Psych Chapter 7

Thorndike's law of effect became the basis for operant conditioning and the "bahavioral technology developed by a. ivan pavlov b. john garcia c. b. f. skinner d. john b. watson

c. b. f. skinner

There is considerable controversy about the effects of heavy exposure to TV programs showing violence. However, most experts agree that repeated viewing of TV violence a. makes all viewers significantly more aggressive b. has little effect on viewers c. dulls the viewer's sensitivity to violence d. makes views angry and frustrated

c. dulls the viewer's sensitivity to violence

Learning is defined as " a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to a. instinct b. mental processes c. experience d. formal education

c. experience

a medieval proverb notes that " a burnt child dreads the fire" In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example a. primary reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. punisher d. positive reinforcer

c. punisher

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Conditioned Reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer.

Both Classical and Operant Conditioning Involve 5 things -

Acquisition Extinction Spontaneous Recovery Generalization Discrimination

Discriminitive Stimulus

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available

Cognitive Map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

High-order conditioning

a procedure in which the CS in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimuli, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (also called second-order conditioning.)

In Pavlov's experiments, dogs learned to salivate in response to a tone. The tone is therefore a(n) a. conditioned stimulus b. unconditioned stimulus c. neutral stimulus d. unconditioned response

a. conditioned stimulus

children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. this type of learning is called a. observational learning b. reinforced learning c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning

a. observational learning

One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to the desired havior. This process is called a. shaping b. punishment c. taste aversion d. classical conditioning

a. shaping

Parents are powerful models of behavior. they are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if a. their words and actions are consistent b. they have outgoing personalities c. one parents works and the other stays home d. they carefully explain why a behavior is acceptable in adults but not children

a. their words and actions are consistent

Learning enables organisms to..

adapt to their environment

Taste-aversion research has shown that animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights and sounds. This finding supports a. Pavlov's demonstration of generalization b. darwin's principal that natural selection favors traits that aid survival c. watson's view that study should be limited to observable behavior d. the early behaviroist's view that organisms can be conditioned to any stimulus

b. darwin's principal that natural selection favors traits that aid survival

We now know that cognitive processes (thoughts, perceptions, and expectations) play an important role in learning. evidence comes from studies in which rats a. spontaneously recover previously learned behavior b. develop cognitive maps c. exhibit respondent behavior d. generalize responses

b. develop cognitive maps

Dogs can learn to respond (by salivating, for example) to one kind of stimulus (a circle, for example) and not to another (a square). This process is an example of a. generalization b. discrimination c. acquisition d. spontaneous recovery

b. discrimination

After watson and rayner classicaly conditioned a small child named Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, dog, and a sealskin coat. Little albert's fear of objects resembling the rat illustrates a. extinction b. generalization c. spontaneous recovery d. discrimination between two stimuli

b. generalization

your dog is barking so loudly that it's making your ears ring. you clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, "i'll have to do that when he barks, again." The end of the barking was for you a a. positive reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. punishment d. primary reinforcer

b. negative reinforcer

the partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable times is a a. fixed-interval schedule b. variable-interval schedule c. fixed-ratio schedule d. variable-ratio schedule

b. variable-interval schedule

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Operant Behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Bandura believes that modeling is not automatic. Whether a child will imitate a model depends in part on the a. child's family connections to the model b. childs ability to distinguish right from wrong c. rewards and punishments received by the model d. child's age in relation to that of the model

c. rewards and punishments received by the model

Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which the organism associates ___, and operant conditioning, in which the organism associates ___. a. two responses; a response and a consequence b. two stimuli; two responses c. two stimuli; a response and a consequence d. two responses; two stimuli

c. two stimuli; a response and a consequence

Early behaviorists believed that for conditioning to occur, the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS). ____ demonstrated that this was not always so a. the little albert experiment b. pavlov's dog experiment c. watson's behaviorism theory d. garcia and koelling's taste-aversion studies

d. garcia and koelling's taste-aversion studies

Rats carried passively through a maze and given no reward later than the maze as well as rats that had received food rewards for running the maze. the rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrate a. modeling b. biological predisposition c. shaping d. latent learning

d. latent learning

Salivation in response to a tone paired with food is a(n)____; pressing a bar to obtain food is a(n)____. a. primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer b. conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer c. operant behavior; respondent behavior d. respondent behavior; operant behavior

d. respondent behavior; operant behavior

mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

Neutral Stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Acquisition

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

Operant Chamber

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Associative Learning

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).