psych exam 3
"He got into a fight because another person insulted and pushed him." This is an example of ___ A. an external (situational) attribution. B. a biased attribution. C. an internal (personal) attribution. D. a reflexive attribution.
A
"He got into a fight because he is an aggressive person." This is an example of ___ A. an internal (personal) attribution. B. a biased attribution. C. an external (situational) attribution. D. a reflexive attribution.
A
A nutritionist wants to help people lose weight by regulating the cephalic phase of eating. What should she do? A. encourage people to manage the stressors that contributes to overeating B. develop a drug that activates cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors in the brain C. develop a drug that activates leptin receptors in the brain
A
A woman who has just been told that her husband is having an affair with another woman says, "I don't believe it." This is an example of which defense mechanism? A. denial B. projection C. displacement D. reaction formation
A
According to Freud's psychodynamic theory ____ A. libido focuses on different parts of the body during development. B. all neurotic behavior can be traced to overindulgence in sexual behavior. C. catharsis is what happens if the libido becomes fixated. D. the unconscious has no thoughts, memories, or emotions.
A
According to Freud, a boy who develops a sexual interest in his mother and competitive aggression toward his father is experiencing ___ A. an Oedipus complex. B. an Electra complex. C. an Othello complex. D. catharsis.
A
According to Freud, someone who goes through life "holding things back" and is orderly, stingy, and stubborn was probably fixated in the ___ A. anal stage. B. oral stage. C. phallic stage. D. latency period.
A
According to Freud, the "anal stage" is a normal part of psychosexual development. A. True B. False
A
According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, during Phase I our resistance to stress ___ A. has a brief dip and then increases B. increases and then decreases C. decreases and then increases D. has a brief increase and then decreases
A
According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, during Phase II our resistance to stress ___ A. increases and then decreases B. has a brief dip and then increases C. decreases and then increases D. has a brief increase and then decreases
A
According to Sheldon's constitutional psychology, someone who is intelligent, but fearful ___. A. is an ectomorph and is likely tall and thin B. is an endomorph and is likely to be short and stout C. is a mesomorph and is likely to be short and stout D. is a mesomorph and is likely tall and thin E. is an ectomorph and is likely to be short and stout
A
According to research presented in class, cannabinoid receptor ___ increase food intake. A. agonists, like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol B. antagonists, like SR141716A
A
An ingroup is the group that someone belongs to. A. True B. False
A
Idiographic approaches to evaluating personality focus on individual lives. A. True B. False
A
In Stanley Milgram's research on obedience ___ A. participants thought they were shocking someone else, although they really weren't B. participants did not think they were administering shock to someone else, although the actually were C. the "learner" was a real participant, while the "teacher" was a confederate of the experimenter D. teachers who refused to shock learners were threatened with shock themselves
A
In one study, subjects were asked whether their own behavior and the behavior of other people depended mostly on their personality traits or whether it depended on the situation. They were most likely to say "depends on the situation" when they were asked about ____ A. themselves. B. people they knew well (such as their close relatives). C. people they did not know personally (such as a news announcer). D. people they knew moderately well (such as a person they had met a few weeks ago).
A
Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions. When a student watched the clip with other people, she showed little outward emotion. When the student watched the clips alone, she showed the same emotions as are seen in American college students. The difference in emotional expression in the two situations shows the influence of ___ A. cultural display rules. B. cues from experimenter expectancies. C. responding to interpersonal rather than intrapersonal factors. D. mere-exposure effect
A
Jolene treats members of her own sorority differently than she treats other people. Which best describes ingroup favoritism? A. When one of her sorority sisters is struggling with math, Jolene offers to tutor her for free, though normally she charges for tutoring help. B. Jolene thinks that members of a rival sorority are all dumb blondes, but members of her own sorority have lovely, unique personalities. C. Jolene pretends she cannot hear the freshman computer science nerd when he asks her out; she considers him a member of a lower species. D. Jolene's membership in her sorority is a major source of pride, and she considers herself to be in the same social category as her sorority sisters.
