Psych Exam 2
What is the mean IQ score at each age for the Stanford-Binet Test?
100
How many morphemes are in the word "ungrateful"?
3
What is the capacity of short-term memory?
7 pieces of information.
Ninety-five percent of the population of people taking a Wechsler IQ test will have a score between ________ and ________ on an IQ test.
70; 130
Which of the following illustrates the blocking effect?
A dog salivates when the man who feeds him enters the room. Then the feeder starts bringing the child along, and the dog still salivates when the two are together. However, when the child enters the room alone, the dog doesn't salivate.
In an environment with no cues for time, most people generate a waking-sleeping rhythm that lasts...
A little more than 24 hours.
Who is most likely to infer related words when reconstructing a list from memory?
A person who has a memory of intermediate length
Sleep researchers distinguish among sleep stages by recording brain activity, eye movements, and other physiological changes using...
A polysomnograph
A gumball machine starts frustrating children because it doesn't always release a gumball when the knob is turned. Sometimes it takes one turn, sometimes three, sometimes five or more. But the children keep turning the knob in anticipation of a gumball. What schedule of reinforcement is this?
A variable-ratio schedule
In many occupations, state licensing boards require applicants to take a board exam that covers the knowledge the applicant should have in their field. These are measures of...
Achievement
Allison's cat is starting to notice that each time Allison picks up the can opener he gets fed. Now, each time he sees her pick up the can opener he starts purring. Allison's cat is demonstrating the process of...
Acquisition
Research indicates that using hypnosis to enhance memory can result in...
An increased chance of false information being reported.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding hypnosis?
An uncooperative person can not be hypnotized
Darwin's theory of evolution encouraged people to conduct research on ________, which began the behaviorist school of thought.
Animal Learning
Bob's score on an IQ test was 70. Ann's score on the same test was 115. Which of the following statements is accurate based upon this information?
Ann is likely to perform better in school than Bob.
The inability to store new long-term memories is called...
Anterograde Amnesia
The Where's Waldo children's books, in which children must sift through a great deal of images to locate one person, is an example of a task involving...
Attentive Processes
Judy assumes that she is more likely to die in an airplane crash than an automobile accident because she can remember more examples of dramatic airplane crashes. She avoids traveling by airplane. What is this an example of?
Availability Heuristic
Blake always walks on the right side of the street to get to school because he knows the sprinklers on the left side will spray onto the sidewalk and get pedestrians wet. Hannah starts out walking on the left side but after getting sprayed for a short distance she starts to walk on the right side. Blake's behavior illustrates ________ and Hannah's behavior illustrates ________.
Avoidance learning; Escape learning
When people apply the representativeness heuristic they typically overlook...
Base-rate information
Why is REM sleep called paradoxical?
Because REM sleep is light in some ways and deep in others.
A test that over- or understates the true performance of one or more groups is...
Biased
Which theory regarding the purpose of sleep is considered to be correct?
Both the evolutionary and repair and restoration theories
Which type of learning has been used by ranchers to decrease the likelihood of coyotes attacking sheep?
Conditioned taste aversion
Patients with prefrontal cortex damage often display ________; that is, attempts to fill in the gaps in their memory.
Confabulations
Acquired skills and knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge in specific situations makes up one's...
Crystallized Intelligence
According to Chomsky, the underlying logic or meaning of a sentence is its...
Deep Structure
A high-pitched tone has been paired repeatedly with a puff of air to the eye. A low-pitched tone has not been. Over time, the individual blinks in response to the high pitched tone, but not the low pitched tone. Which of the following has occurred?
Discrimination
Although subject to the same doubts, many clinicians now prefer the term ________ to repression.
Dissociation
Karen is visiting New York for the first time. As she steps out of her cab onto Fifth Avenue she gets the sense that she has been there before. Karen is experiencing...
Déjà vu
Nancy is studying material related to her chosen career in nursing. She knows that this material is important and she wants to be sure that she will remember the information years from now. What is her best plan for study?
Eight 25-minute study sessions spread out over six weeks
Hypnosis can sometimes alter the ________ components of pain.
Emotional
Most young adults are...
Evening people.
Free-recall, cued-recall, recognition, and savings tests are tests of...
Explicit Memory
In the past, whenever three-year-old Timmy whined at the grocery store, his mother bought him a candy bar. She has stopped giving him candy when he whines, and Timmy has eventually stopped whining at the grocery store. What has occurred?
Extinction
Amber remembers exactly where she was and what she was doing when she heard about the terrorist attacks on 9/11/2001. This is an example of a ________ memory.
Flashbulb
Standardized IQ tests focus mainly on...
Fluid Intelligence
Essay tests are examples of...
Free-recall tests
Greg took an IQ test today and earned a 120. If Greg took the same test next week and scored 120 we could conclude that the IQ test...
Has high test-retest reliability
________ is the tendency to mold recollections of the past to fit how events later turned out.
Hindsight Bias
Which portion of his brain did H.M. have removed?
Hippocampus
A reinforcer ________ the probability of a response. A punisher ________ the probability of a response.
Increases; Decreases
Who spends the most time in REM sleep?
Infants
Research on the influence of genetics on IQ suggests...
Intelligence depends on a combination of many genes and environmental influences.
What is the major advantage of the Raven's Progressive Matrices over IQ tests such as the Stanford-Binet?
It is culture-reduced.
Research on "optimal periods" suggests that...
It is easier to learn a second language when you are young.
The period of discomfort and inefficiency you experience when your internal clock is out of phase with your new surroundings is called...
Jet lag
Who said, "Give me a dozen healthy infants...and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select...regardless of his talents,...abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors"?
John B. Watson
The psychometric approach to intelligence is based on the...
Measurement of individual differences in performance.
