Psych Chapter 9 Human Development

25. In a(an) ________, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan. A. case study B. experiment C. naturalistic observation D. secondary analysis

A. case study

84. Which of the following best describes is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage? A. conservation B. language acquisition C. object permanence D. stranger anxiety

A. conservation

52. Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

B. formal operational

42. Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills. A. fine B. gross C. moving D. physical

B. gross

81. Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the formal operational stage? A. conservation B. moral reasoning C. pretend play D. stranger anxiety

B. moral reasoning

55. Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify? A. egocentrism B. object permanence C. reversibility D. stranger anxiety

B. object permanence

78. Which of the following least describes a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage? A. egocentrism B. language development C. object permanence D. pretend play

C. object permanence

77. When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that ________. A. a pound of feathers weighs the same as a pound of dirt. B. hidden objects are still there. C. others have false beliefs. D. what goes up must come down.

C. others have false beliefs.

67. Alberto is a one year old and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this? A. avoidant B. disorganized C. resistant D. secure

D. secure

11. Ego identity is our ________. A. early personality B. nature C. primary character D. sense of self

D. sense of self

44. During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

D. sensorimotor

34. Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of ________. A. experiments. B. FASD. C. schemata. D. teratogens.

D. teratogens.

38. Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. identity vs. confusion C. industry vs. inferiority D. trust vs. mistrust

D. trust vs. mistrust

53. Which age range best represents preoperational thought? a. 0-2 b. 2-7 c. 7-11 d. 11- adulthood

b. 2-7

85. The Strange Situation was developed to study ____. a. imprinting in birds. b. attachment in monkeys. c. attachment in human infants. d. bonding with surrogate mothers.

c. attachment in human infants.

24. ________ is a long-standing connection or bond with others. A. Attachment B. Nourishment C. Regard D. Security

A. Attachment

31. Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops ________. A. during early childhood B. during puberty C. in late adolescence D. in utero

A. during early childhood

3. The germinal stage is the period from conception to _______; the _______ stage begins with lining of the mother's uterus and extends to about the eighth week of development; the __ stage begins around the ninth week and continues until birth. A. implantation; embryonic B. quickening; neural; placenta C. implantation; fetal; embryonic D. quickening; placenta; neural

A. implantation; embryonic

92. Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America? A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. disorganized D. permissive

B. authoritative

7. Theorists who view development as ________ believe that development takes place in unique stages. A. continuous B. discontinuous C. progressive D. regressive

B. discontinuous

71. Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, Jules runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment best describes this? A. avoidant B. disorganized C. resistant D. secure

B. disorganized

30. What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A. cognitive capacity B. environment and culture C. genes and biology D. language acquisition

C. genes and biology

23. ________ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects. A. Biological B. Cognitive C. Manipulative D. Motor

D. Motor

10. Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

D. Sigmund Freud

75. Harlow's studies with monkeys best showed the need for ____. A. food. B. shelter. C. safety. D. comfort.

D. comfort.

73. During the early childhood years, the number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This dynamic is sometimes referred to as the ________. A. childhood wordlist B. lexicon race C. thesaurus acquisition D. vocabulary spurt

D. vocabulary spurt

17. The concept conservation refers to ________. A Knowing that, even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added. B. knowing that symbols represent words, images, and ideas. C. thinking logically about real (concrete) events. D. understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original form.

A Knowing that, even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added.

88. Which of the following does least occurs during the concrete operational stage? A. Children begin to use language. B. Children employ memory strategies. C. Children have a firm grasp of numbers. D. Children think logically about real events.

A. Children begin to use language.

80. ___ age children are __ and see only their own perspectives? A. Preoperational ; egocentric B. Egocentric ; preoperational C. Concrete ; itracentric D. Itracentric ; concrete

A. Preoperational ; egocentric

91. Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been ________. A. abused B. born addicted to cocaine C. diagnosed with ADHD D. separated from their parents

A. abused

41. 18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This best exemplifies ________. A. accommodation. B. assimilation. C. exclusion. D. inclusion.

A. accommodation.

9. Which concept refers to the persistent difference in grades, test scores, and graduation rates that exist among students of different ethnicities, races, and sexes? A. achievement gap B. Bell curve C. attrition D. racism

A. achievement gap

93. Children whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style are most likely to become ________. A. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy B. creative, moody, and flexible C. disorganized, undisciplined, and sloppy D. quiet, shy, humble

A. anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy

20. Which term refers to the adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known? A. assimilation B. conservation C. egocentrism D. reversibility

A. assimilation

96. Early maturing girls are ________. A. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders B. less likely to drop out of high school C. more confident D. more likely to go to college

A. at a higher risk of depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders

97. Late maturing boys are ________. A. at a higher risk of depression. B. less likely to experience conflict with parents. C. less likely to participate in high school athletics. D. more likely to participate in extracurricular activities.

