisition B discrimination C extinction D backward conditioning E stimulus generalization

C. extinction

The "Little Albert" study demonstrated that A humans can learn through observation B biological constraints affect learning in humans C fear can be conditioned in humans D punishment can effectively decrease behavior in humans E learning in humans is fundamentally different from learning in other species

C. fear can be conditioned in humans

A four-year-old child frequently pulled on the dog's tail to gain attention. To reduce this undesirable behavior, the parent took away one hour of television viewing every time the child pulled the dog's tail. Within one week, the undesirable behavior was significantly reduced. The above scenario illustrates A positive reinforcement B negative reinforcement C negative punishment D positive punishment E extinction

C. negative punishment

The area labeled A contains the A auditory nerves B pinna C ossicles D cochlea E semi-circular canals

C. ossicles

After spending hours in her kitchen preparing dinner, Rebecca no longer notices the strong smell of garlic until her guests arrive and mention the smell. Her failure to notice the smell of garlic illustrates A anosmia B synesthesia C sensory adaptation D subliminal perception E the just-noticeable difference

C.sensory adaptation

While attending a concert, Anthony finds that he can clearly recognize the melody coming from the lead violin above all the other instruments playing in the orchestra, even though the other instruments may be louder. Gestalt psychologists would explain Anthony's ability using the principle of A figure-ground B closure C simplicity D constancy E proximity

figure-ground

Suzie screamed at her little brother, and her mother yelled, "We do not yell in this house!" Suzie continues to yell at her brother despite her mother reprimanding her. Suzie's behavior is best explained by A observational learning B stimulus generalization C latent learning D negative reinforcement E intermittent reinforcement

observational learning

After each bar press, a laboratory rat receives electric stimulation to its brain. The rate of bar pressing increases. This is an example of A positive reinforcement B negative reinforcement C secondary reinforcement D negative punishment E positive punishment

positive reinforcement

Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios? A Sparky recognizes the sound of the can opener and excitedly goes to his bowl when he hears it. B Princess used to sit on command, but since her owner stopped giving her a treat for it, she no longer does. C Chug, a fearful dog after growing up without a home, gradually became more trusting of people after being exposed to them. Then, Chug suddenly returns to his fearful behavior. D Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning. E Brodie associates the sound of the doorbell with guests and excitedly goes to the door when he hears it, but he also does so when he hears a game show contestant ring a bell to answer a question

D. Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning.

Which of the following refers to the just-noticeable difference between two stimuli? A Absolute threshold B Sensation C Perception D Difference threshold E Subliminal stimulus

D. Difference threshold

People who play slot machines in gambling casinos usually exhibit steady, rapid rates of responding. This is because most games of chance use what schedule of reinforcement? A Fixed-interval B Fixed-ratio C Variable-interval D Variable-ratio E Continuous

D. Variable-ratio

Ahmet is allergic to dogs. While in the toy store he sees a stuffed toy dog and has an allergic reaction. Ahmet's reaction to the toy best demonstrates the process of A spontaneous recovery B secondary reinforcement C latent learning D generalization E shaping

D. generalization

Tyler ate a cheeseburger from a fast food restaurant for dinner, and he was awake all night feeling sick. Now, just thinking about eating any fast food makes him feel nauseous, and he is certain that he will never want to eat it again. Tyler's aversion to fast food can best be explained by A shaping B extinction C spontaneous recovery D stimulus generalization E latent learning

D. stimulus generalization

Which of the following is true of how the human eye detects the color red? A It relies on only cones. B It relies on only rods. C It relies on both rods and cones. D It occurs at the level of the pupil. E It occurs at the level of the lens.

A It relies on only cones.

In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning paradigm, the dog salivated in response to the food at the outset of the experiment because the food was A a conditioned stimulus B a conditioned response C an unconditioned stimulus D an unconditioned response E a secondary reinforcer

C. an unconditioned stimulus

The psychological experience of pitch is related to a sound wave's A frequency B amplitude C complexity D timbre E power

A frequency

Alice is shopping with her daughter when she hears the word "mom." Alice answers, only to realize that the sales clerk said "ma'am" to a customer. This inaccurate perception can be attributed to A perceptual expectancy B the Müller-Lyer illusion C Weber's law D figure-ground organization E sound constancy

A. perceptual expectancy

Which of the following is true regarding visual information processing? A Feature detectors in the retina process information before rods and cones. B Rods and cones receive neural signals from ganglion cells. C Bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells that form the optic nerve. D Feature detectors process information before bipolar cells. E Rods transduce wavelength and cones transduce light intensity.

