Psych - Exam - Late Adulthood
long-term memory:
the storage of information over an extended period
secondary aging:
refers to changes that are caused by illness or disease
socioemotional selectivity theory:
theory that as time horizons shrink, people become increasingly selective, investing greater resources in emotionally meaningful goals, activities, and relationships
free radical theory of aging (FRTA):
theory that organisms age because cells accumulate free radical damage over time
Companionate grandparents are usually characterized by which of the following?
they act as supporters and buddies to their grandchildren
According to statistics, when people in late adulthood continue to work, continue their education, volunteer, become politically engaged, involve themselves in social institutions like community centers, churches and schools, these are just some of the ways they remain ________.
productive and generative
blue zones:
regions of the world where Dan Buettner claims people live much longer than average
Which is the best advice for Felicia, who is 81 and healthy, and hoping to continue leading an active life?
remain sexually active, exercise, and have good friends
Thomas is 57 years old and has severe arthritis. He is overweight and also suffers from fatigue, loss of concentration, headaches and unrefreshing sleep, and this has caused a change in his physical functioning despite his age.
secondary
Carol and Greg both retired at 65 by choice. They remain productive in many ways. Which of the following has not been reported to be one of the ways people in late adulthood continue to be productive?
sleeping until midday every day and then watching television.
active life expectancy:
the number of years a person can expect to live without disability
________ is a type of social structure wherein the power is held by a society's oldest members.
Gerontocracy
Ezekiel is 88. According to demographers, which age category is he in?
oldest old
temporal theory of pitch perception:
sound's frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron
Mary worked in customer service for 40 years. She was known to be insightful and able to overcome obstacles that she encountered on a daily basis. She retired from her management position at the age of 65. Now, as a volunteer at a polling bureau, she puts her ability to use common sense and good judgment in making decisions to good use.
wisdom
The ability to use common sense and good judgment in making decisions does not come with old age imperatively, but some older adults are better at being insightful and they use knowledge to overcome obstacles they encounter in their daily lives. What is this called?
wisdom
Which of these cognitive functions is most sensitive to decline in old age?
working memory
Ronaldo is determined to live a long and healthy life. What is good advice for him to raise his active life expectancy?
???
Peter is age 65 and was married for 32 years. His spouse died of cancer more than 3 years ago. Gail is also 65 and is now widowed after 40 years of marriage. Her spouse died after a stroke. Which of the two may experience complicated grief, or difficulty because they do have a social network and can take care of their own daily needs?
????
According to demographers, what is the approximate age of onset of late adulthood?
65
conductive hearing loss:
failure in the vibration of the eardrum and/or movement of the ossicles
vertigo
spinning sensation
presbycusis
age related hearing loss
Which of the following is a leading cause of death from a chronic condition in elderly people?
heart disease
Nancy is in her early 60s and nervous about growing old because she doesn't want to be limited in her daily functioning or lose her memory or judgement. How might you reassure Nancy about her fears?
Dementia is not inevitable; while 10% will develop dementia in their lifetime, less than half of people above age 84 will have it.
integrity
Erikson refers to this as reflecting on one's life and is experiencing a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment
James is 64 years old and complains to his doctor that he has blurred, "fuzzy" vision. When he reads the newspaper the lines appear wavy or distorted. His Doctor tells him that he suffers from the most common cause of blindness in people over the age of 60, but not to worry because the disease was detected early. He put him on medication and a diet rich in antioxidants and thinks that he may even avoid laser surgery. James was diagnosed with ________.
James was diagnosed with ________. glaucoma age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
Which statement is true of life expectancies in the United States?