A
Lazarus divides the cognitive appraisal process into two parts: primary and secondary. Primary appraisals involve ___ A. deciding whether an event is stressful or irrelevant to you. B. evaluating your response options. C. selecting a coping behavior. D. both B and C are correct
A
Many psychologists believe they can account for the largest proportion of personality differences by means of the following five traits ___ A. neuroticism, extraversion, openness to new experiences, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. B. locus of control, authoritarianism, field-independence, Machiavellianism, and honesty. C. masculinity, femininity, androgyny, ambitiousness, and sensation seeking. D. self-monitoring, politeness, willingness to take risks, shyness, and timidity.
A
Mr. Lahore has hired four college students to paint his house. Given what you know about social loafing, which set of conditions is likely to produce the best work? A. Each student paints one room by himself. B. All the students work together on each room. C. The students work in two-person teams. D. The students take turns painting and watching each other.
A
Pierre and Priscilla go on a very scary roller-coaster ride together. If misattribution of arousal occurs, what will happen? A. They will be more likely to find one another attractive B. They will understand that their physical arousal is due to the ride C. They will feel more physical arousal together than they would if they were riding the roller coaster alone
A
Psychologists use the term "personality" primarily to refer to characteristics and behaviors that ___ A. are relatively stable over time and circumstances B. show little variability across persons C. naive observers attribute to others D. stem from conscious intentions
A
Ruth has weighed 130 pounds all her adult life. During her recent pregnancy, she gained 10 pounds. Within a few months, Ruth's weight returned naturally to 130 pounds. For Ruth, 130 pounds was a(n) ___, and her body went back to it through a process of ___. A. set-point; homeostasis B. optimal weight; equilibrium C. set-point; equilibrium D. optimal weight; homeostasis
A
Seeing someone who is red in the face and "ready to explode" with anger might indicate that the person ___ A. has a Type A personality. B. has a Type B personality.
A
Professor Marcus believes that student athletes are lazy and academically incompetent. Every time she has an athlete in one of her classes who is a poor student, she takes note of and remembers it. Every time she has an athlete in her class who is an excellent student, she ignores it. Through this mechanism, Professor Marcus ___ her stereotype of student athletes. A. revises B. discredits C. maintains D. alters
C
Stanley Milgram's experiment illustrated the phenomenon of ___ A. stereotypes. B. resistance. C. obedience. D. none of the above.
C
Temperamental differences in humans are primarily a function of ___ A. different early environments. B. different parenting styles. C. underlying differences in biological processes. D. gender differences.
C
The Yerkes-Dodson law, which characterizes the relation between arousal and performance, is characterized graphically as a(n): A. U-shaped function. B. linear function. C. inverted (upside-down) U-shaped function. D. exponential function.
C
The main advantage of a stereotype is that it ___; the main disadvantage is that it ___. A. identifies critical information; is a mental heuristic B. is basically accurate; is not very detailed C. allows for rapid processing; can lead to errors
C
The most central goal of the positive psychology movement is to ___ A. promote positive change in society by advocating for world peace. B. convince people that they have much in life to be grateful for. C. study and understand psychological well-being. D. train people to become positive and more effective leaders.
C
The process of releasing an emotion, getting it out of one's system, is called ___ A. displacement. B. obsession. C. catharsis. D. transference.
C
The purpose of homeostatic behaviors is to ___ A. generate a drive to satisfy a need. B. create a state of arousal. C. stabilize conditions in the body. D. both A and B.
C
What is self-schema? A. everything one knows and believes about one's self B. immediate, limited information about the self C. integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self D. the evaluative aspect of self-concept
C
When a person eats an unhealthy diet despite knowing the negative consequences but rationalizes the behavior to decrease the anxiety he or she is experiencing, this behavior is an example of ___ A. conformity. B. social norms. C. cognitive dissonance. D. compliance.
C
Which best describes the Cannon-Bard theory theory of emotions? A. A bodily response leads to emotion. B. A bodily response is labeled with an explanation, which leads to emotion. C. Bodily response and emotion are experienced separately and simultaneously.
C
Which best reflects parasympathetic nervous system activity? A. increased heart rate B. increased blood pressure C. increased digestion D. both A and B are correct E. A, B and C are correct
C
Which best supports an incentive-salience view of motivation? A. Sarah wears a thick sweater when it's cold and a delicate tank-top when it's hot B. Amanda hasn't had a meal since last night and eats a sandwich C. Jessica sees an ad for chips on television and goes to the kitchen for a snack
C
The same "Big Five" personality traits have been found to be the same across cultures. A. True B. False
B
The tendency for people to overemphasize personality and underestimate the situation when making attributions about others is referred to as ___ A. the diamond in the rough effect B. fundamental attribution error. C. stereotyping. D. discrimination
B
Which best describes the Schachter-Singer theory (two-process) theory of emotions? A. A bodily response leads to emotion. B. A bodily response is labeled with an explanation, which leads to emotion. C. Bodily response and emotion are experienced separately and simultaneously.
