PSYCH EXAM 3 Questions

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics"

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

According to the hierarchical network models, the statement " a Pomeranian has a tail" would be answered SLOWER than which of the following statements?

a Pomeranian has a yappy bark

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their model.

spreading activation

Two cars are involved in a collision. A police officer later asks a witness what happened. What question might result in the most biased recollection of the event?

"How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?"

Studies of false memory formation have indicated that about ____ of people form false memories of autobiographical events after misleading cuing

25-29

Confidence for flashbulb memories may remain high for

3 years of longer

Which of these definitions is correct for an autobiographical memory?

A memory consisting of informations about ourselves

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypically in "birds" category?

A sparrow

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal

Which of the following statements is NOT cited in your text as a reason why categories are useful?

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

__________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past

Exemplars

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Freedom

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Frontal and temporal

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

If you were given the words jog,run, gallop, sprint, jump, track, chase, and escape and asked to remember them, which of the following words would you be most likely to falsely remember?

Run

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

The group with 10 years of English instruction

A phoneme refers to

The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

When a participant is asked to list examples of the category vegetables, it is most likely that

a carrot would be named before eggplant

In a lexical decision tasks, participants have to decide whether

a presented stimulus is a word

A _____ is a "typical" member of a category

a prototype

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of...

a sequence of actions

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate their extent to which each member represents the category title

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump described enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

An experiment studying the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include;

an extraneous cough

Studies of autobiographical memory suggests that

as similar events are repeated, it starts to form a schema

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

concepts

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience

basic

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.

bottom-up; top-down

_______ refers to our inability to remember autobiographical memories from the first few years of life

childhood amnesia

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?

cognitive economy

Nodes in semantic network models represent

concepts

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

Accuracy for memory recollection ____ over time

decreases

The definitional approach to categorization;

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

To say "A Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog", you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.

exemplar

Mental imagery involves

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

Priming occurs when presentation of use stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of chairs, even though no one category member may have allthe characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g. most have four legs, but not all) is;

family resemblance

_____ memories are remarkably salient memories of emotional events such as hearing about the World Trade Center bombing

flashbulb

When we look at an acoustigram of conversational speech, we see the speech signal

has no breaks and is continuous

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, to createsentences, which can then be components of larger structures. This demonstrates the _____ property of language.

hierarchical

Cognitive economy is a central feature of which of these theories of knowledge representation

hierarchical network

The typicality effect is a problem for which of these theories to explain?

hierarchical network

Studies of flashbulb memories indicate that they are all of the following expect

highly accurate

Syntax refers to

how words and phrases are put together into sentences

Chomsky proposed

humans are genetically predisposed to acquire and use language

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

Studies of memory can best explain how memory works

in the lab

Evidence that language in a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who use sign language, they:

invent their own sign language

According to the typicality effect

items that are high in prototypically are judged more rapidly as being in a group

Autobiographical memories are ____ susceptible to distortion compared to semantic memories (as measured by word list recall and recognition)

less

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

mental images

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

method of Ioci

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

Following a car accident, Bonnie was unable to notice objects in her left field of view. What part of Bonnie's brain was likely damaged in the accident?

parietal lobe

The sounds of languages are called?

phonemes

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts

Spreading activation

primes associated concepts.

Semantic _______ occurs, when making a decision about one concept makes it easier to make a decision about another concept

priming

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard

Idealized mental representations are key element of the ____ view of categorization

prototype

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same/different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green", than when presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green". The result of this experiment was interpreted as evidence supporting the _____ approach to categorization

prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

A _____is a schema for a common event such as taking a final exam

script

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation

semantic network

Language researchers who study ___________ are most concerned with the processing of the meaning of language information.

semantics

A researcher had participants read each of the following sentences and measured the time to read each one. Sentence 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Sentence 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard.The participants' RTs were longer for _____ because of the _____ effect.

sentence; word frequency

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

source monitoring

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

strong

If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.

subordinate; basic

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _____ categories results in the largest gain in information

superordinate level to basic level

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on;

the average of commonly experience category members

Hierarchical network models of memory cannot account for the ____ effect

typicality

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories,

the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a higher priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

they took themselves

your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with US and Itzai participants. Given the results, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, US participants would answer ______ and Itzai participants would answer ____.

tree: oak

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence.Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture.Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard.

trial 1; word frequency

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"