Life expectancies in the United States are higher for women than men. Check Answer
Ménière's disease:
Ménière's disease:
dementia
an umbrella category for neurocognitive disorders, characterized by progressive and gradual cognitive deficits due to severe cerebral atrophy
working memory:
a cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing
osteoporosis:
a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet
life expectancy:
a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender
Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC):
a strategy for improving health and well being in older adults and a model for successful aging
gerontocracy
a type of social structure wherein the power is held by a society's oldest members
Sheila retired two years ago at the age of 65. She would have worked a few more years, but felt pressure to make room for new younger recruits at her state job. No longer as active on a daily basis, her morale and self concept are lower. In addressing this issue, a developmental psychologist may recommend that Sheila gets involved in voluntary and leisure organizations, child care or other forms of social interaction. This supports which theory?
activity theory
presbycusis
age-related sensorineural hearing loss resulting from degeneration of the cochlea or associated structures of the inner ear or auditory nerves
Which of the following is a term for prejudice and discrimination directed at older people?
ageism
primary aging:
aging that is irreversible and is due to genetic predisposition
Catherine is an 77-year-old widow who values living independently but has suffered for several years with forgetfulness, especially with recent memories. She has trouble recalling the names of her best friends when they call on the phone, and she worries that she may have a form of dementia called ________.
alzheimer's disease
delirium:
an abrupt change in the brain that causes mental confusion and emotional disruption. It makes it difficult to think, remember, sleep, pay attention, and more
Alzheimer's disease:
an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks
arthritis:
arthritis is inflammation of one or more of the joints, characterized by joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age
senescence
biological aging and the gradual deterioration of functional abilities
Tommy is complaining of blurred vision. A visual screening reveals that his eyes have cloudy areas on the lenses that are preventing light from passing through. Tommy's diagnosis is likely ________.
cataracts
A large generational divide involves the use of technology. A 70 year old is less likely to use technology than a 20 year old. Research shows that some of this difference may be explained by a decline in attention and memory that occurs as we age. What kind of age related change would describe this limitation?
cognitive
Denise has been retired for 12 years and is 72 years old. She is having a conversation with her daughter, discussing plans to do different things with each of her grandchildren during the summer vacation. She loves spending time with them and values her friendship with them. What style of grandparenting characterizes the type of grandparent Denise must be?
companionate grandparent
A temporary condition in which individuals experience a disturbance in attention and awareness, is referred to as
delirium
An 85-year-old man, George, is demonstrating serious memory loss, lessened intellectual ability, and impaired judgment. What diagnosis is George likely to receive from a doctor?
dementia
Seventy-three year old Larry has contemplated his life and realizes he is dissatisfied. He realizes that missed opportunities have passed, like staying in contact with his children and being an involved grandparent. When he thinks of his accomplishments, he cannot say that he has accomplished what he wished. According to the theory of psychoanalyst Erik Erikson, Larry is experiencing ________.
despair
type 2 diabetes (T2D):
diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin primarily from obesity or lack of exercise
Mary at age 80 loves her independence, but lately she has been involved in more car accidents, although minor and mostly due the constant switching of attention when there is a lot of traffic. To explain Mary's challenges, new research may point to problems in ________ among older adults, when it comes to activities such as driving.
divided attention
cochlear implant:
electronic device that consists of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array to directly stimulate the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain
refers to changes that are caused by illness or disease
failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain
The ancient Greek city state of Sparta was ruled by a Gerousia. A Gerousia was a council made up of members who were at least 60 years old and served for life. The political power within the ruling class accumulates with age, making the oldest the holders of the most power. In many preindustrial societies, the elderly still have influence and power and their vast knowledge is respected. This type of political and social structure is known as a ________.
geotracy
Lynn, a 65-year-old, entered in a new relationship 5 years ago and now has an active and positive sex life. She walks 20 minutes a day, has reduced her alcohol use, eats more fruits and vegetables than ever before. She is very socially engaged and uses it as a de-stressor. Researchers may attribute her overall good health to ________.
