Psych Exam 3
Reflects an intermittent, recurrent wish or need to recover the lost person
Pining or yearning
Forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not consent to it
Rape
- Occurs sooner for partners who initiate a divorce - More unstable than first marriages - Have higher rates of depression but improved financial status
Remarried adults
Age were children believe that the dead can be brought back to life
3-5 years
Alice, Jane, Lois, and Sandra have been friends since grade school. Over the years, they have given each other support and shared in each other's joys and sadness. Which model of social relations does this scenario represent?
The convoy model
Cognitive _____ declines in old age, whereas cognitive _____ appears to remain constant or improve.
mechanics; pragmatics
Which of the following is true of the possible selves of older adults?
Acceptance of past selves increases
Death deliberately induced
Active euthansia
The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.
Active theory
Pattern of behavior characterized by an overwhelming involvement with using a drug and a preoccupation with securing its supply
Addiction
- Death regarded as remote and may be avoided, glossed over, or kidded about - Death of friends, siblings, parents, or grandparents bring death to the forefront of adolescents' lives - Develop more abstract conceptions about death than children
Adolescence
- Middle-aged adults fear death more than younger adults. - Older adults are forced to examine the meanings of life and death more frequently than younger adults
Adult hood and death
Which of the following is NOT a component of cognitive pragmatics
Comparison and categorization
Which of the following Big Five personality factors describes a person as either disciplined or impulsive?
Conscientiousness
Our own attitudes and values are supported when someone else's are similar to ours
Consensual validation
How life events influence the individual's development depends on: • Life event itself • Mediating factors • Individual's adaptation to the life event • Life-stage context • Sociohistorical context
Contemporary life-events approach
Accumulated information and verbal skills. Continues to increase in middle adulthood.
Crystallized intelligence
Which of the following is an example of active euthanasia?
Injecting a lethal dose of a drug
Involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.
Integrity v. despair
Cessation of a woman's menstrual periods • During the late forties or early fifties • May cause hot flashes, nausea, fatigue, and rapid heartbeat
menopause
The type of care that is designed to reduce pain and suffering and help individuals die with dignity is known as ________ care.
pallitave
An example of _____ attention is the ability to focus on one voice among many in a crowded room or a noisy restaurant.
selective
Process of patients thinking about and communicating their preferences about end of life care
Advance care planning
States whether life-sustaining procedures should or should not be used to prolong the life of an individual when death is imminent
Advance directive
Sustained exercise that stimulates heart and lung activity
Aerobic exercise
Gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function. Involves a deficiency in the brain of messenger chemical actycholine. Formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Women are more likely to develop because they live longer than men.
Alzheimer's disease
Dying person's denial gives way to resentment, rage, and envy
Anger
Demand closeness, are less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive
Anxious attachment style
_____ is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood.
Arthritis
Are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships
Avoidant attachment style
A person is brain dead when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time
Brain death
Living together in a sexual relationship without being married. Reasons would be to spend time together, share expenses, evaluate compatibility
Cohabiting adults
Which of the following are the most common chronic disorders for men during middle age?
Cancer, heart disease, and stroke
Gisela is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lenses of her eyes. This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted. Identify the condition that Gisela is suffering from.
Cataracts
Thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted
Cataracts
_____ theory states that cells can divide a maximum of about 75 to 80 times, and that as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.
Cellular clock
Cells can divide a maximum of 75 to 80 times • Age makes cells less capable of dividing
Cellular clock theory
- Aggression enhances their sense of power or masculinity - Angry at women in general - Want to hurt and humiliate their victim
Characteristics of male rapists
_____ is a term that is used to describe the midlife transition in which fertility declines.
Climacteric
Hardware of the mind, reflecting the neurophysiological architecture of the brain. Involve speed and accuracy of the processes
Cognitive mechanics
Culture-based software programs of the mind. Include reading and writing skills, language comprehension, educational qualifications, professional skills, and types of knowledge that help to master or cope with life.
Cognitive pragmatics
Leads to lower marital satisfaction and increased likelihood of divorce
Cohabiting adults
Neurological disorder in which primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning. 23% of women and 17% of men 85 years and older are at risk for developing.
Dementia
_____ is the global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.
Dementia
Insulates and allows one to avoid coping with intense feelings of anger and hurt. Can be maladaptive deprending on extent
Denial
Dying person denies that she or he is really going to die
Denial and isolation
An individual's grief involving a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss that can't be openly mourned or supported.
