Psych Chapter 4

altered consciousness.

After taking medication for his back, Todd's thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd is in a state of:

GABA

Alcohol stimulates the release of _____, the brain's major depressant

50; 20

Nearly ____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult.

during REM sleep.

Night terrors are experienced

Narcotics

________ suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system's natural receptor sites for endorphins.

Manifest content

actual dream itself

Night terror

experiences of extreme fear and panic during sleep

latent content

meaning of the dream is hidden; expressed through symbols

Altered states of consciousness

shifts in the quality or pattern of mental activity

Adaptive Theory of Sleep

sleep is a product of evolution Explains why we sleep when we sleep

Social‐cognitive theory of hypnosis

theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation

Waking consciousness

thoughts, feelings, sensations clear and organized

a hypnopompic hallucination.

A hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep and not-yet-fully-awake is:

40

About ___ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects.

REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep

Active sleep Dream during this stage Voluntary muscles are paralyzed

the beat of the heart.

An example of a biological rhythm is

altered

Antwon can't seem to focus in class today. Though he's not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states of consciousness?

melatonin

As ______ accumulates in the body, a person will begin to feel sleepy.

Adenosine

As builds up become more sleepy Caffeine = adenosine antagonist

melatonin

As the sun goes down, Ebony begins to feel sleepy. It is likely that Ebony's sleepiness is the result of an increase in her level of

Psychological Dependence

Belief that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well‐being

Non‐REM Stage 2 sleep (N2)

Body temperature drops, heart rate slows sleep spindles

REM Sleep

Body temperature rises to almost waking temperature, eye lids move, and heart rate increases Brain waves resemble beta waves 90% of dreams take place in REM sleep REM paralysis: voluntary muscles are paralyzed

Physical Dependence

Condition where a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug.

Activation - Synthesis Hypothesis

Dreams are produced by the pons Inhibits movement Sends signals to the cortex Since frontal lobes are basically shut down, dreams are sometimes bizarre

divided consciousness

Driving and talking on a cell phone at the same time is an example of a state of:

unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood

Freud used dreams as a way to get at patients':

manifest content.

If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the:

cognitive neuroscience

In a(n) __________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness.

Activation‐Information‐Mode Model

Information gathered while awake can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams

Theta waves

Non‐REM Stage 1 sleep (N1) replace alpha waves (even slower)

sleep apnea.

Paul is a snorer who sometimes gasps for air while sleeping. Paul mostly likely suffers from:

more hours per day than

Predators such as lions sleep ________ their prey, the gazelle.

Non‐REM sleep

Restful sleep Voluntary muscles are not paralyzed

Serotonin

Sleep regulation

Hypnosis as dissociation

The subject has a split awareness: one stream communicates with the hypnotist and external world, while the other is the "hidden observer"

N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4).

The body is at its lowest level of functioning during:

Body temperature

The higher the body temperature, the more alert we are; the lower the body temperature, the sleepier we are

REM myth.

The idea that people deprived of REM sleep will become paranoid and seem to be mentally ill is known as the:

are commonly used to treat anxiety.

The minor tranquilizers

Freud

The real inquiry into the process of dreaming was begun by:

simple; more complex

When a person is slightly sleep deprived, ________ tasks will suffer less than _______ tasks.

beta waves (very small & fast)

When people are awake and alert

alpha waves (slightly larger & slower)

When people are relaxed and drowsy

Hallucinogens

________ cause the brain to alter its interpretation of sensations.

Consciouness

awareness of everything around you and inside of your own head at any given moment

Microsleeps

brief periods of sleep that last only a few seconds

People under hypnosis:

can be made to forget what happens during the hypnotic session.

Non‐REM Stages 3 & 4 (N3)

delta waves start (slowest and largest) deepest sleep

Non‐REM Stage 1 sleep (N1)

hypnogogic images or hallucinations

Restorative Theory of Sleep

sleep is necessary for physical health Explains why we sleep in general