health benefits such as improved cardiovascular health, increased self-esteem, and better relationship satisfaction with positive sexual health
hypertension:
high blood pressure that can lead to severe complications and increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and death
Yvonne is 75 year-old active retiree and has decided to volunteer part-time at a day care for her church. Although she is physically fit for her age, she faces challenges in retaining information. Given her age, the most challenging information for Yvonne to remember is ________.
information presented quickly and orally, such as complicated instructions
Jay is 72-years old and is someone who sees himself as having lived a satisfying and successful life. He is grateful to have had a good career at the division of motor vehicles for over 40 years, and even more grateful for the loving family he has. He coached his children and grandchildren in football. Even now, he babysits his great grandchildren and does activities with them as well. His life has been filled with productivity, or according to Erik Erikson, ________.
integrity
Kirk is beginning to look back on his life and evaluate it. Which stage describes what Kirk is attempting to accomplish?
integrity versus despair
Kirk is in his mid 60's and is beginning to look back on his life, evaluate it and come to terms with. Which psychosocial stage describes what Kirk is attempting to accomplish?
integrity vs despiar
Parkinson's disease:
long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system which mainly affects the motor system, first characterized by shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking, but thinking and behavioral problems may also occur
Joe is 70 years old and recalls names of teachers or classmates from when he was an adolescent, but has difficulty remembering information presented quickly and orally, such as complicated instructions. His ________ memory seems to be intact, but his ________ memory is showing decline.
long-term; working
Stereotypes about people in late adulthood lead many to assume that aging automatically brings ________.
mental decline
Ann is a 75-year-old woman who has chronic pulmonary disease and osteoporosis, and she recently suffered a stroke. She now needs quite a bit of assistance on a daily basis. Which of the following best describes Anns functional age?
oldest old
Maria is 65 years old. She is retired but worked as weaver—work which is quite physically demanding. Although Maria doesn't practice any sports or go to the gym, she is constantly on the move. She does all household chores alone, mainly because she has no one to help her. She admits, "Two years ago I moved a double mattress on my own and I broke a vertebra, and from then on I had to start taking calcium." Her doctor told her that her bones had become brittle, fragile and thin. The doctor most likely diagnosed Maria with what condition?
osteoporosis
According to the terminology used by demographers, the oldest old are ________.
people above 85 years of age
centenarians:
people aged 100 or older
Ninety-two-year-old Robert is watching his 25year-old grandson play an action video game that involves real time strategy. Robert challenges his grandson to a round, but a few minutes into the game, Robert gets frustrated because his fingers are not working fast enough, and decides to quit.
peripheral slowing hypothesis
continuity theory:
suggests that as people age, they continue to view the self in much the same way as they did when they were younger
disengagement theory:
suggests that during late adulthood, the individual and society mutually withdraw
activity theory:
suggests that people are barred form meaningful experiences as they age and that physical and social activities are important
When a cells ________ have just about disappeared, the cell stops replicating, making it susceptible to damage and producing signs of aging. (This term describes the part of the protective area(s) or tip of the DNA that grow(s) shorter every time the cell divides.)
telomeres
quality of life:
the general well-being of individuals and societies, including life satisfaction, physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, safety, security, freedom, religious beliefs, and the environment
Hayflick limit:
the number of times a normal human cell population will divide before cell division stops
peripheral slowing hypothesis:
the theory that overall processing speed declines with age in the peripheral nervous system
generalized slowing hypothesis:
the theory that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less efficient
Dr. Veino has suggested to Eleanor that she get the recommended vaccinations for older adults and that she consider increasing her daily intake of foods containing antioxidant vitamins to lower her risk of developing certain age-related diseases. Dr. Veino's recommendation suggests that she believes ________.
these controllable factors contribute to increasing one's life expectancy
Joe is 70 years old and recalls names of teachers or classmates from when he was an adolescent, but has difficulty remembering information presented quickly and orally, such as complicated instructions. Which type of memory capacity decline is he demonstrating?
working memory
Demographers use which terminology to describe people between the ages of 65 and 74 years?
young old