Psych exam 3

What is the purpose of the fight-or-flight response?

A built in mechanism that assists in homeostasis

Hawthorne effect

A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied

What is the motivational force behind drive theory?

Deviations from homeostasis that create physiological needs

Which of the following is NOT a major difference between cults and religion?

Devotion towards a divine being

When we see a major incident, such as a car wreck, we tend to not notify the authorities based on the thought that the person behind us, or someone in front of us had already done so. What is this an example of?

Diffusion of responsibility

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

1st -> physiological (food, water shelter) 2nd -> security (safety, assets, employment) 3rd -> social (family, friends, belonging) 4th -> esteem (self- worth, confidence) 5th -> self-actualization (inner fulfillment)

Which important legislation protected employees against discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?

The 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title VII

According to research presented in the podcast, why are people more likely to procrastinate?

Their emotions and mentality cause them to procrastinate

What is a good way to combat groupthink?

Have someone in the group play devil's advocate and argue opposing opinions

____________________ are highly regulated processes that result in a person maintaining a fairly stable weight that is resistant to change

Hunger and satiety

What type of psychology focuses on relationships between employees and how those relationships affect their performances within the business?

Organizational Psychology

What did William James theorize?

That behavior was driven by a number of instincts which aid survival

altruism

humans' desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping

The________________________________________ are important in sexual behavior and motivation

hypothalamus and structures of the limbic system

instrumental aggression

aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain

Like the _____________________, research has demonstrated that _________________ structure and function are linked to a variety of mood and anxiety disorders

amygdala; hippocampal

primary appraisal

judgment about the degree of potential harm or threat to well-being that a stressor might entail

empathy

capacity to understand another person's perspective—to feel what he or she feels

More____________________ theories deal with the ways that instincts and the need to maintain bodily homeostasis motivate behavior

biologically oriented

industrial psychology

branch of psychology that studies job characteristics, applicant characteristics, and how to match them; also studies employee training and performance appraisal

organizational psychology

branch of psychology that studies the interactions between people working in organizations and the effects of those interactions on productivity

Through primary appraisal, we ask ourselves if a stressor is a _________ or a _________.

challenge; threat

obedience

change of behavior to please an authority figure or to avoid aversive consequences

transformational leadership style

characteristic of leaders who are charismatic role models, inspirational, intellectually stimulating, and individually considerate and who seek to change the organization

transactional leadership style

characteristic of leaders who focus on supervision and organizational goals achieved through a system of rewards and punishments

individualistic culture

culture that focuses on individual achievement and autonomy

dispositionism

describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament

Motivation

describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal

drive theory

deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need and ultimately bring the system back to homeostasis

attribution

explanation for the behavior of other people

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions

Which of the following is a frequent trigger for workplace violence?

feeling of being treated unfairly, unjustly, or disrespectfully

alarm reaction

first stage of the general adaptation syndrome; characterized as the body's immediate physiological reaction to a threatening situation or some other emergency; fight-or-flight response

Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease because it_________

forces the heart to pump harder, which puts more physical strain on the heart

Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a__________________

fundamental attribution error

central route persuasion

logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness

The Cannon-Bard theory

maintains that emotional experience occurs simultaneous to and independent of physiological arousal

confederate

person who works for a researcher and is aware of the experiment, but who acts as a participant; used to manipulate social situations as part of the research design

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

regulate many of the body's physiological reactions to stress through the release of hormones

stage of resistance

second stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body adapts to a stressor for a period of time

confirmation bias

seeking out information that supports our stereotypes while ignoring information that is inconsistent with our stereotypes

Bandura postulated that our sense of________________ motivates behaviors

self-efficacy

fight-or-flight response

set of physiological reactions that are produced by the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system

group polarization

strengthening of the original group attitude after discussing views within the group

cortisol

stress hormone released by the adrenal glands when encountering a stressor; helps to provide a boost of energy, thereby preparing the individual to take action

biofeedback

stress-reduction technique using electronic equipment to measure a person's involuntary activity and provide feedback to help the person gain a level of voluntary control over these processes

foot-in-the-door technique

persuasion of one person by another person, encouraging a person to agree to a small favor only to later request a larger favor

actor-observer bias

phenomenon of explaining other people's behaviors are due to internal factors and our own behaviors are due to situational forces