A. at a higher risk of depression.

43. As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. industry vs. inferiority C. initiative vs. guilt D. trust vs. mistrust

A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt

68. Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger—she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment best describes this? A. avoidant B. disorganized C. resistant D. secure

A. avoidant

50. During the ________ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

A. concrete operational

63. Ann knows that her friend is paying an online service to write a term paper. This bothers her but she knows that, if she tells the teacher, everyone will think she is a snitch. Ann decides her friends' approval is more important, so she says nothing about the cheating. What stage of moral reasoning does this exemplify? A. conventional B. formal operational C. post-conventional D. pre-conventional

A. conventional

35. Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. A. fine B. gross C. hand D. manipulative

A. fine

46. When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. integrity vs. despair C. intimacy vs. isolation D. trust vs. mistrust

A. generativity vs. stagnation

37. In psychology, the work "nature" refers to ____ and the word "nurture" refers to ___.. A. genes ; environment B. environment ; genes C. continuous ; discontinuous D. discontinuous ; continuous

A. genes ; environment

56. In girls' human development, menarche is associated with ___. A. puberty B. creativity. C. homeostasis. D. brain growth.

A. puberty

16. The _______ type of infant attaches to the mother and uses her as a secure base to explore the environment. A. secure B. avoidant C. resistant D. bold

A. secure

22. _______ parents expect mature behavior, use reasoning and set firm limits. A. Authoritarian B. Authoritative C. Permissive D. Laissez - Faire

B. Authoritative

6. ________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. A. Artistic B. Cognitive C. Emotional D. Psychosocial

B. Cognitive

13. Who developed the psychosocial theory of development? A. Abraham Maslow B. Erik Erikson C. Jean Piaget D. Lawrence Kohlberg

B. Erik Erikson

64. Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops James. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of ________ A. egocentrism B. Moro reflex C. preoperational stage D. stranger anxiety

B. Moro reflex

99. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Socioemotional discrimination theory suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number as we get older, but they remain as close, if not more close, than in our earlier years. A. The phrase "Socioemotional discrimination theory" should be changed to the phrase "Theory- of-mind." B. The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity." C. The word "suggests" should be changed to the word "proves." D. The word "theory" should be changed to the word "hypothesis."

B. The word "discrimination" should be changed to the word "selectivity."

90. Kohlberg studied moral development by ____. A. observing people's behavior. B. asking people to respond to moral dilemmas. C. administering large-scale surveys. D. using extensive questionnaires.

B. asking people to respond to moral dilemma

5. The continuous development approach views development as a ________. A. biological imperative B. cumulative process C. series of accidents D. unique progress

B. cumulative process

26. Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________. A. cognitive developments. B. developmental milestones. C. naturalistic observations. D. psychosexual stages.

B. developmental milestones.

60. Cory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? A. conservation B. egocentrism C. pretend play D. reversibility

B. egocentrism

32. What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? A. biology B. environment and culture C. genetics D. sexual preference

B. environment and culture

69. A seventh grade prom sometimes can be a humorous occasion to see because _____. A. guys and girls reach optimal height at the same age. B. guys reach optimal height later than girls. C. guys reach optimal height earlier than girls. D. girls physically develop later than guys.

B. guys reach optimal height later than girls.

54. Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. identity vs. confusion C. isolation vs. intimacy D. trust vs. mistrust

B. identity vs. confusion

48. Which of the following is the correct order of stages in Kübler-Ross's five-stage model of grief? A. Denial, bargaining, anger, depression, acceptance B. Anger, depression, bargaining, acceptance, denial C. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance D. Anger, acceptance, denial, depression, bargaining

C. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

19. Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages? A. Erik Erikson B. Jean Piaget C. Lawrence Kohlberg D. Sigmund Freud

C. Lawrence Kohlberg

79. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Children with FASD may have a large head size and abnormal facial features, poor judgment, poor impulse control, higher rates of ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ scores. A. The acronym "FASD" should be changed to the word "teratogens." B. The phrase "higher rates of ADHD" should be removed. *C. The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average." D. The word "learning" should be changed to the word "socioemotional."

C. The word "large" should be changed to the phrase "below average."

2. What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan? A. What do people think about development? B. What is biological about development? C. What is normal development? D. Who decided what constituted normal development?

C. What is normal development?

39. One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This best exemplifies ________. A. accommodation. B. acquisition. C. assimilation. D. attainment.

C. assimilation.

100. What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood? A. confirming one's sexual orientation B. controlling the id C. developing a positive sense of self D. developing a secure attachment to a caregiver

C. developing a positive sense of self

66. Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming Dorothy reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, what age best describes her? A. two B. three C. four D. five

C. four

49. Once children reach the preschool stage (ages 3-6 years), they are capable of originating activities and asserting control over their world through social interactions and play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/doubt B. generativity vs. stagnation C. initiative vs. guilt D. intimacy vs. isolation

C. initiative vs. guilt

51. People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. autonomy vs. shame/guilt B. industry vs. inferiority C. intimacy vs. isolation D. trust vs. mistrust

C. intimacy vs. isolation

27. A developmental psychologist might use ________ in order to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home. A. case studies B. experiments C. naturalistic observation D. surveys

