psych chap. 1
theory
a formulation of relationships underlying observed events.
APA
abbreviation for american psychological association.
B. F. Skinner
came up with the concept of reinforcement
ethical
good, no harm done.
milgrim
his study was done at yale, did research to study peoples ability to retain information. guy who did so.
socio-cultural perspective
modern day perspective ethnicity, gender, culture, socio-economics, all influence behavior. (personality)
correlation
modern day perspective how closely related two variables are.
learning perspective
modern day perspective that believes that behavior is learned
cognitive perspective
modern day perspective that includes the mental process's, thinking, thoughts, and the mind.
psychodynamic perspective
modern day perspective that is freudian in nature; the focus is on the subconscious and the unconscious. THAT IS IT!!!
naturalistic observation
modern day perspective that is observing people in there natural environment
biological perspective
modern day perspective that is the role of biology on human behavior from parents.
stratified sample
pg. 23 sub-groups in the population are to be represented proportionally in the sample
selection factor
pg.21 don't let people select that they want. they may have a bias.
replicate
repeat, reproduce, copy.
gender
the state of being female or being male.
behaviorism
the subjective sensation of behavior
existentialism
the view that people are free and responsible for their own behavior.
correlation coefficient
pg. 25 a number between +1.00 and -1.00 that expresses strength and direction of relationships between two variables.
psychodynamic
referring to Freud's theory, which proposes that the motion of underlying forces of personality determines our thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
applied research
research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems.
pure research
research conducted without concern for immediate applications
independent variable
something you control that changes another
case study
a carefully drawn biography that may be obtained trough interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests.
population
a certain group of people
population
a complete group of organisms or events
independent variable
a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that its effects may be observed.
ethnic group
a group characterized by common features such as cultural heritage, history, rave, and language.
ethics review committee
a group found in an institutional setting that helps researchers consider the potential harm of their methods and reviews proposed studies according to ethical guidelines.
gestalt psychology
the school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns.
functionalism
the school of psychology that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind rather than the elements of experience.
psychology
the science the studies behavior and mental processes.
informed consent
the term used by psychologists to indicate that a person has agreed to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments.
dependent variable
the variable that depends on the independent variable
dependent variable
a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable
sociocultural perspective
the view that focuses on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes.
survey
a method of observation that is a way to get info. from people based on questions and answers about behaviors and attitudes. ( bias, lies, bad questions)
Case study
a method of observation that is an in depth investigation over a long period of time.
survey
a method of scientific investigation in which a large sample of people answer questions about their attitudes or behavior.
correlation coefficient
a number between +1.00 to -1.00 that expresses the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
negative correlation
a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other decreases.
positive correlation
a relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other also increases.
random sample
a sample drawn so that each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.
stratified sample
a sample drawn so that identified sub-groups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.
social-cognitive theory
a school of psychology in the behaviorist tradition that includes cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior.l formerly termed social-learning theory.
experiment
a scientific method hat seeks to confirm cause-and-effect relationships by introducing independent variables and observing their effects on dependent variables.
naturalistic observation
a scientific method in which organisms are observed in their natural environments.
volunteer bias
a source of bias or error in research reflecting e prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically form people who do not.
selection factor
a source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study.
reinforcement
a stimulus that follows a response and increases the frequency of the response.
double-blind study
a study in which neither the participants nor the observers know who has received the treatment.
critical thinking
an approach to thinking characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and arguments-for example, probing arguments' premises and the definitions of terms.
lesion
an injury that results in impaired behavior or loss of a function.
social psychologists
field of psychology that studies the individual or group activities in social settings.
personality psychologists
field of psychology that studies things like human traits
sports psychologists
field of psychology that works at the collegent level, and pro level
counseling psychologists
field of psychology that works with people who have adjustment problems. (NOT AS SERIOUS)
school psychologists
field of psychology that works with people who have problems that interfere with leaning. ADD ADHD
experimental group and control group
these make up the control experiment
debriefing
get into trouble with APA unless you do this to tell people what is going on.
cognitive
having to do with mental processes such as sensations and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving.
structuralism
our objective sensation without opinion, bias, etc.
sample
part of a population
gestalt
parts into wholes *freudian slip= saying the wrong word
volunteer bias
people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ from people who do not.
generalize
to extend from particular to general
generalize
to extend from the particular to the general; to apply observations based on a sample to a population.
industrial psychologists
field of psychology that studies people in the work place.
random sample
individuals selected by choice from a certain population.
psychoanalysis
UNCONSCIOUS thoughts going through our head & internal conflicts
blind
conduct an experiment that only the observer knows the group that gets the item
double blind
conduction of an experiment that a neutral third party is the only one that knows who gets the item.
introspection
deliberate looking into one's own mind to examine one's own thoughts and feelings.
placebo
a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine
positive correlation
as one variable goes up, the other goes up. both increase together. not cause and effect
negative correlation
as one variable goes up, the other goes up. up and down not cause and effect
organizational psychologists
field of psychology that studies people in organizations, or just an organization.
unethical
can cause more harm than good
id
devil (pleasure principal)
confidentiality
everything must be confidential
placebo
fake thing prescribed to fix something
educational psychologists
field of psychology that deals with due coarse planning and institutional methods.
clinical psychologists
field of psychology that deals with people with psychological problems.
experimental psychologists
field of psychology that experiments to observe and analyze behavior.
consumer psychologists
field of psychology that is based on consumer actions.
health psychologists
field of psychology that mainly in 2011 deals with stress. say we need 8hrs work, 8 sleep, and 8 r&r
developmental psychologists
field of psychology that studies from conception till death and dying.
concept of reinforcement
if you want behavior to happen again, reward it. stop it===consequence
blind
in experimental terminology, unaware of whether or not one has received a treatment
treatment
in experiments, a condition received by participants so that its effects may be observed.
control groups
in experiments, groups whose members do not obtain the treatment, while other conditions are held constant.
experimental groups
in experiments, groups whose members obtain the treatment.
insight
in gestalt psychology, the sudden reorganization of perceptions, allowing the sudden solution of a problem
hypothesis
in psychology, a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.
experimental
modern day perspective that has independent and dependent variables general to the experiment.
humanistic existential
modern day perspective that says we have free choice do what we do by choice.
ethical
moral referring to one's system of deriving standards for determining what is moral.
informed consent
mostly for legal reasons, makes sure subject knows what is going to happen.
5 goals of psychology
observe describe explain predict control behavior AND mental process's
B.F. Skinner
one of the historical psychologists (theorist) came up with the concept of reinforcement.
functionalism
subjective sensation that includes mental process's that help us adapt to the environment. (usually to a new one)
internal conflicts
superego angel (moral principal)
genes
the basic building blocks of heredity.
forensic psychologists
the field of psychology that deals with more crime, physical evidence, and psychological evidence.
human factor psychologists
the field of psychology that deals with why people are human friendly or not.
humanism
the philosophy and school of psychology that asserts that people are conscious, self-aware, and capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior.
structuralism
the school of psychology that argues hat the mind consists of three basic elements-sensations, feelings, and images-that combine to form experience.
behaviorism
the school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses.
psychoanalysis
the school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior.
perception
usually the person thinks they are part of a study for a reason, while they are actually doing something else.