psych developmental study guide

free range parenting

a style of parenting that deemphasizes scheduling and supervision and emphasizes extreme independence

intellectual disability

low IQ, difficulties with adaptive functioning, evident during childhood

tiger moms

super strict parenting; kids are pressured to achieve the highest level they can; uses an authoritarian method

nature v. nurture

-do we change or stay consistent over the course of our lives? -nature refers to your genes and how your wired; influenced by genetic traits; inherited traits -nurture refers to your childhood; how you were brought up/how we were raised; whether human behavior is determined by the environment; life experiences

attachment parenting

A caregiving approach stressing the value of prolonged breast feeding, continuous "skin to skin" contact, and other strategies designed to promote intense parent-child bonding during the early years of life.

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior; parents are totally lenient

Temple Grandin

Grandin thought in pictures; very smart but autistic; she went on to college and became a cattle writer, autism speaker

Three Identical Strangers

Identical triplets become separated at birth and adopted by three different families. Years later, their amazing reunion becomes a global sensation but also unearths an unimaginable secret that has radical repercussions.

autism

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind

Harry Harlow's Monkey Study

baby monkeys were put with two wire "mothers", one had cloth over it and the other was scary-looking. both "mothers" had feeding tubes. even though both "mothers" had food the monkey stayed with the cloth mother because of comfort (the other "mother" scared the monkey) - comfort was more important to the monkeys than food

global developmental delay

delay in walking, talking, etc.

siblings and impact of birth order

first child: most responsible, better disciplines, has to mature faster middle child: more independent/competitive, goes to friends (kind of pushed to the side by parents) youngest child: used to getting their way, parents don't have as many expectations

definition of the field of developmental psych

how people change from birth to old age; development across the lifespan

areas of interest for developmental psychologists

infants, children, adolescents, elderly

prenatal development; newborns and infant development

o Conception: child being conceived o Zygote: fertilized eggs o Embryo: zygote's inner cells o Fetus: offspring/young one o Teratogen: agents such as viruses/drugs, can damage an embryo/fetus o FAS: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: effects of heavy drinking during pregnancy

secure v. insecure

o Secure: infants close to parents; explore new environments a little o Insecure: infant avoids attachment; clinging to their mother

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and related topics about identity: "The 8 stages of man" and the crisis at each stage that everyone must overcome

o Stage One - Trust vs Mistrust. o Stage Two - Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt. o Stage Three - Initiative vs Guilt. o Stage Four - Industry vs Inferiority. o Stage Five - Identity vs Role Confusion. o Stage Six - Intimacy vs Isolation. o Stage Eight - Ego Integrity vs Despair.

Kohlberg's method: the use of the "Heinz" story and moral dilemmas

o moral reasoning: thinking that occurs as we consider right from wrong o moral dilemmas: if someone stole medicine for a sick loved one (doing the wrong thing but for the right reasons) Heinz story: a man's wife is sick

helicopter parents

parents hovering over their children's every move

authoritative parenting

parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children; warm and communicative but a little strict

authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

Moral development: Lawrence Kohlberg; characteristics of each stage's moral reasoning

• Preconventional level: a child's sense of morality is externally controlled (kids listen to and believe authority figures when they are young) • Conventional level: child's sense of morality is tied to personal and societal relationships (kids continue to believe authority figures but it's to ensure positive relationships and societal order) • Postconventional level: person's sense of morality is defined as abstract principles and values (people understand that they are their own person and they can disobey rules; live by their own ethical principles)

Jean Piaget and cognitive development

• Sensorimotor stage: from birth to around age 2 when babies take in the world through their senses and actions through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping • Preoperational stage: until about ages 6 and 7, kids are able to represent things with words and images, but too young to perform mental operations • Concrete-operational stage: kids from about ages 7-12 begin to grasp conversation, able to comprehend mathematical transformations and conservation. Ex: by age 12 a child can reverse a simple math problem(8+4=12 is the same as 12-4=8) • Formal-operational stage: reasoning expanding from actual experiences to abstract thinking