C. Bipolar cells relay information to ganglion cells that form the optic nerve.

Alicia has a condition in which tiny crystals break loose and randomly touch and bend the hair cells in her semicircular canals. Which of the following is the most likely effect of this condition? A Loss of feeling in her limbs B Confusion about right and left directions C Dizziness and loss of balance D Inability to recognize her body parts E Inability to determine the position of her joints

C. Dizziness and loss of balance

The theorist who conducted pioneering research on latent learning and cognitive maps was A Albert Bandura B Martin Seligman C Edward Tolman D B. F. Skinner E Ivan Pavlov

C. Edward Tolman

In order to get more audience participation, a radio show offers a prize to the first person to call the show at the beginning of every hour. The show is using which of the following schedules of reinforcement? A Continuous B Fixed ratio C Fixed interval D Variable ratio E Variable interval

C. Fixed interval

Which of the following describes the correct order of information processing in vision? A Bipolar cells→rods and cones→ganglion cells→optic nerve B Optic nerve→rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells C Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve D Ganglion cells→bipolar cells→rods and cones→optic nerve E Rods and cones→ganglion cells→bipolar cells→optic nerve

C. Rods and cones→bipolar cells→ganglion cells→optic nerve

Ernest and Josephine Hilgard conducted experiments in which participants had one hand in painfully icy water and the other hand on a button to alert the experimenter of feelings of pain. After the participants were hypnotized to not feel pain, participants did not verbally report feeling pain even though they subconsciously pressed the button to indicate that they felt pain. How did the experimenters explain the contradiction in pain perception? A The participants cannot be hypnotized. B The participants are experiencing a psychotic breakdown. C The participants are experiencing dissociation. D The participants are repressing the pain in their unconscious. E The participants are dreaming.

C. The participants are experiencing dissociation.

Karl goes to see Dr. Norton to help him overcome his fear of cats. Karl's fear began in childhood when he petted a cat and someone slammed a door. Every time Karl petted the cat, the door slammed. Now whenever Karl sees a cat, he becomes very anxious. In the development of Karl's fear of cats, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ? A Fear B The cat C The slamming of the door D The person who slammed the door E The room in which the door slamming took place

C. The slamming of the door

A child whose family owns a dog may refer to any four-legged animal as "dog." In learning theory, such behavior is known as A stimulus generalization B operant conditioning C classical conditioning D ecological validity E shaping

stimulus generalization

People who live in environments with buildings with square corners and right angles are more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion than are people who live in environments without such angles and corners. The difference in perception between the two groups of people reveals that A a decrease in change blindness results from exposure to a carpentered world B a decrease in depth perception in illusions results from regular exposure to linear perspective C people in highly technological societies are generally less prone to visual illusions than are more primitive societies D people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives E people who are used to buildings with square corners are more likely to be affected by binocular depth cues

D people develop perceptual hypotheses based on experiences in their lives

Which scenario below best depicts insight learning? A Laramie suddenly realized that he could put some of his groceries in a cabinet after repeatedly failing to fit them into a pantry. B Kyler audited a physics class and was not required to be formally tested on the material. However, when Kyler's mother asked him a tough question about physics he was able to answer it correctly. C Marley screamed when she saw her neighbor's dog after watching her father scream in fear around dogs. D Karla never tried to leave the house in the middle of the night again after her parents grounded her for sneaking out of the house. E Yi made sure to mow her grandmother's yard weekly after her grandmother baked her cookies to thank Yi for mowing the yard.

Laramie suddenly realized that he could put some of his groceries in a cabinet after repeatedly failing to fit them into a pantry.

The process of converting incoming physical energy into a neural code that can be processed is called A transduction B sensory threshold C sensory adaptation D parallel processing E transferred excitation

transduction