Psych exam 3
What is the purpose of the fight-or-flight response?
A built in mechanism that assists in homeostasis
Hawthorne effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
What is the motivational force behind drive theory?
Deviations from homeostasis that create physiological needs
Which of the following is NOT a major difference between cults and religion?
Devotion towards a divine being
When we see a major incident, such as a car wreck, we tend to not notify the authorities based on the thought that the person behind us, or someone in front of us had already done so. What is this an example of?
Diffusion of responsibility
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
1st -> physiological (food, water shelter) 2nd -> security (safety, assets, employment) 3rd -> social (family, friends, belonging) 4th -> esteem (self- worth, confidence) 5th -> self-actualization (inner fulfillment)
Which important legislation protected employees against discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?
The 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title VII
According to research presented in the podcast, why are people more likely to procrastinate?
Their emotions and mentality cause them to procrastinate
What is a good way to combat groupthink?
Have someone in the group play devil's advocate and argue opposing opinions
____________________ are highly regulated processes that result in a person maintaining a fairly stable weight that is resistant to change
Hunger and satiety
What type of psychology focuses on relationships between employees and how those relationships affect their performances within the business?
Organizational Psychology
What did William James theorize?
That behavior was driven by a number of instincts which aid survival
altruism
humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping
The________________________________________ are important in sexual behavior and motivation
hypothalamus and structures of the limbic system
instrumental aggression
aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain
Like the _____________________, research has demonstrated that _________________ structure and function are linked to a variety of mood and anxiety disorders
amygdala; hippocampal
primary appraisal
judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail
empathy
capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what he or she feels
More____________________ theories deal with the ways that instincts and the need to maintain bodily homeostasis motivate behavior
biologically oriented
industrial psychology
branch of psychology that studies job characteristics, applicant characteristics, and how to match them; also studies employee training and performance appraisal
organizational psychology
branch of psychology that studies the interactions between people working in organizations and the effects of those interactions on productivity
Through primary appraisal, we ask ourselves if a stressor is a _________ or a _________.
challenge; threat
obedience
change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences
transformational leadership style
characteristic of leaders who are charismatic role models, inspirational, intellectually stimulating, and individually considerate and who seek to change the organization
transactional leadership style
characteristic of leaders who focus on supervision and organizational goals achieved through a system of rewards and punishments
individualistic culture
culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy
dispositionism
describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament
Motivation
describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal
drive theory
deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis
attribution
explanation for the behavior of other people
facial feedback hypothesis
facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions
Which of the following is a frequent trigger for workplace violence?
feeling of being treated unfairly, unjustly, or disrespectfully
alarm reaction
first stage of the general adaptation syndrome; characterized as the body's immediate physiological reaction to a threatening situation or some other emergency; fight-or-flight response
Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it_________
forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart
Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a__________________
fundamental attribution error
central route persuasion
logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness
The Cannon-Bard theory
maintains that emotional experience occurs simultaneous to and independent of physiological arousal
confederate
person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
regulate many of the body's physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones
stage of resistance
second stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body adapts to a stressor for a period of time
confirmation bias
seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes
Bandura postulated that our sense of________________ motivates behaviors
self-efficacy
fight-or-flight response
set of physiological reactions that are produced by the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system
group polarization
strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group
cortisol
stress hormone released by the adrenal glands when encountering a stressor; helps to provide a boost of energy, thereby preparing the individual to take action
biofeedback
stress-reduction technique using electronic equipment to measure a person's involuntary activity and provide feedback to help the person gain a level of voluntary control over these processes
foot-in-the-door technique
persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor only to later request a larger favor
actor-observer bias
phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces
According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions are composed of these two factors: ________ and ________.
physiological and cognitive
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time
Emotions are subjective experiences that consist of ________________ arousal and _______________ appraisal.
physiological; cognitive
central nucleus
plays a role in attention connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity
cognitive dissonance
psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception
diffusion of responsibility
tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group
homophily
tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar
stage of exhaustion
third stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body's ability to resist stress becomes depleted; illness, disease, and even death may occur
immutable characteristic
traits that employers cannot use to discriminate in hiring, benefits, promotions, or termination (e.g. skin color and hair texture)
prosocial behavior
voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people
conformity
when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group
An organizational psychologist studies such topics as ________.
worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment
As discussed in the text & lecture, Kitty Genovese's case was used as an example of ______?
Bystander effect
What are the four c's of social support?
Celebrate, Console, Counseling, Confrontation
Transformational leaders possess which four qualities to varying degrees?
Charismatic, Inspirational, Intellectually Stimulating, Considerate
When conducting a study, Sally believes that men are more aggressive than women in the workplace, so she focuses more heavily on complaints oriented towards men as evidence towards her findings. This is an example of:
Confirmation Bias
Why is the 360 Degree method of performance appraisal most efficient in feedback to supervisors about their employees?
Gives the supervisor more points of views on how other employees think of the employee in question because their sole point of view is not reliable
What behavioral effect does deindividuation have?
Lowered self-restraint
What are two of the stress reduction techniques learned?
Relaxation response techniques and Biofeedback
An individual's belief in his or her own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task is known as ________.
Self-Efficacy
__________________________ emphasize thinness as a beauty ideal and a genetic predisposition contribute to the development of eating disorders in many young females
Sociocultural factors
perceived control
peoples' beliefs concerning their capacity to influence and shape outcomes in their lives
What is a strategy that companies are creating to bring together their candidates through experience, skills and expertise?
Work Teams
extrinsic
arising from external factors behaviors are performed in order to receive something from others
intrinsic
arising from internal factors behaviors are performed because of the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring,
set point theory
assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change
The James-Lange theory
asserts that emotions arise as a function of physiological arousal
Theory X
assumes workers are inherently lazy and unproductive; managers must have control and use punishments
Theory Y
assumes workers are people who seek to work hard and productively; managers and workers can find creative solutions to problems; workers do not need to be controlled and punished
distress
bad form of stress; usually high in intensity; often leads to exhaustion, fatigue, feeling burned out
informational social influence
conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information
Design teams for car manufacturers create new vehicle models. What type of team does this exemplify?
creative
The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
emotional states are functions of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretations of the physical state
eustress
good form of stress; low to moderate in intensity; associated with positive feelings
Asch effect
group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate
groupthink
group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus
in-group
group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to
hypertension
high blood pressure
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
cognitive-mediational theory
our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus
basolateral complex
part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory
ageism
prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age
What area are human factors psychologists researching when they study what steps people take to successfully wash their hands before performing surgery?
task analysis