B
Which best supports a drive reduction view of motivation? A. Jessica wears a thick sweater when it's cold and a delicate tank-top when it's hot B. Amanda hasn't had a meal since last night and eats a sandwich C. Sarah sees an ad for chips on television and goes to the kitchen for a snack
B
Which should increase feeding behavior? A. increasing the amount of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the body B. decreasing the amount of leptin in the body C. increasing the amount of leptin in the body D. both A and B are correct E. both A and C are correct
B
Your roommate is an extremely shy person. Research suggests that she ___ A. probably acquired this disposition during a difficult time in her adolescence. B. displayed signs of inhibition and social distress even as a very young child. C. was raised by parents who provided supportive and calm environments that fostered her quiet character. D. may have suffered some trauma as an infant.
B
Social psychologist Philip Zimbardo randomly assigned participants to play the role of either prison guard or prisoner in a simulated prison for two weeks. What were the results of this simulation? A. The prison guards became so cruel that the study had to be called to an end after only six days B. Because the prison guards were not given thorough instructions, most of the prisoners were able to escape C. Realizing they were being studied by psychologists, the prison guards were helpful and courteous to the prisoners D. The prisoners became so rebellious and violent they had to double the number of guards in order to maintain contro
A
Social psychologist Philip Zimbardo randomly assigned participants to play the role of either prison guard or prisoner in a simulated prison for two weeks. What were the results of this simulation? A. The prison guards became so cruel that the study had to be called to an end after only six days B. Because the prison guards were not given thorough instructions, most of the prisoners were able to escape C. Realizing they were being studied by psychologists, the prison guards were helpful and courteous to the prisoners D. The prisoners became so rebellious and violent they had to double the number of guards in order to maintain control
A
Someone who is shy about meeting people would most likely be low in ___ under the "big five" personality traits. A. extraversion. B. introversion. C. neuroticism. D. agreeableness.
A
Someone with a body mass index (BMI) ___ is considered obese under this scale. A. over 30 B. over 25 C. under 30 D. under 19
A
Stanley Milgram's experiment illustrated the phenomenon of ___ A. obedience. B. stereotypes. C. resistance. D. none of the above.
A
Temperamental differences in humans are primarily a function of ___ A. underlying differences in biological processes. B. different early environments. C. different parenting styles. D. gender differences.
A
The HPA axis involves initial activation of the ___ A. hypothalamus. B. hindbrain. C. hippocampus. D. heart.
A
The Stanford prison study by Philip Zimbardo illustrates that people ___ A. behave in accord with their role in a situation B. are innately violent, unless constrained by society C. placed in all-male groups will create dominance hierarchies D. will obey orders, even when they violate their principles
A
The difference between eustress and distress involves whether the event is perceived as ___ A. positive or negative B. involving the self or others C. occurring now or in the future D. acute or chronic
A
The main conclusion of Milgram's studies is that: A. ordinary people will obey authority even when they do not want to. B. ordinary people have an inherent violence that is easily released. C. ordinary people will follow immoral orders only in artificial situations. D. men will obey immoral orders, but women will not.
A
The most central goal of the positive psychology movement is to ___ A. study and understand psychological well-being. B. promote positive change in society by advocating for world peace. C. convince people that they have much in life to be grateful for. D. train people to become positive and more effective leaders.
A
The process of assigning causes to someone's behavior (including one's own) is known as ___ A. cognitive dissonance. B. group polarization. C. attribution. D. bias
A
The syllabus states that students may not give their iClicker/REEF to another student to answer in class questions. The instructor considers this a violation of University Honor Code. What is the penalty if a student is caught for this violation? A. loss of all participation points for the semester and referral to the Provost for disciplinary action B. loss of the points earned on that class day C. loss of half of all participation points for the semester and referral to the Provost for disciplinary action D. loss of the points earned from that day and the instructor will contact the student's parents
A
When respondents are asked to pair Black and White faces and pleasant or unpleasant words, this is probably a(n)___ A. Implicit Association Test (IAT). B. projective personality test. C. clinical interview. D. intelligence test.
