Psych Ch.6

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

Hindsight Bias

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

Hippocampus

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

What is episodic memory?

Information about events we have personally experienced

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its motherâ s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

Instincts

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

Stimulus Discrimination

Ebbinghaus found that about one day after you learn new material, you will only remember ____ percent of it if you have not reviewed it a second time.

30

Recent research conducted by Cowan (2010) has found that the capacity of working memory is how many units of information?

4 plus or minus 1

An intelligence score that falls below ________ indicates significant cognitive delays, and may be indicative of an intellectual disability.

70

What is an engram?

A group of neurons that serves as physical representation of a memory

What kind of professional would be most qualified to administer an intelligence test?

A professional trained in psychology.

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics.

Artificial

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

Associative

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

Functional fixedness

What was the overall result of Lashley's research that sought out the engram of human memory?

He found no evidence that an engram actual exists.

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

Acquisition and Extinction

What was the most controversial conclusion made by Arthur Jensen with regard to Level 1 and Level II intelligence?

African Americans, as a group, had the lowest amount of Level II intelligence.

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

After seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using?

Amygdala

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

Analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.

Anterograde

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

Arousal

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

Cognition

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

Cognitive Map

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

Concepts

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

Confirmation

Rudy is amazing in all of his school classes, except math. He struggles to understand basic arithmetic concepts, confuses mathematical symbols like "+" and "=", and gets very frustrated and upset at the thought of doing math homework. Rudy has a normal level of cognitive functioning in other areas, and reads and writes with ease. Rudy's parents may want to have him evaluated to see if he suffers from ________.

Dyscalculia

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report?

Explicit Memories

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.

Spontaneous recovery

Which statistic is a measure of how data are dispersed in a population and can be used to give context to larger data sets?

Standard deviation

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

Cerebellum

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

Chunking

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanleyâ s nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

Conditioned response

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Continuous

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

Creative

Barney used to live in Pittsburgh, and his telephone number started with the area code 412. Now he has moved to Baltimore, and his new telephone number has an area code of 410. Barney remembers his new area code by connecting it to the old one and just â subtracting two.â This is an example of ________ rehearsal.

Elaborative

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.

Evolutionary

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. Because I am actively and consciously remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________ memory.

Expilict

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

Extinction

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed Interval

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence.

Fluid

What is the confirmation bias?

Focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of the multiple intelligences model does this exemplify?

Interpersonal

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he does not like getting spanked, he chews and swallows the carrots even though he hates them.

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

Knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

Latent

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

Learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language, or the words contained within that language?

Lexicon

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence from the multiple intelligences theory.

Logical-Mathmatical

Which pair of individuals is most likely to have the highest similarity in their IQ scores?

Marcus and Maria are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different families.

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

Memory

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

Mental set

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests she would be capable of holding a job and living independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

Mild

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.

Misinformation effect paradigm

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

Model

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

Morpheme

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a(n) ________ concept.

Natural

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative Reinforcement

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

Observational

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

Operant conditioning

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

Partial

A(n) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

Phoneme

Anwar is hiking in the woods and he gets lost. He spends several days trying to find his way back to his basecamp, but he has the knowledge to gather wood, start a fire, and keep himself warm at night. He is also able to identify local berries and mushrooms growing that he can eat without being poisoned. Anwar is demonstrating ________ intelligence from the triarchic theory.

Practical

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Primary

"Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences." This is the foundation of the ________ model.

Range of Reaction

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term memory.

Recognition

You see a television commercial for a product you may want to buy, and there is a telephone number you must call to place an order. Because you don't have anything with which to write down the number, you repeat it to yourself over and over again until you feel like you wonâ t forget it. This process is called ________.

Rehearsal

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

Relearning

Which of the following is a good example of the use of a mnemonic?

Remembering the names of the Great Lakes with the acronym HOMES

According to psychologist __________ classical conditioning is effective because of the ability of a person or animal to predict the relationship between the UCS and CS

Rescorla

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

Retrieval

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

Revealed a genetic component to intelligence

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

Role

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

Semantic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

Semantics

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

Sensory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

Shaping

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________.

Standardization

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states?

Stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Illnesses such as diabetes and cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents. However, Zale sees car accidents as more dangerous because he often hears about car accident fatalities on the nightly news, and he doesn't know anyone with diabetes or cancer. Therefore, Zale takes more precautions against car accidents. This exemplifies ________.

The availability heuristic

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

Within the semantic network model of memory, what would happen to concepts that are related to (or attached) to one that is currently being activated by thinking about it?

They would also be activated, though at a lower level.

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

Thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Variable ratio

Which option is NOT one of the Wechsler tests of intelligence?

Wechsler Adolescent Intelligence Measure (WAIM)