Disenfranchised grief
- Factors include: • Youthful marriage • Low educational level • Low income level • Not having a religious affiliation • Having divorced parents • Having a baby before marriage
Divorce
Model of coping with bereavement that emphasizes oscillation between following two dimensions
Dual process model
Decrease in marital satisfaction after children leave the home. Parents derive considerable satisfaction from their children.
Empty nest syndrome
Retention of information about the where and when of life's happenings
Episodic memory
Which of the following statements about the relationship between semantic memory and aging is true?
Episodic memory declines more than semantic memory in older adults.
The act of painlessly ending the lives of individuals who are suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability.
Euthanasia
Natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults. • Benefits conferred by evolution decline with age because natural selection is linked to reproductive fitness
Evolutionary theory
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that could be related to erectile problems in middle-aged men?
Excessive sexual activity
Helps prevent chronic disorders and benefits both physical and mental health.
Exercise
Facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state. Declines as the person ages
Explicit memory
Type of behavior men engage in when they experience stress. Become aggressive, socially withdraw, or drink alcohol
Fight or flight
Ability to reason abstractly. May begin to decline in middle adulthood
Fluid intellegence
Which of the following biological theories of aging states that people age because their cells' normal metabolism produces unstable oxygen molecules?
Free-radical theory
_____ refers to the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving an inequitably large allocation of resources.
Generational inequity
Adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation
Generativity
Damage to the optic nerve because of pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
Glaucoma
Emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.
Grief
_____ is the emotional numbness, disbelief, separation anxiety, despair, sadness, and loneliness that accompany the loss of someone we love.
Grief
_____ is a program committed to making the end of life as free from pain, anxiety, and depression as possible.
Hospice
Memory without conscious recollection that involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed. Less likely to be adversely affected by aging.
Implicit memory
Why are older adults more likely to forget what items they wanted to buy at a grocery store (unless they write them down on a list and take it with them) than they are to forget how to drive a car?
Implicit memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging than explicit memory.
Finding oneself while losing oneself in another person
Intimacy
Failure to achieve intimacy results in social _____________.
Isolation
According to evolutionary theory, which of the following is the reason Alzheimer disease has not been eliminated by evolution?
It does not appear until late middle adulthood or late adulthood.
Pleasant times after work. When individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing.
Leisure
Number of years that the average person born in a particular year will probably live
Life expectancy
Looking back at one's life experiences, evaluating them, and interpreting/reinterpreting them.
Life review
Maximum number of years an individual can live
Life span
A legal document that reflects the patient's advance care planning
Living will
Deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field
Macular degeneration
What is a leading cause of blindness in older adults?
Macular degeneration
Mood disorder in which the individual is deeply unhappy, demoralized, selfderogatory, and bored. Less common in older adults than younger adults. Common predictors include: earlier depressive symptoms, poor health of disability, loss events, low social support.
Major depression
We choose partners who match our own level of attractiveness
Matching hypothesis
Hypertension, obesity, and insulin resistance
Metabolic syndrome
Middle-aged adults interpret, shape, alter, and give meaning to their lives. Triggered by life events such as job loss, financial problems, or illness.
Mid-life crisis
_____ adulthood is the developmental period that begins at approximately 40 to 45 years of age and extends to about 60 to 65 years of age.
Middle
Which of the following supertraits deals with emotional stability and describes an individual as being calm or anxious?
Neuroticism
What is the main difference between the way younger people and older people respond to stress?
Older people keep stress hormones in their system at elevated levels for longer periods.
Identify the region of the human brain in which neurogenesis has been documented in adults.
Olfactory bulb
The big five factors of personality
Openess Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeblness Neuroticism
_____ involves an extensive loss of bone tissue.
Osteoporosis
_____ is triggered by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain.
Parkinson disease
When treatment is withheld
Passive euthansia
Components comprising the death system:
People, places of contexts, times, objects, and symbols
An adaptive strategy for remaining alert and cheerful
Percieved control
Transitional period from normal menstrual periods to no menstrual periods at all.
Perimenopause
Which of the following statements is true about the dual-process model of coping with bereavement?
Restoration-oriented stressors is one of the key dimensions of the dual-process model.
Which of the following is true of divorce or remarriage in older adults?
Rising divorce rates, increased longevity, and better health have led to an increase in remarriage by older adults.
Have a positive view of relationships and find it easy to get close to others
Secure attachment style
_____ theory describes how people can produce new resources and allocate them effectively to the tasks they want to master.