Which of the following claims regarding meditation is NOT supported by the evidence?
Meditation leads to a special transcendental state.
The surachiasmatic nucleus controls the waking-sleeping cycle by controlling...
Melatonin levels
After watching her older sister dance, Ashley tries to copy the dance moves she just saw. This is an example of...
Modeling
After he broke curfew, Hamid's parents took away his cell phone for a month. Hamid's parents' response is an example of...
Negative Punishment
The ________ treats dreams as a kind of thinking that occurs under special conditions.
Neurocognitive theory
What explanation do researchers agree upon to account for the Flynn effect?
No one explanation is considered to be convincing.
Three examples mentioned in the text are rewarding a chimpanzee for peeing in a pan instead of on the floor with chocolate, Chinese Communists persuading American prisoners of war to believe negative statements they made about the US, and using behavior modification to get children to play safely on the playground by awarding good behavior with ribbons. These are all examples of...
Operant Conditioning
Which of the following is TRUE about attention?
Our attention is drawn to the unusual, but what is considered unusual depends on the circumstance.
Parents automatically speak to their young children in a pattern of speech that emphasizes the vowels and makes differences between words clearer. What is this type of speech called?
Parentese
Which of the following statements applies to solving insight problems?
People are generally unable to articulate how they solved the problem.
Bill has spatial neglect. What is Bill LEAST likely to do?
Point straight ahead when asked to do so.
One might use chaining to teach a rat to...
Press a button, then climb a ladder, then push a lever.
Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?
Priming
________ are typical exemplars of a particular category.
Prototypes
Why is Freud's approach to dream analysis now on the decline?
Psychoanalysts offer no evidence to back their analysis of a dream.
Dreams most often occur during which stage of sleep?
REM
Identifying a suspect in a lineup is a ________ task.
Recognition
Which type memory test compares speed of original learning to speed of relearning?
Savings
Jenny wants to exercise more often. She decides that each time she exercises, she will put a dollar in a jar. When she has enough money, she will buy a new outfit. Jenny is using...
Self-reinforcement
Paula is given a test on the Civil War. This is a test of Paula's...
Semantic Memory
Which of the following procedures is most likely to be effective in persuading a person to change his opinion?
Shaping
Kim was recently in a car accident in which she trauma to her brain. Her brain now shows a steady but low level of activity and no response to any stimulus. Which of the following is most likely true of Kim?
She is in a coma.
Albert is a middle-aged, overweight man who snores and wakes up frequently gasping for breath. He likely has...
Sleep apnea
Richard can't remember if he heard about a new diet program on CNN or in the National Enquirer. Richard is suffering from...
Source Amnesia
Who argued that people need a general ability (g) to perform well on any test of mental ability?
Spearman
The process of establishing rules for administrating a test and interpreting its scores is...
Standardization
Every night before studying, Ben has a large cola. He finds that he does better on tests if he has a drink with caffeine in it before taking tests. What is this an example of?
State-dependent learning
Jill is about to take a math test. She has heard that women tend to perform poorly on such exams compared to men. She is very worried that her test score will support this notion. As a result, she is highly distracted and ends up failing her test. Jill's experience is consistent which Steele's concept of...
Stereotype Threat
A conditioned response that has been extinguished has been...
Suppressed
Two-year-old Sarah speaks phrases like "more book" and "doggy gone." Sarah is engaging in...
Telegraphic Speech
People often answer questions differently depending upon how the questions are worded. This is called...
The Framing Effect
Which concept does the expression "if it looks like a duck, waddles like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it's probably a duck" demonstrate?
The Representativeness Heuristic
Mr. Roulette has spent $500 in lottery tickets this year. Although he has won nothing, he refuses to stop buying tickets. When asked why he keeps investing money in a losing venture he says that to quit now would be a waste of all the money and effort he's already spent. Mr. Roulette's behavior demonstrates...
The Sunk Cost Effect
Which of the following is an important characteristic of an expert?
The ability to quickly recognize important features of patterns specific to their area of expertise.
During a brief time after perceiving one stimulus, it is difficult to attend to another. This phenomenon is known as...
The attentional blind
Which of the following is TRUE regarding adopted children and IQ?
The correlation between biological siblings is stronger than the correlation between unrelated children adopted into the same family.
Which group of students will be able to remember the most after studying a list of words?
The group that applies each word to life experiences.
Which of the following is true about the nature of memory?
The method of testing can affect the amount one seems to remember.
Which aspect of working memory stores and rehearses speech information?
The phonological loop
In order for conditioning to occur, which of the following is essential?
There must be predictability between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus.
If you want to intervene by helping a child being raised in a bad environment increase his or her IQ...
Training the child in playing a musical instrument can significantly raise the child's IQ.
Hamid suffers from periodic limb movement disorder, where his legs jerk and feel tingly when he's trying to sleep. His doctor is likely to recommend which of the following?
Tranquilizers, which may suppress the leg movements
Pavlov found that when he gave a dog food, saliva flowed into the dog's mouth. The food in this situation is called a(n)...
Unconditioned Stimulus
A commercial shows beautiful women using specific hair-care products, implying that if you use this product, you will become beautiful too. On which of the following is the advertiser relying?
Vicarious Reinforcement
Research requiring subjects to mentally rotate images supports which of the following statements?
Viewing a mental image is at least partly like viewing an actual object.
Which Wechsler scale would you give to a 15-year-old?
WISC
________ is a condition characterized by difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language.
Wernicke's Aphasia
Which of the following statements is demonstrated by the Stroop Effect?
When you speak, you are primed to read the words that you see.
________ is a genetic condition characterized by mental retardation in most regards but skillful use of language.
Williams Syndrome
According to Sternberg, which of the following is NOT a type of intelligence?
g
Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation for g?
g depends on race