A
Which best describes the James-Lange theory of emotions? A. A bodily response leads to emotion. B. A bodily response is labeled with an explanation, which leads to emotion. C. Bodily response and emotion are experienced separately and simultaneously.
A
___ attitudes influence feelings and behavior on an unconscious level A. Implicit B. Explicit
A
Inga is running for president of the student body of her university. The night before the election, she and her opponent have a debate in front of thousands of people. In reviewing the tape of the debate, Inga is most likely to attribute her own errors to ___ and to attribute her opponent's errors to ___. A. poor debating skills; insufficient desire for the office B. lack of preparation; biased questions from the panel C. confusing questions from the panel; poor debating skills D. insufficient desire for the office; his lack of preparation
C
Katie feels as if her sorority is made up of many diverse and unique members. However, she feels like fraternities are composed of males who are all very similar to each other. Her bias is known as: A. the mere-exposure phenomenon. B. a self-fulfilling prophecy. C. the outgroup homogeneity effect. D. confirmation bias
C
A nutritionist wants to help people lose weight by regulating the cephalic phase of eating. What should she do? A. develop a drug that activates cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors in the brain B. encourage people to manage the stressors that contributes to overeating C. develop a drug that activates leptin receptors in the brain
B
According to Freud, people have a psychosexual energy, which he called ___ A. catharsis. B. libido. C. superego. D. ego.
B
According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, during Phase II our resistance to stress ___ A. has a brief dip and then increases B. increases and then decreases C. decreases and then increases D. has a brief increase and then decreases
B
According to research presented in class, cannabinoid receptor ___ decrease food intake. A. agonists, like delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol B. antagonists, like SR141716A
B
According to sexual strategies theory, men and women differ in their sexual behavior because they ___ A. operate under different cultural constraints. B. face different adaptive problems. C. have different distributions of hormones. D. differ in their levels of erotic plasticity.
B
Basically, how is body mass index (BMI) calculated? A. a person's body weight is multiplied by his height B. a person's body weight is divided by his height C. a person's height is added to his body weight D. a person's height is divided by his body weight
B
In Freud's theory, the superego is the part of personality that includes the drives for biological gratification. A. True B. False
B
Someone with a body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 24 is considered ___ under this scale. A. underweight B. healthy C. overweight D. obese E. extremely obese
B
Thabo is about to take the admissions exam for law school. He knows that anxiety can hurt test performance, so he deliberately makes himself very relaxed before going into the exam. He proceeds through the exam very calmly, without feeling rushed or pressured. He is shocked when time is called before he finishes. He would have been less shocked had he known about ___. A. Hull's drive theory B. the Yerkes-Dodson law C. Canon's theory of homeostasis D. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
B
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures ___ A. personality disorders such as schizophrenia. B. unconscious attitudes. C. intelligence as defined by mainstream psychologists. D. ability to form new friendships.
B
The major difference between emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping involves ___ A. the intensity of the stressor. B. whether one attempts to reduce the emotions associated with the stressor or solve the problem directly. C. the ability to perceive the stressor. D. whether the stress is familiar or unfamiliar.
B
In the HPA axis, ___ is a stress hormone released from the adrenals when we experience a stressful event A. oxytocin B. dopamine C. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D. cortisol
C
Katie feels as if her sorority is made up of many diverse and unique members. However, she feels like fraternities are composed of males who are all very similar to each other. Her bias is known as: A. the mere-exposure phenomenon. B. a self-fulfilling prophecy. C. the outgroup homogeneity effect. D. confirmation bias.
C
One of the problems with the prolonged activation of the HPA axis due to chronic stress is that it ___ A. remains inactive even during extreme stress. B. destroys neurons in the spinal cord. C. damages neurons in the hippocampus. D. facilitates long-term potentiation.
C
"He got into a fight because he is an aggressive person." This is an example of ___ A. a biased attribution. B. an external (situational) attribution. C. an internal (personal) attribution. D. a reflexive attribution.