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions are composed of these two factors: ________ and ________.

physiological and cognitive

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

physiological arousal and emotional experience occur at the same time

Emotions are subjective experiences that consist of ________________ arousal and _______________ appraisal.

physiological; cognitive

central nucleus

plays a role in attention connections with the hypothalamus and various brainstem areas to regulate the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems' activity

cognitive dissonance

psychological discomfort that arises from a conflict in a person's behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that runs counter to one's positive self-perception

diffusion of responsibility

tendency for no one in a group to help because the responsibility to help is spread throughout the group

homophily

tendency for people to form social networks with others who are similar

stage of exhaustion

third stage of the general adaptation syndrome; the body's ability to resist stress becomes depleted; illness, disease, and even death may occur

immutable characteristic

traits that employers cannot use to discriminate in hiring, benefits, promotions, or termination (e.g. skin color and hair texture)

prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior with the intent to help other people

conformity

when individuals change their behavior to go along with the group even if they do not agree with the group

An organizational psychologist studies such topics as ________.

worker satisfaction, motivation, and commitment

As discussed in the text & lecture, Kitty Genovese's case was used as an example of ______?

Bystander effect

What are the four c's of social support?

Celebrate, Console, Counseling, Confrontation

Transformational leaders possess which four qualities to varying degrees?

Charismatic, Inspirational, Intellectually Stimulating, Considerate

When conducting a study, Sally believes that men are more aggressive than women in the workplace, so she focuses more heavily on complaints oriented towards men as evidence towards her findings. This is an example of:

Confirmation Bias

Why is the 360 Degree method of performance appraisal most efficient in feedback to supervisors about their employees?

Gives the supervisor more points of views on how other employees think of the employee in question because their sole point of view is not reliable

What behavioral effect does deindividuation have?

Lowered self-restraint

What are two of the stress reduction techniques learned?

Relaxation response techniques and Biofeedback

An individual's belief in his or her own capability to complete a task, which may include a previous successful completion of the exact task or a similar task is known as ________.

Self-Efficacy

__________________________ emphasize thinness as a beauty ideal and a genetic predisposition contribute to the development of eating disorders in many young females

Sociocultural factors

perceived control

peoples' beliefs concerning their capacity to influence and shape outcomes in their lives

What is a strategy that companies are creating to bring together their candidates through experience, skills and expertise?

Work Teams

extrinsic

arising from external factors behaviors are performed in order to receive something from others

intrinsic

arising from internal factors behaviors are performed because of the sense of personal satisfaction that they bring,

set point theory

assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight, or set point, that is resistant to change

The James-Lange theory

asserts that emotions arise as a function of physiological arousal

Theory X

assumes workers are inherently lazy and unproductive; managers must have control and use punishments

Theory Y

assumes workers are people who seek to work hard and productively; managers and workers can find creative solutions to problems; workers do not need to be controlled and punished

distress

bad form of stress; usually high in intensity; often leads to exhaustion, fatigue, feeling burned out

informational social influence

conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information

Design teams for car manufacturers create new vehicle models. What type of team does this exemplify?

creative

The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

emotional states are functions of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretations of the physical state

eustress

good form of stress; low to moderate in intensity; associated with positive feelings

Asch effect

group majority influences an individual's judgment, even when that judgment is inaccurate

groupthink

group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus

in-group

group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to

hypertension

high blood pressure

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

cognitive-mediational theory

our emotions are determined by our appraisal of the stimulus

basolateral complex

part of the brain with dense connections with a variety of sensory areas of the brain; it is critical for classical conditioning and attaching emotional value to memory

ageism

prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based solely on their age

What area are human factors psychologists researching when they study what steps people take to successfully wash their hands before performing surgery?

task analysis