Psych Chapter 5
Law of Effect
- The probability of a response is altered by the effect it has - Responses that lead to desired effects are repeated - Those that lead to undesired effects are not
Using Punishment Wisely
1. Apply punishment during or immediately after misbehavior 2. Be consistent 3. Use the minimum punishment necessary 4. Avoid harsh punishment 5. Don't rely only on punishment 6. Expect anger from a punished person 7. Punish with kindness and respect
Fixed-Interval Schedule
A schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR)
A set number of correct responses must be made to obtain a reinforcer
Positive Reinforcer
A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
Neutral Stimulus
A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
Negative Reinforcer
An Unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future
Cognitive Learning Theory
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underline learning
Positive Punishment
An unpleasant stimulus is presented to decreased behavior
Negative Reinforcement
An unpleasant stimulus is removed to increased behavior
Punisher
Any consequence that reduces the frequency of a target behavior
Punishment
Any event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood of it recurring
Operant Reinforcer
Any event that follows a response and increases its likelihood of recurring
Reinforcement
Any event that increases the probability that a response will recur
Reinforcer
Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
Conditioning Chamber (Skinner Box)
Apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals
Reflex
Automatic, nonlearned response
Observational, Model
Bandura's theory of _____________ learning states that people through watching a(n) __________ another person displaying the behavior of interest.
Superstitious Behavior
Behavior that is repeated to produce reinforcement, even though it is not necessary
Extinction
Fortunately, Dr. Lopez gave Theresa no more shots for quite some time. Over that period she gradually stopped crying and even came to like him________________had occurred.
behavior will extinguish again, but more quickly
If reinforcement is withheld a second time,
Stimulus Generalization
Occurs when a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus the more similar the two stimuli are, the more likely generalization is to occur
Continuous Reinforcement, Partial Reinforcement, Partial Reinforcement Effect
Plans for determining which responses will be reinforced
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs
Partial Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcing of a behavior sometimes but not all the time.
Partial Reinforcement Effect
Responses acquired with partial reinforcement are very resistant to extinction
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist who initially was studying digestion
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Schedule by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made
Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR), Variable Ratio Schedule (VR)
Schedules of Partial Reinforcement
Fixed Interval Schedule (FI), Variable Interval Schedule (VI)
Schedules of Partial Reinforcement Continued
Aversive Stimulus
Stimulus that is painful or uncomfortable; Example: a shock
Negative Attention Seeking
Using misbehavior to gain attention
Variable Ratio Schedule
Varied number of correct responses must be made to get a reinforcer
Learning based on the consequences of responding
We associate responses with their consequences
Mild Punishment
Weak punishment; Usually slows responses temporarily
Positive Reinforcement
When a response is followed by a reward or other positive event
Negative Reinforcement
When a response is followed by the removal of an unpleasant event; Ends discomfort
fade away
When learned responses that are NOT reinforced gradually
Main Difference Between Classical Cond and Operant Cond:
When the reinforcer occurs
Learning
_______ involves changes brought about by experience, whereas maturation describes changes resulting fro biological development
Operant
_____________ conditioning describes learning that occurs as a result of reinforcement.
Operant Reinforcement
most effective when given immediately after a correct response
Extinction
A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
Behavior Modification
A formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones
Conditioned Stimulus
A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
A pleasant stimulus is presented to increase behavior
Negative Punishment
A pleasant stimulus is removed to decreased behavior
Acquisition
A process of learning to associates a neutral stimulus with a UCS.
Continuous Reinforcement
A reinforcer follows every correct response
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
Conditioned Response
A response that after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
Unconditioned Response
A response that is natural and needs no training
Variable Ratio Schedule
A schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number
Variable-Interval Schedule
A schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed
Types of Learning
Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Cognitive Conditioning
Schedules of Reinforcement
Different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior
Conditioned Stimulus
Dr. Lopez is upset because his presence has become a __________________ for Theresa crying.
More Classical Conditioning Terms
Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery
Latent
In ___________ learning, a new behavior is learned but is not shown until appropriate reinforcement is presented.
Experimentation
In the cognitive learning theory, it is assumed that people develop a(n)__________ about receiving a reinforcer when they behave a certain way.
Shaping
Molding responses gradually in a step-by-step fashion to a desired pattern
Partial Reinforcement
Reinforcers do NOT follow every response
Severe Punishment
Intense punishment, capable of suppressing a response for a long period
Timing, consistency, and intensity
Keys to Effective Punishment:
Observational Learning
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model
Latent Learning
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it.
Operant Conditioning
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences
Avoidance Learning
Learning to make a response to avoid, postpone, or prevent discomfort; Example: not going to a doctor or dentist
Escape Learning
Learning to make a response to end an aversive stimulus
Punishment
Lowers the probability that a response will occur again
Aversive Stimulus, Escape Learning, Avoidance Learning: Punishment may also increase aggression
Punishment Concepts
Response-Contingent Reinforcement
Reinforcement given only when a particular response occurs
Variable Interval Schedule (VI)
Reinforcement is given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time
Fixed-Ratio
Reinforcement occurs after a set of number of responses
Fixed-Interval
Reinforcement occurs after a set of time period
Variable-Ratio
Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
Variable-Interval
Reinforcement occurs after a varying time period
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcer happens AFTER the response
Classical Conditioning
Reinforcer occurs BEFORE the response
Response Cost
Reinforcer or positive thing is removed
In the shaping activity
The first behavior I reinforced was different from the last one
Fixed Interval Schedule (FI)
The first correct response made after a certain amount of time has elapsed is reinforced
Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response
The painful shot that Theresa received during each visit was a(n)______________ that elicited the ____________________, her tears.
Reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be reapeted
Shaping
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Stimulus Discrimination
The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli
Spontaneous Recovery
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
The schedules of reinforcement activity thought me that
some people like to get rewarded at the same time each week and some like to be surprised