Psych chapter 6

Interference occurs when _____.

the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____.

there is no one memory center in the brain

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to BLANK events

traumatic

The two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit; implicit

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

BLANK attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

selective

BLANK memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

sensory

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are BLANK memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (Select all that apply

t can store information longer than sensory memory. It is a limited-capacity memory system.

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory.

Implicit

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Which of the following is NOT a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized.

Memory for words

Which of the following are true in regard to memories of traumatic events? (Select all that apply.)

They may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events. They may be subject to deterioration and distortion. Stress-related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma.

What do researchers currently believe regarding amnesia?

Amnesia reinforces the difference between semantic and episodic memory; people with amnesia can have one type preserved with the other type impaired.

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes

Experiment with different organizational techniques. Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize. Review notes that you are preparing to memorize.

The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. Which of the following describe this memory disorder?

It can affect memories differentially. It can be anterograde or retrograde. It can affect the retention of new memories.

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory? (Select all that apply.)

It consists of three parts. It is a mental blackboard. It is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory.

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory? (Select all that apply

It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory.

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory? (Select all that apply.)

It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory. It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory?

Life time periods Event-specific knowledge General events

BLANK is defined as the retention of information or experience over

Memory

Which of the following statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony? (Select all that apply.)

Memory can be distorted by new information. Memory can fade. Bias may be involved. Witnesses may share their thoughts.

Which of the following best describes memory performance for participants who were asked to identify a series of pictures?

Participants were nearly 100 percent accurate after 2 hours but 4 months later could only remember about 57 percent with accuracy.

Alzheimer's disease involves deterioration of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Reasoning Memory Language Physical functioning

______ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ______ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

Recall; recognition

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

Retrieval

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes.

Review notes that you are preparing to memorize. Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize. Experiment with different organizational techniques.

David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _____ memory.

Semantic

Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory? (Select all that apply.)

Sharing personal experience creates social bonds. It provides us with identity. It allows us to learn from our experiences.

Which of the following circumstances illustrate motivated forgetting? (Select all that apply.)

Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma. A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful.

Which of the following is the best example of the reminiscence bump?

Stephanie remembers more things that happened in her teens and 20s than she does for any other decade of her life.

True or false: People with amnesia may forget episodic information but have semantic information still completely intact, and vice versa.

TRue

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?

The concept of long-term potentiation

Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?

This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Select all of the following that describe a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized

Traumatic character of memories Emotional memorie

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Select all of the following that describe a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized.

Traumatic character of memories Emotional memories

The general term BLANK refers to the loss of memory.

amnesia

Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that these stories evolve over time, but they enjoy hearing them because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how _____ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds.

autobiographical

A subtype of implicit memory involves BLANK BLANK which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

classsical; conditioning

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.

conscious

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as _____ memory.

declarative

The conscious recollection of information is called BLANK , or explicit memory

declarative

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of _____.

elaboration

when BLANK is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

According to levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.

encoding

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

encoding

BLANK failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called

encoding

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of BLANK memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

episodic

During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _____ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _____ memory

episodic; semantic

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H. M.'s BLANK memory was impaired, but his BLANK memory was less affected

explicit, implicit

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H. M.'s BLANK memory was impaired but his BLANK memory was less affected

explicit; implicit

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H. M.'s _____ memory was impaired, but his _____ memory was less affected.

explicit; implicit

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in BLANK testimony focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory.

eyewitness

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

false

True or false: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.

false

.Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on

forgetting

Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes?

frontal

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental BLANK to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____.

imagery

BLANK memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

implicit

BLANK theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

interference

Rehearsal increases the _____.

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory.

long-term

In one study where researchers asked participants to study and later identify pictures that were presented, the researchers found that _____.

memory fades; participants' memory performance declined with time.

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _____.

memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

Dr. Wiley asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wiley is familiar with the research on memory and understands that

memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.

Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.

never entered into long-term memory

Before using memory processes, you must first BLANK the information you are about to study.

organize

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

permanent

BLANK memory is a part of long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even in the absence of rehearsal.

permastore

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory.

prospective

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory.

prospective

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in _____ memory.

prospective retrospective explicit memory

While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a BLANK memory

repressed

Memory is defined as the _____.

retention of information or experience over time

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as BLANK cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of _____.

retrieval

A BLANK is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

schema

A(n) _____ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.

schema

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____

selective attention

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as

semantic

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as BLANK

semantic

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time? Multiple choice question.

sensory memory

The BLANK position effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle.

serial

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of BLANK- BLANK memory

short term

_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

short term

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from BLANK - term memory to BLANK - term memory

short, long

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from BLANK - term memory to BLANK term memory

short; long

Ellen tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates _____.

the serial position effect

In a longitudinal study examining how long explicit memories last, researchers found that forgetting of information tended to happen in the first

three

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory.

three

the concept of BLANK memory was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

working

the concept of BLANK memory was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory. Listen to the complete question

working

In one longitudinal study, researchers found that forgetting of class information tended to level off within ____ years of taking a class.

3

n one longitudinal study, researchers found that forgetting of class information tended to level off within ____ years of taking a class.

3

BLANK disease is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning

Alzheimer's

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

chunk the information