C
A nutritionist wants to help people lose weight by regulating the gastric phase of eating. What should he do? A. develop a drug that activates leptin receptors in the brain B. encourage people to manage the stressors that contributes to overeating C. develop a drug that regulates the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) from the stomach.
C
According to Freud, we go through stages of sexual development in the following order ___ A. latent, anal, oral, genital, phallic B. anal, oral, latent, genital, phallic C. oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital D. oral, latent, anal, phallic, genital
C
Freud argued that defense mechanisms are ___ A. strategies the id uses to satisfy the pleasure principle. B. conscious mental strategies that we use to deal with unacceptable sexual urges. C. unconscious strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress. D. strategies that the superego employs to satisfy the reality principle.
C
If the id is a dominant force in one's personality, he is likely to ___ A. feel embarrassed even if he has done nothing wrong. B. be painfully shy. C. do things he later regrets. D. resolve conflicts in a peaceful way
C
If the id is a dominant force in one's personality, he is likely to ___ A. feel embarrassed even if he has done nothing wrong. B. be painfully shy. C. do things he later regrets. D. resolve conflicts in a peaceful way.
C
In ___, the presence of others may lead to increased arousal and enhanced performance. A. social loafing B. deindividuation C. social facilitation D. deindividualization
C
According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, during Phase III our resistance to stress ___ A. has a brief dip and then increases B. increases and then decreases C. decreases and then increases D. decreases
D
Freud's theory of personality is an example of a _____ theory. A. functional B. Gestalt C. humanistic D. psychodynamic
D
How does oxytocin influence sexual behavior? A. promotes blood flow to the genitals B. reduces sexual interest C. plays a role in experiencing physical pleasure D. promotes feelings of love and attachment
D
How would Sigmund Freud explain why someone eats, drinks, or smokes too much? A. The person has a weak id and a strong superego. B. The person has a very high level of libido. C. The person is engaging in projection and rationalization. D. The person had a fixation during the oral stage.
D
If Dirk fails his calculus exam, he might make a self-serving attribution and decide that his failure was due to ___ A. not having gone to class or studied enough. B. his decision to go out the night before the exam. C. his lack of basic ability in mathematics. D. the exam having been too difficult to be fair.
D
Lazarus divides the cognitive appraisal process into two parts: primary and secondary. Secondary appraisals involve ___ A. deciding whether an event is stressful or irrelevant to you. B. evaluating your response options. C. selecting a coping behavior. D. both B and C are correct
D
Remy the rat has lost his appetite and is losing so much weight that he is in danger of dying. Remy most probably has damage to the___. A. cerebellum B. medial temporal lobe C. cingulate gyrus D. hypothalamus E. hippocampus
D
The difference between eustress and distress involves whether the event is perceived as ___ A. involving the self or others B. occurring now or in the future C. acute or chronic D. positive or negative
D
The major difference between emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping involves ___ A. whether the stress is familiar or unfamiliar. B. the ability to perceive the stressor. C. the intensity of the stressor. D. whether one attempts to reduce the emotions associated with the stressor or solve the problem directly
D
Two of the "big five" personality factors are ___ A. introversion and extraversion. B. honesty and conscientiousness. C. fear and anger. D. neuroticism and conscientiousness.
D
What is self-esteem? A. everything one knows and believes about one's self B. immediate, limited information about the self C. integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self D. the evaluative aspect of self-concept
D
When a stressor is present, the pituitary releases ___, which stimulates the release of the stress hormone ___ from the adrenals. A. corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH); adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B. ACTH; CRH C. CRH; cortisol D. ACTH; cortisol E. cortisol; ACTH
D
Which best reflects sympathetic nervous system activity? A. increased blood pressure B. increased heart rate C. increased digestion D. both A and B are correct E. A, B and C are correct
D
Which of the following would be the clearest example of Freud's defense mechanism of projection? A. someone who gets angry with his boss keeps quiet until he gets home and then kicks the dog B. an adult who fails at business and begins to act like a teenager again C. a witness to a bloody automobile accident forgets all the relevant details D. someone who has used illegal drugs accuses other people of being drug users
D
Which should decrease feeding behavior? A. increasing the amount of cholecystokinin (CCK) in the body B. decreasing the amount of leptin in the body C. increasing the amount of leptin in the body D. both A and B are correct E. both A and C are correct
E
