Psych: Chapter 14 Social Thinking

conciliation

A sincere word of apology often helps to reduce the tension between two conflicting parties. This best illustrates the value of

a social trap.

A situation in which the individual pursuit of self-interest leads to collective destruction is known as

frustration-aggression principle

After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the

social facilitation.

After a light turns green, drivers take about 15 percent less time to travel the first 100 yards when another car is beside them at the intersection than when they are alone. This best illustrates

central route persuasion.

Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates

deindividuation.

Masked bandits might be more likely than unmasked bandits to physically injure their victims due to

more, less

Compared with nonplayers, people with extensive exposure to violent video gaming display ________ desensitization to violence, and they are ________ likely to help an injured victim.

adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard.

Conformity is best described as

normative social influence.

Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to

informational social influence.

Conformity resulting from the acceptance of others' opinions about reality is said to be a response to

the social-responsibility norm.

Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism best illustrates the impact of

automatic mimicry.

The chameleon effect involves

d. all of these factors.

A predisposition to sexual violence is facilitated by Select one: a. dominance motives. b. a history of child abuse. c. the disinhibiting effects of alcohol. d. all of these factors.

social scripts

A significant danger of media violence is that impressionable viewers are subsequently more likely to enact the ________ provided by the media.

estimate the frequency of group characteristics in terms of how memorable those characteristics are.

A 16-year-old boy shoots a neighbor for no apparent reason. This vivid example strongly influences people's judgments of all teen boys because people

personality traits; assigned roles

A dispositional attribution is to ________ as a situational attribution is to ________.

bystander effect.

A failure to assume personal responsibility for helping in an emergency situation often plays an important role in the

Social Traps

After a yearlong drought, the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Many residents believe, however, that continued watering of their own lawn will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves caused by widespread illegal sprinkling. This incident best illustrates the dynamics of

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she couldn't resist the pressure they exerted on her to try cocaine. Her experience best illustrates

superordinate goals.

After their country was ravaged by a series of earthquakes, two bitterly antagonistic political groups set aside their differences and worked cooperatively on effective disaster relief. This cooperation best illustrates the importance of

The chameleon effect

An observer is likely to express greater liking for a same-sex stranger if that person's image has some distinctive features of the observer's own face. This best illustrates the impact of

the mere exposure effect.

An observer is likely to express greater liking for a same-sex stranger if that person's image has some distinctive features of the observer's own face. This best illustrates the impact of

The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the -Situation -Or the person's disposition

Attribution theory

can be an act of heroism.

British soldiers who lined up at parade rest on the last voyage of the steamship Birkenhead best illustrated that obedience

social loafing.

Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to

Foot in the door

Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the

Bystander Effect

Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the

bystander effect.

Diffusion of responsibility often plays an important role in the

increasing willingness to hurt women that is due primarily to the film's depiction of sexual violence.

Extensive exposure to violent pornographic films contributes to a

cognitive dissonance.

Feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, -to underestimate the impact of the situation and -to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Fundamental Attribution Theory

father care.

High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of

implicit prejudice

If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate

implicit prejudice.

If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as "strong" when the words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate

"learner"; experimenter

In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the ______ or the demands of the ______.

the "teachers" observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock when

situational attributions.

In explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to

deindividuation

In group situations, the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint that fosters arousal and anonymity is called

mirror-image perceptions.

In most desegregated schools, ethnic groups resegregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates

restaurant food servers who are allowed to keep the individual tips they receive

In which of the following groups is social loafing LEAST likely?

deindividuation.

Individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This change in behavior is best understood in terms of

Chinese people tend to look pretty much alike.

Joie, age 19, is a Black female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Joie is most likely to believe that most

the chameleon effect.

Just hearing someone reading a neutral text in a sad voice creates "mood contagion" in listeners. This best illustrates

social exchange theory.

Katya donated money to a religious charity in order to boost her own feelings of self-esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their behavior are best explained in terms of

more, more

Most people feel ________ positively about women in general than about men in general. Women tend to like women ________ than men like men.

just-world

Mr. Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune. His belief is best explained in terms of

believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.

Naseeb disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Naseeb is MOST likely to conform to his classmates' opinion if he

social facilitation

Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates

more; more

Observers watching videos of speed-dating encounters can detect a man's level of romantic interest ________ accurately than a woman's. If women at a speed-dating event stay seated while the men circulate, men wish for future contact with ________ of their speed dates than do women.

stable.

Our attitudes about another person are MOST likely to influence the way we treat that person if our attitudes are

Individualism

People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value

the bystander effect

People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as

implicit prejudice

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrate the subtle nature of

the mere exposure effect.

People tend to like the letters of their own name better than other letters. This is best explained in terms of

mirror; actual

People tend to prefer aNo ________ image of themselves, while their friends prefer a ________ version of them.

The rape myth

Portrayals of women as initially fleeing but subsequently enjoying coercive sexual encounters illustrate what is known as

beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action.

Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of

normative social influence.

Professor Maslova attends faculty meetings simply to gain the approval of the college dean. Professor Maslova's behavior exemplifies the importance of

judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.

Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to

animals can be bred for aggressiveness.

Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that

social traps

Simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in laboratory settings to study

ingroup bias.

Six-year-old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5-year-old Arlette believes that girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Social Psychology

conformity.

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study

the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.

The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by

identity.

The ingroup is the set of people with whom we share a common

believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer.

The just-world phenomenon often leads people to

close to; at a distance from

The level of obedience in the Milgram experiments was highest when the "teacher" was ________ the experimenter and ________ the "learner."

the fundamental attribution error.

The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called

think about, influence, and relate to

The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ________ one another.

suggestibility.

The text indicates that the clusters of suicides that sometimes follow a highly publicized suicide may be the result of

groupthink.

The tragic decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger resulted in part from the minimal expression of dissenting views among NASA personnel and advisors. This best illustrates the dangers of

Altruism

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychology research on

physical arousal.

The two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated by

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. (Start small and build)

To "brainwash" captured American soldiers during the Korean war, Chinese communists made effective use of

attribution theory.

To analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed

normative social influence.

Toby publicly agrees with his fraternity brothers that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best student senate president. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his fraternity brothers' opinion best illustrates the power of

win-win solutions.

Two friends quarreled over possession of a single orange without realizing that one of them simply wanted orange juice and the other simply wanted the orange peel to make a cake. This classic episode best illustrates that people sometimes fail to recognize

Reciprocity, Social Responsibility

Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are

reciprocity and social responsibility.

Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior are a. reciprocity and social responsibility. b. social-responsibility and social exchange. c. reciprocity and social facilitation. Incorrect d. social facilitation and social exchange.

aggression

Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of

we admire the group's status and attractiveness

We are likely to conform to group pressure when

mere-exposure-effect

When Armen first heard the hit song "Lose Yourself," he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates

patronization.

When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student, they demonstrated

implicit prejudice

When people look at images of Black and White faces, the different responses in viewers' facial muscles indicate

you failed a college test.

You would probably be LEAST likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why

informational social influence.

Yuri decided to delay his road trip after hearing a weather forecaster warn that a severe snowstorm would pass through the area within several hours. Yuri's decision best illustrates the impact of