Selective optimization with compensation
Tends to decline significantly in the seventies and eighties because of: - Being widowed, institutionalized, or physically impaired - Having a low religious commitment - Declining health
Self-esteem
Person's knowledge about the world
Sematic memory
Manifestation of power of one person over another
Sexual harassment
Reason for decline in language
Slower information processing speed. Decline in working memory.
Older adults become more selective about their social networks.
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Which of the following theories explains why older adults spend most of their time with familiar individuals and family?
Socioemotional selectivity theory
Type of behavior women engage in when they experience stress. Seek social alliances with others
Tend and befriend
Which of the following statements about menopause is NOT true?
The age at which menopause occurs has increased dramatically in recent years.
What do studies say of the American attitude toward euthanasia after the Terri Schiavo incident?
There is a trend toward accepting passive euthanasia in cases of terminally ill patients.
- Visual acuity - Color vision - Depth perception
Vision
_____ is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits practical judgment about important matters.
Wisdom
Which of the following is one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer disease?
Word-finding/generating difficulties
When women experience stress, they are more likely to engage in:
a tend-and-befriend pattern.
Around this age children view death as universal and irreversible
about 9 years old
Kübler-Ross describes the _____ stage as the end of the dying struggle.
acceptance
Sense of peace comes
acceptance
It suggests that many individuals will achieve greater life satisfaction if they continue their middle-adulthood roles into late adulthood and if these roles are stripped from them, it is important for them to find substitute roles that keep them dynamic and involved.
activity theory
Older adults not being hired for new jobs, being eased out of old ones because they are perceived as too rigid or feeble-minded, and being eased out because they are not considered cost effective are examples of:
ageism
Vaillant's research showed that at age 50, the best predictors of who would be dead at 75 to 80 years of age were:
alcohol abuse and smoking.
Brain death occurs when:
all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time.
In the _____ stage of dying, the dying person's question is, "Why me?"
anger
According to Kübler-Ross, _____ is the stage of dying in which the person develops the hope that death can somehow be postponed or delayed.
bargaining
dying person develops the hope that death can somehow be postponed
bargaining
Individuals 100 years and older • Increasing at the rate of 7% each year in industrialized countries because of: - Diet - Low-stress lifestyle - Caring community - Activity - Spirituality
centenarian
Midlife transition in which fertility declines
climacteric
The _____ life-events approach emphasized the manner in which life events that influence an individual's development depends not only on these events but also on mediating factors.
contemporary
an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills.
crystallized intelligence
withdrawl, crying, and grieving. dying person comes to acctp the certainity of death
depression
Gina is doing what she can to help her older aunt take care of herself and stay in her own home. Gina often takes meals to her aunt and helps her clean, go shopping, and make visits to the doctor. Gina is providing _____ for her aunt.
eldercare
When men face stress, they are more likely to respond in a:
fight-or-flight manner.
In Erikson's theory, _____ encompasses adults' desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation.
generativity
Cynthia is 91 years old. Doctors have found that Cynthia's optic nerves have been damaged due to accumulation of fluid in the eye. Cynthia is worried that she will lose her vision, but the doctor has told her that her condition can be treated with eye drops. The disease that has marred Cynthia's vision is:
glaucoma
Adult development experts are virtually unanimous in their belief that midlife crises:
have been exaggerated.
Factors involved in obesity
hereditary, dieting, enviornmental faactors
Reaction time task. Causes for the decline in speed: - Levels of analysis - Cognitive - Neuroanatomical - Neurochemical
information processing
According to Erikson, the _____ stage of development involves reflecting on the past and either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent.
integrity vs. despair
The Seattle Longitudinal Study concluded that middle age is a time of:
peak performance for verbal ability.
Fluid intelligence is the ability to:
reason abstractly.
Older adults have more difficulty determining the time required to step on the brakes when a traffic light suddenly turns red. This is because they have:
slower perceptual speed.
The timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks, such as getting married, having children, or establishing themselves in a career is known as the:
social clock.
According to Viktor Frankl, the three most distinct human qualities are freedom, responsibility, and:
spirituality
- Multiple medications increases the risks associated with consuming alcohol or other drugs. - Frequency of binge drinking is the highest among this age group
substance abuse in older adults
Angelo and his wife just had their last child move out of the house. He and his wife had lived vicariously through their children, letting their sports activities and various achievements dominate their lives. Now they may experience _____, which includes a decline in marital satisfaction after children leave the home.
the empty nest syndrome
- Privacy and autonomy in regard to their families - Inadequate information about physical changes and medication as death approached - motivation to shorten their life
three areas of concern when facing one's own death