C. naturalistic observation

1. ________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. A. cognitive B. learning C. physical D. psychosocial

C. physical

18. In ________ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. A. concrete operational B. preformal operational C. postformal D. sensorimotor

C. postformal

47. In the ________ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

C. preoperational

86. According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language? A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. preoperational D. sensorimotor

C. preoperational

70. It is hard to tell how Jim's father will respond to Jim. Sometimes he is responsive to Jim's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Jim. At 18 months old, Jim clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Jim becomes angry when his father leaves, and Jim is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment best describes this? A. avoidant B. disorganized C. resistant D. secure

C. resistant

8. Turning in response to a touch on the cheek is the _______ reflex and extending arms, arching back and bringing arms toward each other, often in response to loud noises involves the _______ reflex. A. sucking ; moro B. moro ; sucking C. rooting ; moro D. grasping ; rooting

C. rooting ; moro

21. A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage. A. contaminant B. mutagen C. teratogen D. zygote

C. teratogen

82. According to attachment theory, which of the following is least needed for healthy attachment? A. Caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions. B. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's emotional needs. C. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's physical needs. D. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

D. Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference.

95. Which of the following statements about parenting styles is most true? A. American children benefit the most from authoritarian parenting. B. Authoritarian parenting is never as beneficial as authoritative parenting. C. Authoritative parenting is never as beneficial as authoritarian parenting. D. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

D. In some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting is as beneficial as authoritative parenting.

33. In which of the following stages of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development do children compare their abilities to those of their friends and classmates? A. Trust vs. Mistrust B. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt C. Initiative vs. Guilt D. Industry vs. Inferiority

D. Industry vs. Inferiority

83. Lawrence Kohlberg was interested in which aspect of development? A. Physical B. Social C. Intellectual D. Moral

D. Moral

89. Which of the following least describes formal operational aged individuals? A. Abstract reasoning B. Alternative solutions C. Hypothetical deductions D. Predominance of reflexes

D. Predominance of reflexes

14. ________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. A. Categories B. Cognitions C. Facsimiles D. Schemata

D. Schemata

59. Which of the following best illustrates conservation? A. Deirdre believes that five pennies have more value than two nickels. B. Joseph saves his energy by brushing his teeth in the shower. C. Rebekah recycles her glass bottles but not her cell phone batteries. D. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

D. Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

87. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. A. The phrase "the umbilical cord" should be changed to the word "mitosis." B. The word "embryo" should be changed to the word "germinal." C. The word "uterus" should be changed to the word "fetus." D. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

D. The word "zygote" should be changed to the word "placenta."

74. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature. A. The name "Erik Erikson" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud." B. The word "sexual" should be changed to the word "biological." C. The word "theory" should be changed to the word "hypothesis." D. The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

D. The words "sexual" and "social" should be switched.

45. Which of the following cognitive skills is least likely to show a substantial decline as people age? A. slower reaction time B. muscle strength diminishes C. skin changes D. ability to apply acquired information

D. ability to apply acquired information

94. The period of life beginning at puberty and ending with early adulthood is called ___. A. moratorium. B. the teenage years. C. the pubertal period. D. adolescence.

D. adolescence.

4. Specific normative events are also called ________. A. age-related standards B. averages C. benchmarks D. developmental milestones

D. developmental milestones

40. After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage? A. generativity vs. stagnation B. identity vs. guilt C. initiative vs. guilt D. integrity vs. despair

D. integrity vs. despair

72. Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style best describes this? A. authoritarian B. authoritative C. Freudian D. permissive

D. permissive

62. Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught. What stage of moral development does this best exemplify? A. conventional B. formal operational C. post-conventional D. pre-conventional

D. pre-conventional

12. ________ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. A. mental B. physical C. psychological D. psychosocial

D. psychosocial

61. Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify? A. abstract thinking B. abstraction C. preoperational stage D. reversibility

D. reversibility

65. Kohlberg's fifth (5th) stage, in order, was called ____. A. punishment & obedience B. instrumental -relativistic. C. good-boy/good-girl. D. social contract.

D. social contract.

58. Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this best exemplify? A. conservation B. egocentrism C. pretend play D. stranger anxiety

D. stranger anxiety

76. Which of the following best describes a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage? A. egocentrism B. fine motor skills development C. pretend play D. stranger anxiety

D. stranger anxiety

29. Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period. A. assessments B. case studies C. naturalistic observations D. surveys

D. surveys

28. Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is ________. A. culturally specific. B. dramatic. C. related to language acquisition. D. universal.

D. universal.

98. Which of the following least describes of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood? A. changes in the workforce B. changing cultural expectations C. taking longer to complete a college degree D. younger average age for marriage

D. younger average age for marriage

15. A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. A. embryo B. placenta C. protean D. zygote

D. zygote

36. Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development? A. zygote, fetus, embryo B. fetus, embryo zygote C. fetus, zygote, embryo D. zygote, embryo, fetus

D. zygote, embryo, fetus

57. During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

industry vs. inferiority